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Zaferani M, Song R, Petry S, Stone HA. Building on-chip cytoskeletal circuits via branched microtubule networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315992121. [PMID: 38232292 PMCID: PMC10823238 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315992121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Controllable platforms to engineer robust cytoskeletal scaffolds have the potential to create novel on-chip nanotechnologies. Inspired by axons, we combined the branching microtubule (MT) nucleation pathway with microfabrication to develop "cytoskeletal circuits." This active matter platform allows control over the adaptive self-organization of uniformly polarized MT arrays via geometric features of microstructures designed within a microfluidic confinement. We build and characterize basic elements, including turns and divisions, as well as complex regulatory elements, such as biased division and MT diodes, to construct various MT architectures on a chip. Our platform could be used in diverse applications, ranging from efficient on-chip molecular transport to mechanical nano-actuators. Further, cytoskeletal circuits can serve as a tool to study how the physical environment contributes to MT architecture in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meisam Zaferani
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
- Omenn-Darling Bioengineering Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
| | - Ryungeun Song
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
| | - Sabine Petry
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
| | - Howard A. Stone
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
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2
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Toma HE, Oliveira D, Melo FMDE. Magnetic alignment of rhodamine/magnetite dual-labeled microtubules probed with inverted fluorescence microscopy. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20210917. [PMID: 35920489 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220210917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular machines, as exemplified by the kinesin and microtubule system, are responsible for molecular transport in cells. The monitoring of the cellular machinery has attracted much attention in recent years, requiring sophisticated techniques such as optical tweezers, and dark field hyperspectral and fluorescence microscopies. It also demands suitable procedures for immobilization and labeling with functional agents such as dyes, plasmonic nanoparticles and quantum dots. In this work, microtubules were co-polymerized by incubating a tubulin mix consisting of 7 biotinylated tubulin to 3 rhodamine tubulin. Rhodamine provided the fluorescent tag, while biotin was the anchoring group for receiving streptavidin containing species. To control the microtubule alignment and consequently, the molecular gliding directions, functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles were employed in the presence of an external magnet field. Such iron oxide nanoparticles, (MagNPs) were previously coated with silica and (3-aminopro-pyl)triethoxysilane (APTS) and then modified with streptavidin (SA) for linking to the biotin-functionalized microtubules. In this way, the binding has been successfully performed, and the magnetic alignment probed by Inverted Fluorescence Microscopy. The proposed strategy has proved promising, as tested with one of the most important biological structures of the cellular machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Eisi Toma
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oliveira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando M DE Melo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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3
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Nano/Micromotors in Active Matter. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020307. [PMID: 35208431 PMCID: PMC8878230 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nano/micromotors (NMMs) are tiny objects capable of converting energy into mechanical motion. Recently, a wealth of active matter including synthetic colloids, cytoskeletons, bacteria, and cells have been used to construct NMMs. The self-sustained motion of active matter drives NMMs out of equilibrium, giving rise to rich dynamics and patterns. Alongside the spontaneous dynamics, external stimuli such as geometric confinements, light, magnetic field, and chemical potential are also harnessed to control the movements of NMMs, yielding new application paradigms of active matter. Here, we review the recent advances, both experimental and theoretical, in exploring biological NMMs. The unique dynamical features of collective NMMs are focused on, along with some possible applications of these intriguing systems.
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4
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Liang Z, Yu H, Lai J, Wen L, Chen G. An easy-to-prepare microshotgun for efficient transmembrane delivery by powering nanoparticles. J Control Release 2020; 321:119-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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5
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Hu X, Dinu CZ. A bio-pen for direct writing of single molecules on user-functionalized surfaces. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:156-165. [PMID: 36133986 PMCID: PMC9417116 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00379g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Advancing ultrahigh resolution (below 10 nm) direct writing technologies could lead to impacts in areas as diverse as disease detection, genetic analysis and nanomanufacturing. Current methods based on electron-beams and photo- or dip-pen nanolithography are laborious and lack flexibility when aiming to create single molecule patterns for application specific integration. We hypothesize that a novel strategy could be developed to allow for writing of parallel and yet individually addressable patterns of single molecules on user-controlled surfaces. The strategy is based on using in vitro self-recognition of tubulin protein to assemble rigid protofilaments of microtubules, with one such microtubule to be subsequently used as a "bio-pen" capable of writing "inks" of single kinesin molecules in user-defined environments. Our results show that single kinesin inks could be written under the energy of adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis and observed by both atomic force and optical microscopy. Upon extending ink functionalities, the integration of soft and hard materials for nanostructure assembly and complex single molecule pattern formation is envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources PO Box 6102 Morgantown WV 26506 USA +1 304 293 4139 +1 304 293 9338
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources PO Box 6102 Morgantown WV 26506 USA +1 304 293 4139 +1 304 293 9338
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6
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Jia Y, Xuan M, Feng X, Duan L, Li J, Li J. Reconstitution of Motor Proteins through Molecular Assembly. CHINESE J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201900382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Mingjun Xuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xiyun Feng
- Yunnan Normal University Kunming Yunnan 650500 China
| | - Li Duan
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology Xi'an Shaanxi 710024 China
| | - Jieling Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Junbai Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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7
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Andorfer R, Alper JD. From isolated structures to continuous networks: A categorization of cytoskeleton-based motile engineered biological microstructures. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 11:e1553. [PMID: 30740918 PMCID: PMC6881777 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As technology at the small scale is advancing, motile engineered microstructures are becoming useful in drug delivery, biomedicine, and lab-on-a-chip devices. However, traditional engineering methods and materials can be inefficient or functionally inadequate for small-scale applications. Increasingly, researchers are turning to the biology of the cytoskeleton, including microtubules, actin filaments, kinesins, dyneins, myosins, and associated proteins, for both inspiration and solutions. They are engineering structures with components that range from being entirely biological to being entirely synthetic mimics of biology and on scales that range from isotropic continuous networks to single isolated structures. Motile biological microstructures trace their origins from the development of assays used to study the cytoskeleton to the array of structures currently available today. We define 12 types of motile biological microstructures, based on four categories: entirely biological, modular, hybrid, and synthetic, and three scales: networks, clusters, and isolated structures. We highlight some key examples, the unique functionalities, and the potential applications of each microstructure type, and we summarize the quantitative models that enable engineering them. By categorizing the diversity of motile biological microstructures in this way, we aim to establish a framework to classify these structures, define the gaps in current research, and spur ideas to fill those gaps. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Cells at the Nanoscale Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Andorfer
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Joshua D. Alper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
- Eukaryotic Pathogen Innovations Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
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8
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Hu X, Fagone P, Dong C, Su R, Xu Q, Dinu CZ. Biological Self-Assembly and Recognition Used to Synthesize and Surface Guide Next Generation of Hybrid Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:28372-28381. [PMID: 29939708 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b09421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Free-standing, high aspect ratio sulfur-doped carbon nanodot-based hybrid nanowires with a microtubular aspect were synthesized using self-recognition and self-assembly processes of tubulin, a biological molecule precursor of the cytoskeletal microtubule. Physicochemical characterizations (e.g., morphology, diameter, spectral characteristics, etc.) of such user-synthesized hybrid bionanowires were performed using classical atomic and spectroscopic techniques, whereas bioactivity and functionality testing was demonstrated by mimicking cellular transport based on kinesin, a motor protein capable to recognize, and move on the microtubules. Our results indicate that user-synthesized hybrid nanowires could be manipulated in vitro under constant chemical energy of adenosine triphosphate and have the potential to be implemented in the next generation of synthetic applications from drug delivery to diagnosis systems, and photocatalytic to optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rigu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing , China University of Petroleum (Beijing) , Beijing 102249 , China
| | - Quan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing , China University of Petroleum (Beijing) , Beijing 102249 , China
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9
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Oliveira D, de Melo FM, Toma HE. One-pot single step to label microtubule with MPA-capped CdTe quantum dots. Micron 2018; 108:19-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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10
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Stanhope KT, Yadav V, Santangelo CD, Ross JL. Contractility in an extensile system. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:4268-4277. [PMID: 28573293 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00449d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Essentially all biology is active and dynamic. Biological entities autonomously sense, compute, and respond using energy-coupled ratchets that can produce force and do work. The cytoskeleton, along with its associated proteins and motors, is a canonical example of biological active matter, which is responsible for cargo transport, cell motility, division, and morphology. Prior work on cytoskeletal active matter systems showed either extensile or contractile dynamics. Here, we demonstrate a cytoskeletal system that can control the direction of the network dynamics to be either extensile, contractile, or static depending on the concentration of filaments or weak, transient crosslinkers through systematic variation of the crosslinker or microtubule concentrations. Based on these new observations and our previously published results, we created a simple one-dimensional model of the interaction of filaments within a bundle. Despite its simplicity, our model recapitulates the observed activities of our experimental system, implying that the dynamics of our finite networks of bundles are driven by the local filament-filament interactions within the bundle. Finally, we show that contractile phases can result in autonomously motile networks that resemble cells. Our results reveal a fundamentally important aspect of cellular self-organization: weak, transient interacting species can tune their interaction strength directly by tuning the local concentration to act like a rheostat. In this case, when the weak, transient proteins crosslink microtubules, they can tune the dynamics of the network to change from extensile to contractile to static. Our experiments and model allow us to gain a deeper understanding of cytoskeletal dynamics and provide an new understanding of the importance of weak, transient interactions to soft and biological systems.
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11
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Vélez M. Dynamic and Active Proteins: Biomolecular Motors in Engineered Nanostructures. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 940:121-141. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39196-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Guix M, Mayorga-Martinez CC, Merkoçi A. Nano/micromotors in (bio)chemical science applications. Chem Rev 2014; 114:6285-322. [PMID: 24827167 DOI: 10.1021/cr400273r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Guix
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Institut Català de Nanosciencia i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), UAB Campus, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Chan V, Asada HH, Bashir R. Utilization and control of bioactuators across multiple length scales. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:653-670. [PMID: 24345906 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50989c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the recent developments in the emerging field of bioactuators across a multitude of length scales. First, we discuss the use and control of biomolecules as nanoscale actuators. Molecular motors, such as DNA, kinesin, myosin, and F1-ATPase, have been shown to exert forces in the range between 1 pN to 45 pN. Second, we discuss the use and control of single and small clusters of cells to power microscale devices. Microorganisms, such as flagellated bacteria, protozoa, and algae, can naturally swim at speeds between 20 μm s(-1) to 2 mm s(-1) and produce thrust forces between 0.3 pN to 200 pN. Individual and clustered mammalian cells, such as cardiac and skeletal cells, can produce even higher contractile forces between 80 nN to 3.5 μN. Finally, we discuss the use and control of 2D- and 3D-assembled muscle tissues and muscle tissue explants as bioactuators to power devices. Depending on the size, composition, and organization of these hierarchical tissue constructs, contractile forces have been demonstrated to produce between 25 μN to 1.18 mN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Chan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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14
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Abstract
The efficient and controlled assembly of complex structures from macromolecular building blocks is a critical open question in both biological systems and nanoscience. Using molecular dynamics simulations we study the self-assembly of tubular structures from model macromolecular monomers with multiple binding sites on their surfaces [Cheng et al., Soft Matter, 2012, 8, 5666-5678]. In this work we add chirality to the model monomer and a lock-and-key interaction. The self-assembly of free monomers into tubules yields a pitch value that often does not match the chirality of the monomer (including achiral monomers). We show that this mismatch occurs because of a twist deformation that brings the lateral interaction sites into alignment when the tubule pitch differs from the monomer chirality. The energy cost for this deformation is small as the energy distributions substantially overlap for small differences in the pitch and chirality. In order to control the tubule pitch by preventing the twist deformation, the interaction between the vertical surfaces must be increased without resulting in kinetically trapped structures. For this purpose, we employ lock-and-key interactions and obtain good control of the self-assembled tubule pitch. These results explain some fundamental features of microtubules. The vertical interaction strength is larger than the lateral in microtubules because this yields a controlled assembly of tubules with the proper pitch. We also generally find that the control of the assembly into tubules is difficult, which explains the wide range of pitch values and protofilament numbers observed in microtubule assembly.
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15
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Jana B, Biswas A, Mohapatra S, Saha A, Ghosh S. Single functionalized graphene oxide reconstitutes kinesin mediated intracellular cargo transport and delivers multiple cytoskeleton proteins and therapeutic molecules into the cell. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:11595-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc04924a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Kinesin-1 mediated intracellular cargo transport is reconstituted using EGFP–Tris-NTA-GO (EGFP–TGO) as cargo. This functionalized nanoparticle can deliver multiple cytoskeleton proteins and antimitotic peptides into the cancer cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batakrishna Jana
- Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
- Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Atanu Biswas
- Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
- Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Saswat Mohapatra
- Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
- Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Abhijit Saha
- Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
- Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Surajit Ghosh
- Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
- Kolkata-700032, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Campus
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16
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Wollman AJM, Sanchez-Cano C, Carstairs HMJ, Cross RA, Turberfield AJ. Transport and self-organization across different length scales powered by motor proteins and programmed by DNA. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 9:44-7. [PMID: 24213281 PMCID: PMC3883648 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2013.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, cargo is transported on self-organized networks of microtubule trackways by kinesin and dynein motor proteins. Synthetic microtubule networks have previously been assembled in vitro, and microtubules have been used as shuttles to carry cargoes on lithographically defined tracks consisting of surface-bound kinesin motors. Here, we show that molecular signals can be used to program both the architecture and the operation of a self-organized transport system that is based on kinesin and microtubules and spans three orders of magnitude in length scale. A single motor protein, dimeric kinesin-1, is conjugated to various DNA nanostructures to accomplish different tasks. Instructions encoded into the DNA sequences are used to direct the assembly of a polar array of microtubules and can be used to control the loading, active concentration and unloading of cargo on this track network, or to trigger the disassembly of the network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J M Wollman
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Carlos Sanchez-Cano
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Helen M J Carstairs
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Robert A Cross
- Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Andrew J Turberfield
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
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17
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Marine NA, Wheat PM, Ault J, Posner JD. Diffusive behaviors of circle-swimming motors. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 87:052305. [PMID: 23767538 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.87.052305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Spherical catalytic micromotors fabricated as described in Wheat et al. [Langmuir 26, 13052 (2010)] show fuel concentration dependent translational and rotational velocity. The motors possess short-time and long-time diffusivities that scale with the translational and rotational velocity with respect to fuel concentration. The short-time diffusivities are two to three orders of magnitude larger than the diffusivity of a Brownian sphere of the same size, increase linearly with concentration, and scale as v(2)/2ω. The measured long-time diffusivities are five times lower than the short-time diffusivities, scale as v(2)/{2D(r)[1+(ω/D(r))(2)]}, and exhibit a maximum as a function of concentration. Maximums of effective diffusivity can be achieved when the rotational velocity has a higher order of dependence on the controlling parameter(s), for example fuel concentration, than the translational velocity. A maximum in diffusivity suggests that motors can be separated or concentrated using gradients in fuel concentration. The decrease of diffusivity with time suggests that motors will have a high collision probability in confined spaces and over short times; but will not disperse over relatively long distances and times. The combination of concentration dependent diffusive time scales and nonmonotonic diffusivity of circle-swimming motors suggests that we can expect complex particle responses in confined geometries and in spatially dependent fuel concentration gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Marine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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18
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Ghosh S, Hentrich C, Surrey T. Micropattern-controlled local microtubule nucleation, transport, and mesoscale organization. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:673-8. [PMID: 23294267 DOI: 10.1021/cb300583p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule organization in living cells is determined by spatial control of microtubule nucleation, their dynamic properties, and transport by molecular motors. Here, we establish a new micropattern-guided method for controlling local microtubule nucleation by spatially confined immobilization of a microtubule polymerase and show that these nucleated microtubules can be transported and organized in space by motor proteins. This assay provides a new platform for deciphering the principles underlying mesoscale microtubule organization.
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19
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Agayan RR, Tucker R, Nitta T, Ruhnow F, Walter WJ, Diez S, Hess H. Optimization of isopolar microtubule arrays. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:2265-2272. [PMID: 23330965 DOI: 10.1021/la303792v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Isopolar arrays of aligned cytoskeletal filaments are components in a number of designs of hybrid nanodevices incorporating biomolecular motors. For example, a combination of filament arrays and motor arrays can form an actuator or a molecular engine resembling an artificial muscle. Here, isopolar arrays of microtubules are fabricated by flow alignment, and their quality is characterized by their degree of alignment. We find, in agreement with our analytical models, that the degree of alignment is ultimately limited by thermal forces, while the kinetics of the alignment process are influenced by the flow strength, the microtubule stiffness, the gliding velocity, and the tip length. Strong flows remove microtubules from the surface and reduce the filament density, suggesting that there is an optimal flow strength for the fabrication of ordered arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney R Agayan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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20
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Yuan J, Pillarisetti A, Goldman YE, Bau HH. Orienting actin filaments for directional motility of processive myosin motors. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:79-84. [PMID: 23240631 DOI: 10.1021/nl303500k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To utilize molecular motors in manmade systems, it is necessary to control the motors' motion. We describe a technique to orient actin filaments so that their barbed ends point in the same direction, enabling same-type motors to travel unidirectionally. Myosin-V and myosin-VI were observed to travel, respectively, toward and away from the filaments' barbed ends. When both motors were present, they occasionally passed each other while "walking" in opposite directions along single actin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhou Yuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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21
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Rahim MKA, Kamei T, Tamaoki N. Dynamic photo-control of kinesin on a photoisomerizable monolayer--hydrolysis rate of ATP and motility of microtubules depending on the terminal group. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:3321-31. [PMID: 22415738 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob07167c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reversibly and repeatedly altered gliding motility of microtubules driven by kinesin on the photoresponsive monolayer surface is studied. It was confirmed that an azobenzene monolayer surface needs to have free amino terminal groups for the successful dynamic control of the motility of microtubule. The surface of the azobenzene monolayer with terminal amino groups can dynamically control the ATP hydrolysis activity of kinesin which resulted in the change in motility of the microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Abdul Rahim
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N20, W10, 001-0020, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Korten T, Birnbaum W, Kuckling D, Diez S. Selective control of gliding microtubule populations. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:348-353. [PMID: 22149218 DOI: 10.1021/nl203632y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
First lab-on-chip devices based on active transport by biomolecular motors have been demonstrated for basic detection and sorting applications. However, to fully employ the advantages of such hybrid nanotechnology, versatile spatial and temporal control mechanisms are required. Using a thermo-responsive polymer, we demonstrate the selective starting and stopping of modified microtubules gliding on a kinesin-1-coated surface. This approach allows the self-organized separation of multiple microtubule populations and their respective cargoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Korten
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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23
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Herold C, Leduc C, Stock R, Diez S, Schwille P. Long-range transport of giant vesicles along microtubule networks. Chemphyschem 2011; 13:1001-6. [PMID: 22213552 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We report on a minimal system to mimic intracellular transport of membrane-bounded, vesicular cargo. In a cell-free assay, purified kinesin-1 motor proteins were directly anchored to the membrane of giant unilamellar vesicles, and their movement studied along two-dimensional microtubule networks. Motion-tracking of vesicles with diameters of 1-3 μm revealed traveling distances up to the millimeter range. The transport velocities were identical to velocities of cargo-free motors. Using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy, we were able to estimate the number of GFP-labeled motors involved in the transport of a single vesicle. We found that the vesicles were transported by the cooperative activity of typically 5-10 motor molecules. The presented assay is expected to open up further applications in the field of synthetic biology, aiming at the in vitro reconstitution of sub-cellular multi-motor transport systems. It may also find applications in bionanotechnology, where the controlled long-range transport of artificial cargo is a promising means to advance current lab-on-a-chip systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Herold
- Biophysics, BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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24
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Hiyama S, Moritani Y, Gojo R, Takeuchi S, Sutoh K. Biomolecular-motor-based autonomous delivery of lipid vesicles as nano- or microscale reactors on a chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:2741-8. [PMID: 20714497 DOI: 10.1039/c004615a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to create an autonomous on-chip system that performs targeted delivery of lipid vesicles (liposomes) as nano- or microscale reactors using machinery from biological systems. Reactor-liposomes would be ideal model cargoes to realize biomolecular-motor-based biochemical analysis chips; however, there are no existing systems that enable targeted delivery of cargo-liposomes in an autonomous manner. By exploiting biomolecular-motor-based motility and DNA hybridization, we demonstrate that single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-labeled microtubules (MTs), gliding on kinesin-coated surfaces, acted as cargo transporters and that ssDNA-labeled cargo-liposomes were loaded/unloaded onto/from gliding MTs without bursting at loading reservoirs/micropatterned unloading sites specified by DNA base sequences. Our results contribute to the development of an alternative strategy to pressure-driven or electrokinetic flow-based microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hiyama
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
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25
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Schmidt C, Vogel V. Molecular shuttles powered by motor proteins: loading and unloading stations for nanocargo integrated into one device. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:2195-2198. [PMID: 20661505 DOI: 10.1039/c005241h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A central challenge on the way to engineer novel materials and nanodevices comprising active transport by nanomotors is the integration of cargo loading and unloading stations on one chip. Exploiting DNA hybridization in zipping and shearing geometries, we demonstrate spatially distinct cargo pick-up and unload by "molecular shuttles" in an integrated device. With this approach, applications can be realized where motor-driven processes are needed to enable transport and active sorting of analytes and nanosystems, or the reconfiguration or self-repair of materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schmidt
- Laboratory for Biologically Oriented Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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26
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Korten T, Månsson A, Diez S. Towards the application of cytoskeletal motor proteins in molecular detection and diagnostic devices. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2010; 21:477-88. [PMID: 20860918 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the past ten years, great advancements have been made towards using biomolecular motors for nanotechnological applications. In particular, devices using cytoskeletal motor proteins for molecular transport are maturing. First efforts towards designing such devices used motor proteins attached to micro-structured substrates for the directed transport of microtubules and actin filaments. Soon thereafter, the specific capture, transport and detection of target analytes like viruses were demonstrated. Recently, spatial guiding of the gliding filaments was added to increase the sensitivity of detection and allow parallelization. Whereas molecular motor powered devices have not yet demonstrated performance beyond the level of existing detection techniques, the potential is great: Replacing microfluidics with transport powered by molecular motors allows integration of the energy source (ATP) into the assay solution. This opens up the opportunity to design highly integrated, miniaturized, autonomous detection devices. Such devices, in turn, may allow fast and cheap on-site diagnosis of diseases and detection of environmental pathogens and toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Korten
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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27
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Tarhan MC, Yokokawa R, Bottier C, Collard D, Fujita H. A nano-needle/microtubule composite gliding on a kinesin-coated surface for target molecule transport. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:86-91. [PMID: 20024055 DOI: 10.1039/b913312g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An alternative method of micro/nano-transport has been achieved by using motor proteins. Microtubules on a kinesin-coated surface have potential to act as a nano-transport system. When microtubules are used as carriers, either cargo or cargo linkers are attached on the microtubule surface. Such cargo attachments can significantly affect kinesin motion. To deal with the difficulty caused by molecular attachment to the microtubule surface, the cargo loading and transport mechanism should be separated. In this work, we propose to use micromachined needles as cargo carriers which then can be transported on microtubules. Because of the separation of needle functionalization and transport mechanism, functionalization of the needles can proceed without any effect on the microtubule structure, significantly increasing the possible types of cargo. We have fabricated silicon needles in mass numbers using a simple and effective method and have shown that the microtubule-needle composites are transported without affecting the kinesin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet C Tarhan
- Center for International Research on MicroMechatronics, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
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28
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Agarwal A, Hess H. Molecular Motors as Components of Future Medical Devices and Engineered Materials. J Nanotechnol Eng Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1115/1.3212823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new frontier in the development of prosthetic devices is the design of nanoscale systems which replace, augment, or support individual cells. Similar to cells, such devices will require the ability to generate mechanical movement, either for transport or actuation. Here, the development of nanoscale transport systems, which integrate biomolecular motors, is reviewed. To date, close to 100 publications have explored the design of such “molecular shuttles” based on the integration of synthetic molecules, nano- and microparticles, and micropatterned structures with kinesin and myosin motors and their associated cytoskeletal filaments, microtubules, and actin filaments. Tremendous progress has been made in addressing the key challenges of guiding, loading, and controlling the shuttles, providing a foundation for the exploration of applications in medicine and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Agarwal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Henry Hess
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
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29
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Carroll-Portillo A, Bachand M, Greene AC, Bachand GD. In vitro capture, transport, and detection of protein analytes using kinesin-based nanoharvesters. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:1835-1840. [PMID: 19415649 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200900491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Carroll-Portillo
- Physical, Chemical, and Nano Sciences Center Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
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30
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Noel JA, Teizer W, Hwang W. Surface manipulation of microtubules using self-assembled monolayers and electrophoresis. ACS NANO 2009; 3:1938-1946. [PMID: 19518095 DOI: 10.1021/nn900325m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We integrate microtubule (MT)-resistant self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with lithographically patterned electrodes to control MTs in a cell-free environment. Formed through a facile, one-step assembly method, the poly(ethylene glycol) trimethoxysilane SAM prevents MT adsorption on both silicon substrates and Au microstructures without casein. We characterize the SAM using ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy and compare it with other MT passivation techniques. The SAM retains its passivating ability when used as a substrate for electron beam lithography, a key feature that allows us to pattern microtubules on lithographically defined Au structures. Moreover, by combining the SAM-passivated Au microelectrodes and DC electrophoresis, we demonstrate reversible trapping of MTs as well as capture and alignment of individual MTs.
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31
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Bottier C, Fattaccioli J, Tarhan MC, Yokokawa R, Morin FO, Kim B, Collard D, Fujita H. Active transport of oil droplets along oriented microtubules by kinesin molecular motors. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:1694-1700. [PMID: 19495452 DOI: 10.1039/b822519b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the active transport of liquid cargos in the form of oil-in-water emulsion droplets loaded on kinesin motor proteins moving along oriented microtubules. We analyze the motility properties of the kinesin motors (velocity and run length) and find that the liquid cargo in the form of oil droplets does not alter the motor function of the kinesin molecules. This work provides a novel method for handling only a few molecules/particles encapsulated inside the oil droplets and represents a key finding for the integration of kinesin-based active transport into nanoscale lab-on-a-chip devices. We also investigate the effect of the diameter of the droplets on the motility properties of the kinesin motors. The velocity is approximately constant irrespective of the diameter of the droplets whereas we highlight a strong increase of the run length when the diameter of the droplets increases. We correlate these results with the number of kinesin motors involved in the transport process and find an excellent agreement between our experimental result and a theoretical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Bottier
- LIMMS/CNRS-IIS, Institute of Industrial Science, Tokyo University, 153-5805, Tokyo, Japan.
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32
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Moore MJ, Suda T, Oiwa K. Molecular communication: modeling noise effects on information rate. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2009; 8:169-80. [PMID: 19535324 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2009.2025039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Molecular communication is a new paradigm for communication between biological nanomachines over a nano- and microscale range. As biological nanomachines (or nanomachines in short) are too small and simple to communicate through traditional communication mechanisms (e.g., through sending and receiving of radio or infrared signals), molecular communication provides a mechanism for a nanomachine (i.e., a sender) to communicate information by propagating molecules (i.e., information molecules) that represent the information to a nanomachine (i.e., a receiver). This paper describes the design of an in vitro molecular communication system and evaluates various approaches to maximize the probability of information molecules reaching a receiver(s) and the rate of information reaching the receiver(s). The approaches considered in this paper include propagating information molecules (diffusion or directional transport along protein filaments), removing excessive information molecules (natural decay or receiver removal of excessive information molecules), and encoding and decoding approaches (redundant information molecules to represent information and to decode information). Two types of molecular communication systems are considered: a unicast system in which a sender communicates with a single receiver and a broadcast system in which a sender communicates with multiple receivers. Through exploring tradeoffs among the various approaches on the two types of molecular communication systems, this paper identifies promising approaches and shows the feasibility of an in vitro molecular communication system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael John Moore
- Bren School of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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33
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Young YN. Hydrodynamic interactions between two semiflexible inextensible filaments in Stokes flow. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2009; 79:046317. [PMID: 19518343 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.79.046317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hydrodynamic interactions between two semiflexible inextensible filaments are shown to have a significant impact on filament buckling and their subsequent motion in Stokesian fluids. In linear shear flow, hydrodynamic interactions lead to filament shear dispersion that depends on the filament aspect ratio and the initial filament separation. In linear extensional flow, hydrodynamic interactions lead to complex filament dynamics around the stagnation point. These results suggest that hydrodynamic interactions need to be taken into account to determine the self-diffusion of non-Brownian semiflexible filaments in a cellular flow [Y.-N. Young and M. J. Shelley, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 058303 (2007)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-N Young
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
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34
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Mikhailov AS, Ertl G. Nonequilibrium microstructures in reactive monolayers as soft matter systems. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:86-100. [PMID: 19040249 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200800277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chemical systems provide classical examples of nonequilibrium pattern formation. Reactions in weak aqueous solutions, such as the extensively investigated Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction, demonstrate a rich variety of patterns, ranging from travelling fronts to rotating spiral waves and chemical turbulence. Pattern formation in such systems is based on interplay between the reactions and diffusion. Intrinsically, this puts a restriction on the minimum length scale of the developing structures, which cannot be shorter than the diffusion length of the reactants. However, much smaller nonequilibrium structures, with characteristic lengths reaching down to nanoscales, are also possible. They are found in reactive soft matter, where energetic interactions between molecules are present as well. In these systems, chemical reactions and diffusion interfere with phase transitions, yielding active, stationary or dynamic microstructures. Nonequilibrium soft-matter microstructures are of fundamental importance for biological cells and may have interesting engineering applications. In this Minireview, we focus on the microstructures found in reactive soft-matter monolayers at solid surfaces or liquid-air interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Mikhailov
- Abteilung Physikalische Chemie, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin-Dahlem, Germany.
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35
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Abstract
Biological nanomotors have evolved over million years to perform specific tasks with high efficiency. The remarkable performance of biomotors is inspiring scientists to create synthetic nanomachines that mimic the function of these amazing natural systems. This review discusses the challenges and opportunities facing artificial nanomotors and summarizes recent progress toward the development of such man-made nanomachines. Particular attention is given to catalytic nanowire motors propelled by the electrocatalytic decomposition of a chemical fuel. While artificial nanomotors pale compared to nature biomotors, recent advances indicate their great potential to perform diverse applications and demanding tasks. Such advances include significant improvements in the velocity, motion control, cargo-towing force, and lifetime of such catalytic nanomotors. As a result, artificial nanomotors can have velocities as large as 100 body lengths per second and relatively high powers to transport a "heavy" cargo within complex microchannel networks. Despite this impressive progress, man-made nanomachines still lack the efficiency, functionality, and force of their biological counterparts and are limited to a very narrow range of environments and fuels. Improved understanding of the behavior of catalytic nanomotors will facilitate the design of highly efficient and powerful artificial nanomachines for complex operations in diverse realistic environments, leading to practical nanoscale applications in the not-so-distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
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36
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Moore MJ, Enomoto A, Suda T, Kayasuga A, Oiwa K. Molecular communication: Uni-cast communication on a microtubule topology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1109/icsmc.2008.4811244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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37
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Korten T, Diez S. Setting up roadblocks for kinesin-1: mechanism for the selective speed control of cargo carrying microtubules. LAB ON A CHIP 2008; 8:1441-1447. [PMID: 18818797 DOI: 10.1039/b803585g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Motor-driven cytoskeletal filaments are versatile transport platforms for nanosized cargo in molecular sorting and nano-assembly devices. However, because cargo and motors share the filament lattice as a common substrate for their activity, it is important to understand the influence of cargo-loading on transport properties. By performing single-molecule stepping assays on biotinylated microtubules we found that individual kinesin-1 motors frequently stopped upon encounters with attached streptavidin molecules. Consequently, we attribute the deceleration of cargo-laden microtubules in gliding assays to an obstruction of kinesin-1 paths on the microtubule lattice rather than to 'frictional' cargo-surface interactions. We propose to apply this obstacle-caused slow-down of gliding microtubules in a novel molecular detection scheme: Using a mixture of two distinct microtubule populations that each bind a different kind of protein, the presence of these proteins can be detected via speed changes in the respective microtubule populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Korten
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
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38
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Yokokawa R, Tarhan MC, Kon T, Fujita H. Simultaneous and bidirectional transport of kinesin-coated microspheres and dynein-coated microspheres on polarity-oriented microtubules. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 101:1-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.21874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Goel A, Vogel V. Harnessing biological motors to engineer systems for nanoscale transport and assembly. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 3:465-475. [PMID: 18685633 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2008.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Living systems use biological nanomotors to build life's essential molecules--such as DNA and proteins--as well as to transport cargo inside cells with both spatial and temporal precision. Each motor is highly specialized and carries out a distinct function within the cell. Some have even evolved sophisticated mechanisms to ensure quality control during nanomanufacturing processes, whether to correct errors in biosynthesis or to detect and permit the repair of damaged transport highways. In general, these nanomotors consume chemical energy in order to undergo a series of shape changes that let them interact sequentially with other molecules. Here we review some of the many tasks that biomotors perform and analyse their underlying design principles from an engineering perspective. We also discuss experiments and strategies to integrate biomotors into synthetic environments for applications such as sensing, transport and assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Goel
- Nanobiosym Labs, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4700, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA.
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40
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Yokokawa R, Murakami T, Sugie T, Kon T. Polarity orientation of microtubules utilizing a dynein-based gliding assay. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:125505. [PMID: 21817732 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/12/125505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The motor protein dynein was introduced into a nanotransport system. We oriented microtubules by their polarity, and immobilized them based on a dynein-microtubule gliding assay system. This system achieved unidirectional transport of kinesin-coated microbeads. In contrast to conventional kinesin-based orientation systems, the dynein-based system allowed the reverse motion of microtubules, resulting in an inversion of the orientation of microtubule polarity and thus reverse transport of kinesin-coated microbeads. This combined kinesin- and dynein-based system constitutes a new means to facilitate the bidirectional orientation of microtubules and transport of cargos in a nanofluidic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Yokokawa
- Department of Micro System Technology, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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41
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Brunner C, Wahnes C, Vogel V. Cargo pick-up from engineered loading stations by kinesin driven molecular shuttles. LAB ON A CHIP 2007; 7:1263-71. [PMID: 17896009 DOI: 10.1039/b707301a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting biological motors ex vivo to transport and distribute cargo with high spatial control, as done by cells, requires that we learn how molecular shuttles (microtubules propelled by kinesins) can pick up cargo from defined surface regions (loading stations). The main challenge of building microfabricated cargo loading stations is to adjust the sum of non-covalent interactions such that the station stably holds on to the cargo under static conditions, but allows for transfer when a gliding microtubule collides with station-bound cargo and starts to pull on it. Successful pick-up of cargo could be observed using biotin-anti-biotin interactions and hybridized oligonucleotides. The effect of different tethering chemistries on the efficiency of cargo pick-up was tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brunner
- Laboratory for Biologically Oriented Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Hönggerberg, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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42
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Fischer T, Hess H. Materials chemistry challenges in the design of hybrid bionanodevices: supporting protein function within artificial environments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b615278c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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