1
|
Essert A, Castiglione K. Dimer Stabilization by SpyTag/SpyCatcher Coupling of the Reductase Domains of a Chimeric P450 BM3 Monooxygenase from Bacillus spp. Improves its Stability, Activity, and Purification. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300650. [PMID: 37994193 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of known enzymes exist as oligomers, which often gives them high catalytic performance but at the same time imposes constraints on structural conformations and environmental conditions. An example of an enzyme with a complex architecture is the P450 BM3 monooxygenase CYP102A1 from Bacillus megaterium. Only active as a dimer, it is highly sensitive to dilution or common immobilization techniques. In this study, we engineered a thermostable P450BM3 chimera consisting of the heme domain of a CYP102A1 variant and the reductase domain of the homologous CYP102A3. The dimerization of the hybrid was even weaker compared to the corresponding CYP102A1 variant. To create a stable dimer, we covalently coupled the C-termini of two monomers of the chimera via SpyTag003/SpyCatcher003 interaction. As a result, purification, thermostability, pH stability, and catalytic activity were improved. Via a bioorthogonal two-step affinity purification, we obtained high purity (94 %) of the dimer-stabilized variant being robust against heme depletion. Long-term stability was increased with a half-life of over 2 months at 20 °C and 80-90 % residual activity after 2 months at 5 °C. Most catalytic features were retained with even an enhancement of the overall activity by ~2-fold compared to the P450BM3 chimera without SpyTag003/SpyCatcher003.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arabella Essert
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Straße 3, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Castiglione
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Straße 3, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kawana H, Miwa T, Honda Y, Furuya T. Sustainable Approach for Peroxygenase-Catalyzed Oxidation Reactions Using Hydrogen Peroxide Generated from Spent Coffee Grounds and Tea Leaf Residues. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:20259-20266. [PMID: 35721909 PMCID: PMC9201881 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Peroxygenases are promising catalysts for use in the oxidation of chemicals as they catalyze the direct oxidation of a variety of compounds under ambient conditions using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an oxidant. Although the use of peroxygenases provides a simple method for oxidation of chemicals, the anthraquinone process currently used to produce H2O2 requires significant energy input and generates considerable waste, which negatively affects process sustainability and production costs. Thus, generating H2O2 for peroxygenases on site using an environmentally benign method would be advantageous. Here, we utilized spent coffee grounds (SCGs) and tea leaf residues (TLRs) for the production of H2O2. These waste biomass products reacted with molecular oxygen and effectively generated H2O2 in sodium phosphate buffer. The resulting H2O2 was utilized by the bacterial P450 peroxygenase, CYP152A1. Both SCG-derived and TLR-derived H2O2 promoted the CYP152A1-catalyzed oxidation of 4-methoxy-1-naphthol to Russig's blue as a model reaction. In addition, when CYP152A1 was incubated with styrene, the SCG and TLR solutions enabled the synthesis of styrene oxide and phenylacetaldehyde. This new approach using waste biomass provides a simple, cost-effective, and sustainable oxidation method that should be readily applicable to other peroxygenases for the synthesis of a variety of valuable chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kawana
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Tokyo University
of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toru Miwa
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Tokyo University
of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuki Honda
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoyanishi-machi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Toshiki Furuya
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Tokyo University
of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Takita T, Sakuma H, Ohashi R, Nilouyal S, Nemoto S, Wada M, Yogo Y, Yasuda K, Ikushiro S, Sakaki T, Yasukawa K. Comparison of the stability of CYP105A1 and its variants engineered for production of active forms of vitamin D. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:444-454. [PMID: 35134837 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CYP105A1 from Streptomyces griseolus converts vitamin D3 to its biologically active form, 1α,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3. R73A/R84A mutation enhanced the 1α- and 25-hydroxylation activity for vitamin D3, while M239A mutation generated the 1α-hydroxylation activity for vitamin D2. In this study, the stability of six CYP105A1 enzymes, including 5 variants (R73A/R84A, M239A, R73A/R84A/M239A (=TriA), TriA/E90A, and TriA/E90D), was examined. Circular dichroism analysis revealed that M239A markedly reduces the enzyme stability. Protein fluorescence analysis disclosed that these mutations, especially M239A, induce large changes in the local conformation around Trp residues. Strong stabilizing effect of glycerol was observed. Nondenaturing PAGE analysis showed that CYP105A1 enzymes are prone to self-association. Fluorescence analysis using a hydrophobic probe 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid suggested that M239A mutation enhances self-association and that E90A and E90D mutations, in cooperation with M239A, accelerate self-association with little effect on the stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teisuke Takita
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiro Sakuma
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ren Ohashi
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Somaye Nilouyal
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sho Nemoto
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Moeka Wada
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuya Yogo
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kaori Yasuda
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan.,Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ikushiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan.,Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yasukawa
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Marcelino JM, Villas Boas GR, Cunha M, Deus Júnior R, Castro LH, Araújo FH, Traesel GK, Dos Santos AC, Souza RI, Paes M, Gubert P, Guterres ZDR, de Lima FF, Silva T, Silva RC, Cardoso CAL, Argandoña EJ, Macorini LF, Oesterreich SA. Determination of preclinical safety of oil obtained from Pachira aquatica Aublet (Malvaceae) seeds: histopathological, biochemical, hematological, and genetic toxicity studies in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:1504-1521. [PMID: 33252270 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1845713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pachira aquatica is a species used for medicinal and food purposes and has numerous phytochemicals that may have systemic toxic effects and damage to genetic material. This study aimed to evaluate acute and short-term oral toxicity, as well as genotoxic and clastogenic effects of oil extracted from P. aquatica (PASO) seeds in rats and Drosophila melanogaster. The results obtained with biochemical and hematological analyses did not show significant changes in any evaluated parameters when compared with reference values for the species used in the study. Data from the histopathological analysis corroborated results found in this study. These findings indicate low acute and short-term toxicity following oral PASO exposure in rats under the experimental conditions tested. Tests performed in rats showed that PASO did not present significant genotoxic or clastogenic effects on the cells analyzed with the three doses tested. Treatment with PASO in the offspring of HB crossing, which showed high cytochrome P450 levels, did not exhibit genotoxic activity, as demonstrated by the SMART test. These results suggest that products from the hepatic oil metabolism did not show genotoxicity under the conditions tested. Together, the results indicate that, under the experimental conditions tested, PASO is safe for repeated intake. As PASO exhibited low potential to cause harmful effects on living organisms, our study encourages further research aimed at assessing its pharmacological activity, since it is a widely consumed plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustavo Roberto Villas Boas
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mila Cunha
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ramão Deus Júnior
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Luis Henrique Castro
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Marina Paes
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Priscila Gubert
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Bahia, Brazil.,Laboratory of Imunopathology KeizoAsami, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Zaira da Rosa Guterres
- Laboratory of Phytogenesis and Mutagenesis, State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Tania Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rogério César Silva
- Chemistry Course, State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Eliana Janet Argandoña
- Faculty of Engineering - FAEN/UFGD, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Macorini
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Health, University Center of Grande Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gutmann A, Wesenberg LJ, Peez N, Waldvogel SR, Hoffmann T. Charged Tags for the Identification of Oxidative Drug Metabolites Based on Electrochemistry and Mass Spectrometry. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:568-572. [PMID: 32382470 PMCID: PMC7202420 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the active pharmaceutical ingredients like Metoprolol are oxidatively metabolized by liver enzymes, such as Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases into oxygenates and therefore hydrophilic products. It is of utmost importance to identify the metabolites and to gain knowledge on their toxic impacts. By using electrochemistry, it is possible to mimic enzymatic transformations and to identify metabolic hot spots. By introducing charged-tags into the intermediate, it is possible to detect and isolate metabolic products. The identification and synthesis of initially oxidized metabolites are important to understand possible toxic activities. The gained knowledge about the metabolism will simplify interpretation and predictions of metabolitic pathways. The oxidized products were analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using electrospray ionization (HPLC-ESI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. For proof-of-principle, we present a synthesis of one pyridinated main oxidation product of Metoprolol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gutmann
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Lars Julian Wesenberg
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Nadine Peez
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Institute for Integrated Natural SciencesUniversity of KoblenzUniversitätsstraße 156072KoblenzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bhardwaj M, Chib S, Kaur L, Kumar A, Chaudhuri B, Malik F, Vishwakarma RA, Saran S, Mukherjee D. Conversion of amino acids to aryl/heteroaryl ethanol metabolites using human CYP2D6-expressing live baker's yeast. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:142-147. [PMID: 33479614 PMCID: PMC7439282 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00451c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Different natural aromatic/heterocyclic l-amino acids were biotransformed into aryl/heteroaryl ethanol metabolites via oxidative deamination, decarboxylation and reduction cascades using live baker's yeast cells producing intracellular human CYP2D6 enzyme. Among the three yeast strains expressing 3 different CYP2D6 variants, CYP2D6(2) (i.e. CYP2D6 wild-type) provided the best result under neutral pH conditions at RT. We have successfully converted six natural amino acids into their corresponding alcohols, having one carbon atom less, with moderate yields. Some of the downstream products like tryptophol and tyrosol induced the pTrKB (Tropomyosin receptor kinase B) activation pattern similar to that of BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), thereby depicting potential antidepressant activity. Control experiments and molecular modelling studies revealed that this tandem bio-transformation probably happens via a pyruvate intermediate. This study establishes that CYP2D6-expressing live yeast cells can be a powerful tool for the enzymatic C-N, C-C bond cleavage of amino-acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bhardwaj
- Natural Product Chemistry Division , CSIR-IIIM , Jammu , India .
| | - Shifali Chib
- Fermentation Technology Division , CSIR-IIIM , Jammu , India .
| | - Loveleena Kaur
- Cancer Pharmacology Division , Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM) , Jammu , India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Natural Product Chemistry Division , CSIR-IIIM , Jammu , India .
| | - Bhabatosh Chaudhuri
- Innovation Development Partners Ltd. Rothley , Leicestershire LE7 7SF , UK .
| | - Fayaz Malik
- Cancer Pharmacology Division , Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM) , Jammu , India
| | | | - Saurabh Saran
- Fermentation Technology Division , CSIR-IIIM , Jammu , India .
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Worsch A, Eggimann FK, Girhard M, von Bühler CJ, Tieves F, Czaja R, Vogel A, Grumaz C, Sohn K, Lütz S, Kittelmann M, Urlacher VB. A novel cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase from Streptomyces platensis resembles activities of human drug metabolizing P450s. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2156-2166. [PMID: 29943426 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases (P450) are versatile enzymes which play essential roles in C-source assimilation, secondary metabolism, and in degradations of endo- and exogenous xenobiotics. In humans, several P450 isoforms constitute the largest part of phase I metabolizing enzymes and catalyze oxidation reactions which convert lipophilic xenobiotics, including drugs, to more water soluble species. Recombinant human P450s and microorganisms are applied in the pharmaceutical industry for the synthesis of drug metabolites for pharmacokinetics and toxicity studies. Compared to the membrane-bound eukaryotic P450s, prokaryotic ones exhibit some advantageous features, such as high stability and generally easier heterologous expression. Here, we describe a novel P450 from Streptomyces platensis DSM 40041 classified as CYP107L that efficiently converts several commercial drugs of various size and properties. This P450 was identified by screening of actinobacterial strains for amodiaquine and ritonavir metabolizing activities, followed by genome sequencing and expression of the annotated S. platensis P450s in Escherichia coli. Performance of CYP107L in biotransformations of amodiaquine, ritonavir, amitriptyline, and thioridazine resembles activities of the main human metabolizing P450s, namely CYPs 3A4, 2C8, 2C19, and 2D6. For application in the pharmaceutical industry, an E. coli whole-cell biocatalyst expressing CYP107L was developed and evaluated for preparative amodiaquine metabolite production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Worsch
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Institute of Biochemistry, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Marco Girhard
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Institute of Biochemistry, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Clemens J von Bühler
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Institute of Biochemistry, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Present address: Bayer AG, Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals DM, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Florian Tieves
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Institute of Biochemistry, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Present address: Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Christian Grumaz
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kai Sohn
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.,Present address:, Technische Universität Dortmund, Bio- und Chemieingenieurwesen, Bioprozesstechnik, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Vlada B Urlacher
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Institute of Biochemistry, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kammoonah S, Prasad B, Balaraman P, Mundhada H, Schwaneberg U, Plettner E. Selecting of a cytochrome P450 cam SeSaM library with 3-chloroindole and endosulfan - Identification of mutants that dehalogenate 3-chloroindole. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1866:68-79. [PMID: 28923662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450cam (a camphor hydroxylase) from the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida shows potential importance in environmental applications such as the degradation of chlorinated organic pollutants. Seven P450cam mutants generated from Sequence Saturation Mutagenesis (SeSaM) and isolated by selection on minimal media with either 3-chloroindole or the insecticide endosulfan were studied for their ability to oxidize of 3-chloroindole to isatin. The wild-type enzyme did not accept 3-chloroindole as a substrate. Mutant (E156G/V247F/V253G/F256S) had the highest maximal velocity in the conversion of 3-chloroindole to isatin, whereas mutants (T56A/N116H/D297N) and (G60S/Y75H) had highest kcat/KM values. Six of the mutants had more than one mutation, and within this set, mutation of residues 297 and 179 was observed twice. Docking simulations were performed on models of the mutant enzymes; the wild-type did not accommodate 3-chloroindole in the active site, whereas all the mutants did. We propose two potential reaction pathways for dechlorination of 3-chloroindole. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cytochrome P450 biodiversity and biotechnology, edited by Erika Plettner, Gianfranco Gilardi, Luet Wong, Vlada Urlacher, Jared Goldstone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaima Kammoonah
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Brinda Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Priyadarshini Balaraman
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Hemanshu Mundhada
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Erika Plettner
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ducharme J, Auclair K. Use of bioconjugation with cytochrome P450 enzymes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017. [PMID: 28625736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bioconjugation, defined as chemical modification of biomolecules, is widely employed in biological and biophysical studies. It can expand functional diversity and enable applications ranging from biocatalysis, biosensing and even therapy. This review summarizes how chemical modifications of cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s or CYPs) have contributed to improving our understanding of these enzymes. Genetic modifications of P450s have also proven very useful but are not covered in this review. Bioconjugation has served to gain structural information and investigate the mechanism of P450s via photoaffinity labeling, mechanism-based inhibition (MBI) and fluorescence studies. P450 surface acetylation and protein cross-linking have contributed to the investigation of protein complexes formation involving P450 and its redox partner or other P450 enzymes. Finally, covalent immobilization on polymer surfaces or electrodes has benefited the areas of biocatalysis and biosensor design. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cytochrome P450 biodiversity and biotechnology, edited by Erika Plettner, Gianfranco Gilardi, Luet Wong, Vlada Urlacher, Jared Goldstone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ducharme
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Giovani S, Alwaseem H, Fasan R. Aldehyde and Ketone Synthesis by P450-Catalyzed Oxidative Deamination of Alkyl Azides. ChemCatChem 2016; 8:2609-2613. [PMID: 27867424 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Heme-containing proteins have recently attracted increasing attention for their ability to promote synthetically valuable transformations not found in nature. Following the recent discovery that engineered variants of myoglobin can catalyze the direct conversion of organic azides to aldehydes, we investigated the azide oxidative deamination reactivity of a variety of hemoproteins featuring different heme coordination environments. Our studies show that although several heme-containing enzymes possess basal activity in this reaction, an engineered variant of the bacterial cytochrome P450 CYP102A1 constitutes a particularly efficient biocatalyst for promoting this transformation, exhibiting a broad substrate scope along with high catalytic activity (up to 11,300 TON), excellent chemoselectivity, and enhanced reactivity toward secondary alkyl azides to yield ketones. Mechanistic studies and Michaelis-Menten analyses provided insights into the mechanism of the reaction and the impact of active site mutations on the catalytic properties of the P450. Altogether, these studies demonstrate that engineered P450 variants represent promising biocatalysts for the synthesis of aryl aldehydes and ketones via the oxidative deamination of alkyl azides under mild reaction conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Giovani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, NY 14627, United States
| | - Hanan Alwaseem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, NY 14627, United States
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, NY 14627, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Brummund J, Müller M, Schmitges T, Kaluzna I, Mink D, Hilterhaus L, Liese A. Process development for oxidations of hydrophobic compounds applying cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in-vitro. J Biotechnol 2016; 233:143-50. [PMID: 27396939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are a unique family of enzymes that are able to catalyze regio- and stereospecific oxidations for a broad substrate range. However, due to limited enzyme activities and stabilities, hydrophobicity of substrates, as well as the necessity of a continuous electron and oxygen supply the implementation of P450s for industrial processes remains challenging. Aim of this study was to point out key aspects for the development of an efficient synthesis concept for cytochrome P450 catalyzed oxidations. In order to regenerate the natural cofactor NADPH, a glucose dehydrogenase was applied. The low water soluble terpene α-ionone was used as substrate for the model reaction system. The studies reveal that an addition of surfactants in combination with low volumetric amounts of co-solvent can significantly increase substrate availability and reaction rates. Furthermore, these additives facilitated a reliable sampling procedure during the process. Another key factor for the process design was the oxygen supply. Based on various investigations, a bubble-aerated stirred tank reactor in batch mode represents a promising reactor concept for P450 oxidations. Main restriction of the investigated reaction system was the low process stability of the P450 monooxygenase, characterized by maximum total turnover numbers of ∼4100molα-ionone/molP450.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Brummund
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Denickestr. 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Monika Müller
- DSM Chemical Technology R&D B.V., Urmonderbaan 22, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Schmitges
- DSM Chemical Technology R&D B.V., Urmonderbaan 22, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Iwona Kaluzna
- DSM Chemical Technology R&D B.V., Urmonderbaan 22, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Mink
- DSM Chemical Technology R&D B.V., Urmonderbaan 22, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Lutz Hilterhaus
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Denickestr. 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Liese
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Denickestr. 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Verma R, Schwaneberg U, Roccatano D. Insight into the redox partner interaction mechanism in cytochrome P450BM-3 using molecular dynamics simulations. Biopolymers 2016; 101:197-209. [PMID: 23754593 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Flavocytochrome P450BM-3 is a soluble bacterial reductase composed of two flavin (FAD/FMN) and one HEME domains. In this article, we have performed molecular dynamics simulations on both the isolated FMN and HEME domains and their crystallographic complex, with the aim to study their binding modes and to garner insight into the interdomain electron transfer (ET) mechanism. The results evidenced an interdomain conformational rearrangement that reduces the average distance between the FMN and HEME cofactors from 1.81 nm, in the crystal structure, to an average value of 1.41±0.09 nm along the simulation. This modification is in agreement with previously proposed hypotheses suggesting that the crystallographic FMN/HEME complex is not in the optimal arrangement for favorable ET rate under physiological conditions. The calculation of the transfer rate along the simulation, using the Pathways Path method, demonstrated the occurrence of seven ET pathways between the two redox centers, with three of them providing ET rates (KET ) comparable with the experimental one. The sampled ET pathways comprise the amino acids N319, L322, F390, K391, P392, F393, A399, C400, and Q403 of the HEME domain and M490 of the FMN domain. The values of KET closer to the experiment were found along the pathways FMN(C7)→F390→K391→P392→HEME(Fe) and FMN(C8)→M490→F393→HEME(Fe). Finally, the analysis of the collective modes of the protein complex evidences a clear correlation of the first two essential modes with the activation of the most effective ET pathways along the trajectory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Verma
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, Bremen, 28759, Germany; Department of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zernia S, Ott F, Bellmann-Sickert K, Frank R, Klenner M, Jahnke HG, Prager A, Abel B, Robitzki A, Beck-Sickinger AG. Peptide-Mediated Specific Immobilization of Catalytically Active Cytochrome P450 BM3 Variant. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1090-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zernia
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florian Ott
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Ronny Frank
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Centre
for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher
Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marcus Klenner
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Centre
for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher
Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heinz-Georg Jahnke
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Centre
for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher
Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea Prager
- Leibniz-Institute of Surface Modification (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernd Abel
- Leibniz-Institute of Surface Modification (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea Robitzki
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Centre
for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher
Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wriessnegger T, Moser S, Emmerstorfer-Augustin A, Leitner E, Müller M, Kaluzna I, Schürmann M, Mink D, Pichler H. Enhancing cytochrome P450-mediated conversions in P. pastoris through RAD52 over-expression and optimizing the cultivation conditions. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 89:114-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
15
|
Torrens-Spence MP, Fallon TR, Weng JK. A Workflow for Studying Specialized Metabolism in Nonmodel Eukaryotic Organisms. Methods Enzymol 2016; 576:69-97. [PMID: 27480683 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotes contain a diverse tapestry of specialized metabolites, many of which are of significant pharmaceutical and industrial importance to humans. Nevertheless, exploration of specialized metabolic pathways underlying specific chemical traits in nonmodel eukaryotic organisms has been technically challenging and historically lagged behind that of the bacterial systems. Recent advances in genomics, metabolomics, phylogenomics, and synthetic biology now enable a new workflow for interrogating unknown specialized metabolic systems in nonmodel eukaryotic hosts with greater efficiency and mechanistic depth. This chapter delineates such workflow by providing a collection of state-of-the-art approaches and tools, ranging from multiomics-guided candidate gene identification to in vitro and in vivo functional and structural characterization of specialized metabolic enzymes. As already demonstrated by several recent studies, this new workflow opens up a gateway into the largely untapped world of natural product biochemistry in eukaryotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Torrens-Spence
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - T R Fallon
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - J K Weng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yun Z, Qu H, Wang H, Zhu F, Zhang Z, Duan X, Yang B, Cheng Y, Jiang Y. Comparative transcriptome and metabolome provides new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of accelerated senescence in litchi fruit after cold storage. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19356. [PMID: 26763309 PMCID: PMC4725888 DOI: 10.1038/srep19356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Litchi is a non-climacteric subtropical fruit of high commercial value. The shelf life of litchi fruit under ambient conditions (AC) is approximately 4-6 days. Post-harvest cold storage prolongs the life of litchi fruit for up to 30 days with few changes in pericarp browning and total soluble solids. However, the shelf life of litchi fruits at ambient temperatures after pre-cold storage (PCS) is only 1-2 days. To better understand the mechanisms involved in the rapid fruit senescence induced by pre-cold storage, a transcriptome of litchi pericarp was constructed to assemble the reference genes, followed by comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. Results suggested that the senescence of harvested litchi fruit was likely to be an oxidative process initiated by ABA, including oxidation of lipids, polyphenols and anthocyanins. After cold storage, PCS fruit exhibited energy deficiency, and respiratory burst was elicited through aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which was regulated specifically by an up-regulated calcium signal, G-protein-coupled receptor signalling pathway and small GTPase-mediated signal transduction. The respiratory burst was largely associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species, up-regulated peroxidase activity and initiation of the lipoxygenase pathway, which were closely related to the accelerated senescence of PCS fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ze Yun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P.R. China
| | - Hongxia Qu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P.R. China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Zhengke Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P.R. China
| | - Xuewu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P.R. China
| | - Bao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P.R. China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Application of a cocktail approach to screen cytochrome P450 BM3 libraries for metabolic activity and diversity. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:1425-43. [PMID: 26753974 PMCID: PMC4723632 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9241-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the validity of using a cocktail screening method in combination with a chemometrical data mining approach to evaluate metabolic activity and diversity of drug-metabolizing bacterial Cytochrome P450 (CYP) BM3 mutants was investigated. In addition, the concept of utilizing an in-house-developed library of CYP BM3 mutants as a unique biocatalytic synthetic tool to support medicinal chemistry was evaluated. Metabolic efficiency of the mutant library towards a selection of CYP model substrates, being amitriptyline (AMI), buspirone (BUS), coumarine (COU), dextromethorphan (DEX), diclofenac (DIC) and norethisterone (NET), was investigated. First, metabolic activity of a selection of CYP BM3 mutants was screened against AMI and BUS. Subsequently, for a single CYP BM3 mutant, the effect of co-administration of multiple drugs on the metabolic activity and diversity towards AMI and BUS was investigated. Finally, a cocktail of AMI, BUS, COU, DEX, DIC and NET was screened against the whole in-house CYP BM3 library. Different validated quantitative and qualitative (U)HPLC-MS/MS-based analytical methods were applied to screen for substrate depletion and targeted product formation, followed by a more in-depth screen for metabolic diversity. A chemometrical approach was used to mine all data to search for unique metabolic properties of the mutants and allow classification of the mutants. The latter would open the possibility of obtaining a more in-depth mechanistic understanding of the metabolites. The presented method is the first MS-based method to screen CYP BM3 mutant libraries for diversity in combination with a chemometrical approach to interpret results and visualize differences between the tested mutants.
Collapse
|
18
|
Verma R, Schwaneberg U, Holtmann D, Roccatano D. Unraveling Binding Effects of Cobalt(II) Sepulchrate with the Monooxygenase P450 BM-3 Heme Domain Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 12:353-63. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Verma
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Department
of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Dirk Holtmann
- Biochemical
Engineering Group, DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Danilo Roccatano
- School
of Mathematics and Physics, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, United Kingdom
- School
of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Reinen J, Vredenburg G, Klaering K, Vermeulen NP, Commandeur JN, Honing M, Vos JC. Selective whole-cell biosynthesis of the designer drug metabolites 15- or 16-betahydroxynorethisterone by engineered Cytochrome P450 BM3 mutants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
20
|
Reinen J, van Hemert D, Vermeulen NPE, Commandeur JNM. Application of a Continuous-Flow Bioassay to Investigate the Organic Solvent Tolerability of Cytochrome P450 BM3 Mutants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:1246-55. [PMID: 26396180 DOI: 10.1177/1087057115607183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel methodology is presented to investigate the organic solvent tolerability of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase BM3 (CYP BM3) mutants. A fluorescence-based continuous-flow enzyme activity detection (EAD) setup was used to screen the activity of CYP BM3 mutants in the presence of organic solvents. The methodology is based on the CYP BM3-mediated O-dealkylation of benzyloxyresorufin to form the highly fluorescent product resorufin. The assay setup not only allows detection of the formed resorufin, but it also simultaneously monitors cofactor depletion online. The EAD setup was used to test the activity of a small library of novel CYP BM3 mutants in flow-injection analysis mode in the presence of the organic modifiers methanol, acetonitrile, and isopropanol. Mutants with enhanced tolerability toward all three solvents were identified, and the EAD setup was adapted to facilitate CYP BM3 activity screening against a gradient of an organic modifier to study the behavior of the small library of CYP BM3 mutants in more detail. The simple methodology used in this study was shown to be a very powerful tool to screen for novel CYP BM3 mutants with increased tolerability toward organic solvents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Reinen
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel van Hemert
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nico P E Vermeulen
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan N M Commandeur
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Roccatano D. Structure, dynamics, and function of the monooxygenase P450 BM-3: insights from computer simulations studies. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:273102. [PMID: 26061496 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/27/273102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The monooxygenase P450 BM-3 is a NADPH-dependent fatty acid hydroxylase enzyme isolated from soil bacterium Bacillus megaterium. As a pivotal member of cytochrome P450 superfamily, it has been intensely studied for the comprehension of structure-dynamics-function relationships in this class of enzymes. In addition, due to its peculiar properties, it is also a promising enzyme for biochemical and biomedical applications. However, despite the efforts, the full understanding of the enzyme structure and dynamics is not yet achieved. Computational studies, particularly molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, have importantly contributed to this endeavor by providing new insights at an atomic level regarding the correlations between structure, dynamics, and function of the protein. This topical review summarizes computational studies based on MD simulations of the cytochrome P450 BM-3 and gives an outlook on future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Roccatano
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Identification of novel cytochrome P450 homologs using overlapped conserved residues based approach. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-015-0013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
23
|
Comparison of CYP106A1 and CYP106A2 from Bacillus megaterium – identification of a novel 11-oxidase activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8495-514. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6563-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
24
|
Venkataraman H, te Poele EM, Rosłoniec KZ, Vermeulen N, Commandeur JNM, van der Geize R, Dijkhuizen L. Biosynthesis of a steroid metabolite by an engineered Rhodococcus erythropolis strain expressing a mutant cytochrome P450 BM3 enzyme. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:4713-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6281-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
25
|
Schmitz D, Zapp J, Bernhardt R. Steroid conversion with CYP106A2 - production of pharmaceutically interesting DHEA metabolites. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:81. [PMID: 24903845 PMCID: PMC4080778 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Steroids are lipophilic compounds with a gonane skeleton and play an important role in higher organisms. Due to different functionalizations - mainly hydroxylations - at the steroid molecule, they vary highly in their mode of action. The pharmaceutical industry is, therefore, interested in hydroxysteroids as therapeutic agents. The insertion of hydroxyl groups into a steroid core, however, is hardly accomplishable by classical chemical means; that is because microbial steroid hydroxylations are investigated and applied since decades. CYP106A2 is a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase from Bacillus megaterium ATCC 13368, which was first described in the late 1970s and which is capable to hydroxylate a variety of 3-oxo-delta4 steroids at position 15beta. CYP106A2 is a soluble protein, easy to express and to purify in high amounts, which makes this enzyme an interesting target for biotechnological purposes. Results In this work a focused steroid library was screened in vitro for new CYP106A2 substrates using a reconstituted enzyme assay. Five new substrates were identified, including dehydroepiandrosterone and pregnenolone. NMR-spectroscopy revealed that both steroids are mainly hydroxylated at position 7beta. In order to establish a biotechnological system for the preparative scale production of 7beta-hydroxylated dehydroepiandrosterone, whole-cell conversions with growing and resting cells of B. megaterium ATCC1336 the native host of CYP1062 and also with resting cells of a recombinant B. megaterium MS941 strain overexpressing CYP106A2 have been conducted and conversion rates of 400 muM/h (115 mg/l/h) were obtained. Using the B. megaterium MS941 overexpression strain, the selectivity of the reaction was improved from 0.7 to 0.9 for 7beta-OH-DHEA. Conclusions In this work we describe CYP106A2 for the first time as a regio-selective hydroxylase for 3-hydroxy-delta5 steroids. DHEA was shown to be converted to 7beta-OH-DHEA which is a highly interesting human metabolite, supposed to act as neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory agent. Optimization of the whole-cell system using different B. megaterium strains lead to a conversion of DHEA with B. megaterium showing high selectivity and conversion rates and displaying a volumetric yield of 103 mg/l/h 7beta-OH-DHEA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rita Bernhardt
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2 2, Saarbruecken 66123, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zharkova MS, Sobolev BN, Yu Oparina N, Veselovsky AV, Archakov AI. Prediction of amino acid residues participated in substrate recognition by cytochrome P450 subfamilies with broad substrate specificity. J Mol Recognit 2013; 26:86-91. [PMID: 23334916 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 comprise a large superfamily and several of their isoforms play a crucial role in metabolism of xenobiotics, including drugs. Although these enzymes demonstrate broad and cross-substrate specificity, different cytochrome P450 subfamilies exhibit certain selectivity for some types of substrates. Analysis of amino acid residues of the active sites of six cytochrome subfamilies (CYP1А, CYP2А, CYP2С, CYP2D, CYP2E and CYP3А) enables to define subfamily-specific patterns that consist of four residues. These residues are located on the periphery of the active sites of these cytochromes. We suggest that they can form a primary binding site at the entrance to the active site, defining cytochrome substrate recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Zharkova
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Pogodinskaya str 10, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Biocatalytic production of 5-hydroxy-2-adamantanone by P450cam coupled with NADH regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
28
|
Yasutake Y, Nishioka T, Imoto N, Tamura T. A Single Mutation at the Ferredoxin Binding Site of P450 Vdh Enables Efficient Biocatalytic Production of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3. Chembiochem 2013; 14:2284-91. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
29
|
Water oxidation by a cytochrome p450: mechanism and function of the reaction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61897. [PMID: 23634216 PMCID: PMC3636257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
P450(cam) (CYP101A1) is a bacterial monooxygenase that is known to catalyze the oxidation of camphor, the first committed step in camphor degradation, with simultaneous reduction of oxygen (O2). We report that P450(cam) catalysis is controlled by oxygen levels: at high O2 concentration, P450(cam) catalyzes the known oxidation reaction, whereas at low O2 concentration the enzyme catalyzes the reduction of camphor to borneol. We confirmed, using (17)O and (2)H NMR, that the hydrogen atom added to camphor comes from water, which is oxidized to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This is the first time a cytochrome P450 has been observed to catalyze oxidation of water to H2O2, a difficult reaction to catalyze due to its high barrier. The reduction of camphor and simultaneous oxidation of water are likely catalyzed by the iron-oxo intermediate of P450(cam) , and we present a plausible mechanism that accounts for the 1:1 borneol:H2O2 stoichiometry we observed. This reaction has an adaptive value to bacteria that express this camphor catabolism pathway, which requires O2, for two reasons: 1) the borneol and H2O2 mixture generated is toxic to other bacteria and 2) borneol down-regulates the expression of P450(cam) and its electron transfer partners. Since the reaction described here only occurs under low O2 conditions, the down-regulation only occurs when O2 is scarce.
Collapse
|
30
|
Application of a new versatile electron transfer system for cytochrome P450-based Escherichia coli whole-cell bioconversions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:7741-54. [PMID: 23254762 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 monooxygenases are highly interesting biocatalysts for biotechnological applications, since they perform a diversity of reactions on a broad range of organic molecules. Nevertheless, the application of cytochromes P450 is limited compared to other enzymes mainly because of the necessity of a functional redox chain to transfer electrons from NAD(P)H to the monooxygenase. In this study, we established a novel robust redox chain based on adrenodoxin, which can deliver electrons to mitochondrial, bacterial and microsomal P450s. The natural membrane-associated reductase of adrenodoxin was replaced by the soluble Escherichia coli reductase. We could demonstrate for the first time that this reductase can transfer electrons to adrenodoxin. In the first step, the electron transfer properties and the potential of this new system were investigated in vitro, and in the second step, an efficient E. coli whole-cell system using CYP264A1 from Sorangium cellulosum So ce56 was developed. It could be demonstrated that this novel redox chain leads to an initial conversion rate of 55 μM/h, which was 52 % higher compared to the 36 μM/h of the redox chain containing adrenodoxin reductase. Moreover, we optimized the whole-cell biotransformation system by a detailed investigation of the effects of different media. Finally, we are able to demonstrate that the new system is generally applicable to other cytochromes P450 by combining it with the biotechnologically important steroid hydroxylase CYP106A2 from Bacillus megaterium.
Collapse
|
31
|
Verma R, Schwaneberg U, Roccatano D. Conformational Dynamics of the FMN-Binding Reductase Domain of Monooxygenase P450BM-3. J Chem Theory Comput 2012; 9:96-105. [DOI: 10.1021/ct300723x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Verma
- School of Engineering and Science,
Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
- Department of Biotechnology,
RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Department of Biotechnology,
RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Danilo Roccatano
- School of Engineering and Science,
Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Armstrong CT, Watkins DW, Anderson JLR. Constructing manmade enzymes for oxygen activation. Dalton Trans 2012; 42:3136-50. [PMID: 23076271 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32010j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural oxygenases catalyse the insertion of oxygen into an impressive array of organic substrates with exquisite efficiency, specificity and power unparalleled by current biomimetic catalysts. However, their true potential to provide tailor-made oxygenation catalysts remains largely untapped, perhaps a consequence of the evolutionary complexity imprinted into their three-dimensional structures through millennia of exposure to parallel selective pressures. In this perspective we describe how we may take inspiration from natural enzymes to design manmade oxygenase enzymes free from such complexity. We explore the differing chemistries accessed by natural oxygenases and outline a stepwise methodology whereby functional elements key to oxygenase catalysis are assembled within artificially designed protein scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig T Armstrong
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Venkataraman H, Beer SBAD, Geerke DP, Vermeulen NPE, Commandeur JNM. Regio- and Stereoselective Hydroxylation of Optically Active α-Ionone Enantiomers by Engineered Cytochrome P450 BM3 Mutants. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
34
|
Tran NH, Huynh N, Chavez G, Nguyen A, Dwaraknath S, Nguyen TA, Nguyen M, Cheruzel L. A series of hybrid P450 BM3 enzymes with different catalytic activity in the light-initiated hydroxylation of lauric acid. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 115:50-6. [PMID: 22922311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a series of hybrid P450 BM3 enzymes to perform the light-activated hydroxylation of lauric acid. These enzymes contain a Ru(II)-diimine photosensitizer covalently attached to single cysteine residues of mutant P450 BM3 heme domains. The library of hybrid enzymes includes four non-native single cysteine mutants (K97C, Q397C, Q109C and L407C). In addition, mutations around the heme active site, F87A and I401P, were inserted in the Q397C mutant. Two heteroleptic Ru(II) complexes, Ru(bpy)(2)phenA (1) and Ru(phen)(2)phenA (2) (bpy=bipyridine, phen=1,10-phenanthroline, and phenA=5-acetamido-1,10-phenanthroline), are used as photosensitizers. Upon visible light irradiation, the hybrid enzymes display various total turnover numbers in the hydroxylation of lauric acid, up to 140 for the L407C-1 mutant, a 16-fold increase compared to the F87A/Q397C-1 mutant. CO binding studies confirm the ability of the photogenerated Ru(I) compound to reduce the fraction of ferric high spin species present in the mutants upon substrate binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc-Han Tran
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen MM, Coelho PS, Arnold FH. Utilizing Terminal Oxidants to Achieve P450-Catalyzed Oxidation of Methane. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
36
|
Chen MMY, Snow CD, Vizcarra CL, Mayo SL, Arnold FH. Comparison of random mutagenesis and semi-rational designed libraries for improved cytochrome P450 BM3-catalyzed hydroxylation of small alkanes. Protein Eng Des Sel 2012; 25:171-8. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzs004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
|
37
|
Klein C, Hüttel W. Tertiary alcohol preferred: Hydroxylation of trans-3-methyl-L-proline with proline hydroxylases. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 7:1643-7. [PMID: 22238542 PMCID: PMC3252868 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.7.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic synthesis of tertiary alcohols by the stereospecific oxidation of tertiary alkyl centers is a most-straightforward but challenging approach, since these positions are sterically hindered. In contrast to P450-monooxygenases, there is little known about the potential of non-heme iron(II) oxygenases to catalyze such reactions. We have studied the hydroxylation of trans-3-methyl-L-proline with the α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) dependent oxygenases, cis-3-proline hydroxylase type II and cis-4-proline hydroxylase (cis-P3H_II and cis-P4H). With cis-P3H_II, the tertiary alcohol product (3R)-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-L-proline was obtained exclusively but in reduced yield (~7%) compared to the native substrate L-proline. For cis-P4H, a complete shift in regioselectivity from C-4 to C-3 was observed so that the same product as with cis-P3H_II was obtained. Moreover, the yields were at least as good as in control reactions with L-proline (~110% relative yield). This result demonstrates a remarkable potential of non-heme iron(II) oxygenases to oxidize substrates selectively at sterically hindered positions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klein
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Urlacher VB, Girhard M. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases: an update on perspectives for synthetic application. Trends Biotechnol 2012; 30:26-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
39
|
A new Bacillus megaterium whole-cell catalyst for the hydroxylation of the pentacyclic triterpene 11-keto-β-boswellic acid (KBA) based on a recombinant cytochrome P450 system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:1135-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
40
|
Reinen J, van Leeuwen JS, Li Y, Sun L, Grootenhuis PDJ, Decker CJ, Saunders J, Vermeulen NPE, Commandeur JNM. Efficient screening of cytochrome P450 BM3 mutants for their metabolic activity and diversity toward a wide set of drug-like molecules in chemical space. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:1568-76. [PMID: 21673132 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.039461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the diversity of a library of drug-metabolizing bacterial cytochrome P450 (P450) BM3 mutants was evaluated by a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based screening method. A strategy was designed to identify a minimal set of BM3 mutants that displays differences in regio- and stereoselectivities and is suitable to metabolize a large fraction of drug chemistry space. We first screened the activities of six structurally diverse BM3 mutants toward a library of 43 marketed drugs (encompassing a wide range of human P450 phenotypes, cLogP values, charges, and molecular weights) using a rapid LC-MS method with an automated method development and data-processing system. Significant differences in metabolic activity were found for the mutants tested and based on this drug library screen; nine structurally diverse probe drugs were selected that were subsequently used to study the metabolism of a library of 14 BM3 mutants in more detail. Using this alternative screening strategy, we were able to select a minimal set of BM3 mutants with high metabolic activities and diversity with respect to substrate specificity and regiospecificity that could produce both human relevant and BM3 unique drug metabolites. This panel of four mutants (M02, MT35, MT38, and MT43) was capable of producing P450-mediated metabolites for 41 of the 43 drugs tested while metabolizing 77% of the drugs by more than 20%. We observed this as the first step in our approach to use of bacterial P450 enzymes as general reagents for lead diversification in the drug development process and the biosynthesis of drug(-like) metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Reinen
- Vrije Universiteit, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, LACDR-Division of Molecular Toxicology, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Reinen J, Ferman S, Vottero E, Vermeulen NPE, Commandeur JNM. Application of a fluorescence-based continuous-flow bioassay to screen for diversity of cytochrome P450 BM3 mutant libraries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 16:239-50. [PMID: 21297109 DOI: 10.1177/1087057110394180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescence-based continuous-flow enzyme affinity detection (EAD) setup was used to screen cytochrome P450 BM3 mutants on-line for diversity. The flow-injection screening assay is based on the BM3-mediated O-dealkylation of alkoxyresorufins forming the highly fluorescent product resorufin, and can be used in different configurations, namely injection of ligands, enzymes and substrates. Screening conditions were optimized and the activity of a library of 32 BM3 mutants towards the recently synthesized new probe substrate allyloxyresorufin was measured in flow-injection analysis (FIA) mode and it was shown that large activity differences between the mutants existed. Next, six BM3 mutants containing mutations at different positions in the active site were selected for which on-line enzyme kinetics were determined. Subsequently, for these six BM3 mutants affinity towards a set of 30 xenobiotics was determined in FIA EAD mode. It was demonstrated that significant differences existed for the affinity profiles of the mutants tested and that these differences correlated to alterations in the BM3 mutant-generated metabolic profiles of the drug buspirone. In conclusion, the developed FIA EAD approach is suitable to screen for diversity within BM3 mutants and this alternative screening technology offers new perspectives for rapid and sensitive screening of compound libraries towards BM3 mutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Reinen
- LACDR-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Pharmacochemistry, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Identification of camphor oxidation and reduction products in Pseudomonas putida: new activity of the cytochrome P450cam system. J Chem Ecol 2011; 37:657-67. [PMID: 21562741 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-011-9959-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
P450 enzymes are known for catalyzing hydroxylation reactions of non-activated C-H bonds. For example, P450(cam) from Pseudomonas putida oxidizes (1R)-(+)-camphor to 5-exo-hydroxy camphor and further to 5-ketocamphor. This hydroxylation reaction proceeds via a catalytic cycle in which the reduction of dioxygen (O(2)) is coupled to the oxidation of the substrate. We have observed that under conditions of low oxygen, P. putida and isolated P450(cam) reduce camphor to borneol. We characterized the formation of borneol under conditions of low oxygen or when the catalytic cycle is shunted by artificial oxidants like m-chloro perbenzoic acid, cumene hydroperoxide, etc. We also tested the toxicity of camphor and borneol with P. putida and Escherichia coli. We have found that in P. putida borneol is less toxic than camphor, whereas in E. coli borneol is more toxic than camphor. We discuss a potental ecological advantage of the camphor reduction reaction for P. putida.
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
The development of new catalytic methods to functionalize carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds continues to progress at a rapid pace due to the significant economic and environmental benefits of these transformations over traditional synthetic methods. In nature, enzymes catalyze regio- and stereoselective C-H bond functionalization using transformations ranging from hydroxylation to hydroalkylation under ambient reaction conditions. The efficiency of these enzymes relative to analogous chemical processes has led to their increased use as biocatalysts in preparative and industrial applications. Furthermore, unlike small molecule catalysts, enzymes can be systematically optimized via directed evolution for a particular application and can be expressed in vivo to augment the biosynthetic capability of living organisms. While a variety of technical challenges must still be overcome for practical application of many enzymes for C-H bond functionalization, continued research on natural enzymes and on novel artificial metalloenzymes will lead to improved synthetic processes for efficient synthesis of complex molecules. In this critical review, we discuss the most prevalent mechanistic strategies used by enzymes to functionalize non-acidic C-H bonds, the application and evolution of these enzymes for chemical synthesis, and a number of potential biosynthetic capabilities uniquely enabled by these powerful catalysts (110 references).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro S. Coelho
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., MC210-41, Pasadena, CA 91125-4100, USA
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., MC210-41, Pasadena, CA 91125-4100, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Bleif S, Hannemann F, Lisurek M, von Kries JP, Zapp J, Dietzen M, Antes I, Bernhardt R. Identification of CYP106A2 as a Regioselective Allylic Bacterial Diterpene Hydroxylase. Chembiochem 2011; 12:576-82. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
45
|
O'Reilly E, Köhler V, Flitsch SL, Turner NJ. Cytochromes P450 as useful biocatalysts: addressing the limitations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:2490-501. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc03165h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
46
|
Schroer K, Kittelmann M, Lütz S. Recombinant human cytochrome P450 monooxygenases for drug metabolite synthesis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 106:699-706. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
47
|
Furuya T, Kino K. Genome mining approach for the discovery of novel cytochrome P450 biocatalysts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 86:991-1002. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
48
|
Zehentgruber D, Hannemann F, Bleif S, Bernhardt R, Lütz S. Towards Preparative Scale Steroid Hydroxylation with Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase CYP106A2. Chembiochem 2010; 11:713-21. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
49
|
Furuya T, Shibata D, Kino K. Phylogenetic analysis of Bacillus P450 monooxygenases and evaluation of their activity towards steroids. Steroids 2009; 74:906-12. [PMID: 19559718 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450) open reading frames (ORFs) identified in genome sequences of Bacillus species are potential resources for new oxidation biocatalysts. Phylogenetic analysis of 29 Bacillus P450 ORFs revealed that the P450s consist of a limited number of P450 families, CYP102, CYP106, CYP107, CYP109, CYP134, CYP152, and CYP197. Previously, we identified the catalytic activities of three P450s of Bacillus subtilis towards steroids by rapid substrate screening using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR/MS). Here, we further applied this method to evaluate the activity of Bacillus cereus P450s towards steroids. Five P450 genes were cloned from B. cereus ATCC 10987 based on its genomic sequence and were expressed in Escherichia coli. These P450s were reacted with a mixture of 30 compounds that mainly included steroids, and the reaction mixtures were analyzed using FT-ICR/MS. We found that BCE_2659 (CYP106) catalyzed the monooxygenation of methyltestosterone, progesterone, 11-ketoprogesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, and chlormadinone acetate. BCE_2654 (CYP107) monooxygenated testosterone enanthate, and BCE_3250 (CYP109) monooxygenated testosterone and compactin. Based on the phylogenetic relationship and the known substrate specificities including ones identified in this study, we discuss the catalytic potential of Bacillus P450s towards steroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Furuya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Bell SG, Dale A, Rees NH, Wong LL. A cytochrome P450 class I electron transfer system from Novosphingobium aromaticivorans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 86:163-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|