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Deng D, Chang Y, Liu W, Ren M, Xia N, Hao Y. Advancements in Biosensors Based on the Assembles of Small Organic Molecules and Peptides. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:773. [PMID: 37622859 PMCID: PMC10452798 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, molecular self-assembly has witnessed tremendous progress in a variety of biosensing and biomedical applications. In particular, self-assembled nanostructures of small organic molecules and peptides with intriguing characteristics (e.g., structure tailoring, facile processability, and excellent biocompatibility) have shown outstanding potential in the development of various biosensors. In this review, we introduced the unique properties of self-assembled nanostructures with small organic molecules and peptides for biosensing applications. We first discussed the applications of such nanostructures in electrochemical biosensors as electrode supports for enzymes and cells and as signal labels with a large number of electroactive units for signal amplification. Secondly, the utilization of fluorescent nanomaterials by self-assembled dyes or peptides was introduced. Thereinto, typical examples based on target-responsive aggregation-induced emission and decomposition-induced fluorescent enhancement were discussed. Finally, the applications of self-assembled nanomaterials in the colorimetric assays were summarized. We also briefly addressed the challenges and future prospects of biosensors based on self-assembled nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Deng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Yong Chang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Mingwei Ren
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Ning Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Yuanqiang Hao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
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2
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La DD, Ngo HH, Nguyen DD, Tran NT, Vo HT, Nguyen XH, Chang SW, Chung WJ, Nguyen MDB. Advances and prospects of porphyrin-based nanomaterials via self-assembly for photocatalytic applications in environmental treatment. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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3
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Aggarwal A, Bhupathiraju NVSDK, Farley C, Singh S. Applications of Fluorous Porphyrinoids: An Update †. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:1241-1265. [PMID: 34343350 DOI: 10.1111/php.13499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins and related macrocycles have been studied broadly for their applications in medicine and materials because of their tunable physicochemical, optoelectronic and magnetic properties. In this review article, we focused on the applications of fluorinated porphyrinoids and their supramolecular systems and summarized the reports published on these chromophores in the past 5-6 years. The commercially available fluorinated porphyrinoids: meso-perfluorophenylporphyrin (TPPF20 ) perfluorophthalocyanine (PcF16 ) and meso-perfluorophenylcorrole (CorF15 ) have increased photo and oxidative stability due to the presence of fluoro groups. Because of their tunable properties and robustness toward oxidative damage these porphyrinoid-based chromophores continue to gain attention of researchers developing advanced functional materials for applications such as sensors, photonic devices, component for solar cells, biomedical imaging, theranostics and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Aggarwal
- Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College of the City University of New York, Long Island City, NY
| | - N V S Dinesh K Bhupathiraju
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY
| | - Christopher Farley
- Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College of the City University of New York, Long Island City, NY
| | - Sunaina Singh
- Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College of the City University of New York, Long Island City, NY
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4
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Tzepos RG, Raman E, Toote LE, Wright DW, Gerdon AE. Signal Amplification with Co(III) Protoporphyrin IX Nanoparticles and Anodic Stripping Voltammetry. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G. Tzepos
- Emmanuel College Department of Chemistry and Physics 400 Fenway Boston MA 02115
| | - Easwer Raman
- Emmanuel College Department of Chemistry and Physics 400 Fenway Boston MA 02115
| | - Lauren E. Toote
- Elizabethtown College Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 1 Alpha Drive Elizabethtown PA 17022
| | - David W. Wright
- Vanderbilt University Department of Chemistry 7330 Stevenson Center Nashville TN 37235
| | - Aren E. Gerdon
- Emmanuel College Department of Chemistry and Physics 400 Fenway Boston MA 02115
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5
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Abstract
Photodynamic Inactivation is an innovative technique used to combat bacterial and viral infections which involves the use of photosensitizing agents along with light to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species able to kill bacteria and viruses. In the first section of this minireview, porphyrin-based fluorophores are shown to be remarkable dye candidates for PDI (photodynamic inactivation) applications. The second section is dedicated to the description of porphyrin-based antimicrobial materials and their potentialities for industrial applications such as in food packaging or antimicrobial medical devices and hygiene. Finally, the failings and perspectives of PDI are analyzed to demonstrate how the PDI technique could be an efficient and ecologically friendly antimicrobial technique.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R. Guilard
- PorphyChem SAS, Dijon 21000, France
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB, UMR CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21078, France
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6
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Shee NK, Kim MK, Kim HJ. Supramolecular Porphyrin Nanostructures Based on Coordination-Driven Self-Assembly and Their Visible Light Catalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10112314. [PMID: 33266509 PMCID: PMC7700138 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of porphyrin triads (1–4), in which each triad is composed of a Sn(IV) porphyrin and two free-base (or Zn(II)) porphyrins, was synthesized and their self-assembled nanostructures were studied. Depending on the substituent on porphyrin moieties, each triad was self-assembled into a different nanostructure. In particular, the cooperative coordination of 3-pyridyl groups in the Sn(IV) porphyrin with the axial Zn(II) porphyrins in triad 4 leads to forming uniform nanofibers with an average width of 10–22 nm. Other triads without the coordinating interaction between the central Sn(IV) porphyrin and the axial porphyrins formed irregularly shaped aggregates in contrast. The morphologies of nanofiber changed drastically upon the addition of pyrrolidine, in which pyrrolidine molecules break down the self-assembly process by coordinating with the axial Zn(II) porphyrins. All porphyrin aggregates exhibited efficient photocatalytic performances on the degradation of methylene blue dye under visible light irradiation. The degradation efficiencies after 2 h were observed to be between 70% and 95% for the aggregates derived from the four triads.
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7
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Oppenheim J, Gray MHB, Di Bilio AJ, Brennan BJ, Henling LM, Lim P, Soll M, Termini J, Virgil SC, Gross Z, Gray HB. Structures and Spectroscopic Properties of Metallocorrole Nanoparticles. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:10287-10294. [PMID: 31335126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In aqueous media, hydrophobic metallocorroles form nanoparticles that are potential theranostic anticancer agents. We have analyzed the electronic and Raman spectra of Al(III), Ga(III), and Au(III) corrole nanoparticles (and made comparisons with DFT-validated assignments of the IR spectra of corresponding monomers) in order to estimate the strengths of corrole-corrole electronic couplings in these assemblies. We find that these spectra are virtually unchanged upon aggregation, confirming that the intermolecular interactions in these nanoparticles are very weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Oppenheim
- Beckman Institute , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Mike H B Gray
- Beckman Institute , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Occidental College , Los Angeles , California 90041 , United States
| | - Angel J Di Bilio
- Beckman Institute , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine , Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope , Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - Bradley J Brennan
- Beckman Institute , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Lawrence M Henling
- Beckman Institute , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Punnajit Lim
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope , Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - Matan Soll
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 32000 , Israel
| | - John Termini
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope , Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - Scott C Virgil
- Beckman Institute , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Zeev Gross
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 32000 , Israel
| | - Harry B Gray
- Beckman Institute , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
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8
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Shao S, Rajendiran V, Lovell JF. Metalloporphyrin Nanoparticles: Coordinating Diverse Theranostic Functions. Coord Chem Rev 2019; 379:99-120. [PMID: 30559508 PMCID: PMC6294123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Metalloporphyrins serve key roles in natural biological processes and also have demonstrated utility for biomedical applications. They can be encapsulated or grafted in conventional nanoparticles or can self-assemble themselves at the nanoscale. A wide range of metals can be stably chelated either before or after porphyrin nanoparticle formation, without the necessity of any additional chelator chemistry. The addition of metals can substantially alter a range of behaviors such as modulating phototherapeutic efficacy; conferring responsiveness to biological stimuli; or providing contrast for magnetic resonance, positron emission or surface enhanced Raman imaging. Chelated metals can also provide a convenient handle for bioconjugation with other molecules via axial coordination. This review provides an overview of some recent biomedical, nanoparticulate approaches involving gain-of-function metalloporphyrins and related molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Shao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
| | - Venugopal Rajendiran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610 005, India
| | - Jonathan F. Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
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9
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Zakavi S, Ebadi S, Javanmard M. Nanosized cationic and anionic manganese porphyrins as mesoporous catalysts for the oxidation of olefins: Nano versus bulk aggregates. Appl Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Zakavi
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) 45137‐66731 Zanjan Iran
| | - Samira Ebadi
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) 45137‐66731 Zanjan Iran
| | - Mohaddese Javanmard
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) 45137‐66731 Zanjan Iran
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10
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A novel strategy for green synthesis of colloidal porphyrins/silver nanocomposites by Sesbania sesban plant and their catalytic application in the clean oxidation of alcohols. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Uwada T, Huang LT, Hee PY, Usman A, Masuhara H. Size-Dependent Optical Properties of Grana Inside Chloroplast of Plant Cells. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:915-922. [PMID: 28084739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b10204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Well-packed thylakoids known as grana are one of the major functional sites for photosynthesis in algae and plants. Their highly ordered structures can be considered as a few hundred nanometer-sized particles having distinct scattering cross sections from other various macromolecular organizations inside plant cells. With this background we show that elastic light scattering imaging and microspectroscopy is an important tool for investigating structure and organization of grana inside a single chloroplast in plant cells. We have demonstrated this noninvasive method to identify the distribution of grana in intact fresh leaf of robust and rapidly growing Egaria densa, which is also known as Anachris and among the most popular aquarium plants. The scattering efficiency spectra of their individual grana fairly resemble cooperative absorption spectra of porphyrins and carotenoids. We found that the electronic structure of the stacked thylakoids shows granum size-dependence, indicating that size of grana is one of the critical parameters in the regulation of the photochemical functions in the thylakoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Uwada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Rd., Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Josai University , Sakado 350-0295, Japan
| | - Ling-Ting Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Rd., Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Yu Hee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Rd., Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Anwar Usman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam , Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Negara Brunei Darussalam
| | - Hiroshi Masuhara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Rd., Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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12
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Rayati S, Nejabat F. Preparation of porphyrin nanoparticles: Effect of bromine atom on the particle size and catalytic activity. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Gibson LE, Wright DW. Sensitive Method for Biomolecule Detection Utilizing Signal Amplification with Porphyrin Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5928-33. [PMID: 27160976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Disease diagnosis requires identification of biomarkers that occur in small quantities, making detection a difficult task. Effective diagnosis is an even greater challenge in low-resource areas of the world. Methods must be simple, stable, and sensitive so that tests can be easily administered and withstand uncontrolled environmental conditions. One approach to this issue is development of stable signal amplification strategies. In this work, we applied the nanocrystal-based signal amplification method to tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin nanoparticles (TCPP NPs). The dissolution of the nanoparticle into thousands of porphyrin molecules results in amplified detection of the biomarker. By using nanoparticles as the signal-generating moiety, stability of the detection method is increased relative to commonly used enzyme-based assays. Additionally, the inherent fluorescent signal of TCPP molecules can be measured after nanoparticle dissolution. The ability to directly read the TCPP fluorescent signal increases assay simplicity by reducing the steps required for the test. This detection method was optimized by detecting rabbit IgG and then was applied to the detection of the malarial biomarker Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein II (pfHRPII) from a complex matrix. The results for both biomarkers were assays with low picomolar limits of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University , Station B 351822, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1822, United States
| | - David W Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University , Station B 351822, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1822, United States
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14
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Rayati S, Nejabat F, Naghashian N. Ultrasound promoted preparation of Mn(III)-porphyrin nanoparticles: An efficient heterogeneous catalyst for oxidation of alkenes, alkanes and sulfides. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424615501060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present research meso-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrinatomanganese(III) acetate (Mn(TCPP)OAc) nanoparticles have been prepared for the first time without any stabilizing agent or supporting matrix under ultrasonic irradiation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize and investigate the nanocatalyst. Rapid, efficient, facile and highly selective oxidation of a wide range of olefins by tetra-[Formula: see text]-butylammonium hydrogen monopersulfate over the prepared manganese nanocatalyst was investigated. Also oxidation of sulfides and alkanes in the presence of the (Mn(TCPP)OAc) nanoparticles were studied. The catalyst is recovered by filtration and reused at least five times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Rayati
- Department of Chemistry, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 16315-1618, Tehran 15418, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nejabat
- Department of Chemistry, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 16315-1618, Tehran 15418, Iran
| | - Nasireh Naghashian
- Department of Chemistry, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 16315-1618, Tehran 15418, Iran
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15
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Bhupathiraju NVSDK, Rizvi W, Batteas JD, Drain CM. Fluorinated porphyrinoids as efficient platforms for new photonic materials, sensors, and therapeutics. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:389-408. [PMID: 26514229 PMCID: PMC6180335 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01839k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrinoids are robust heterocyclic dyes studied extensively for their applications in medicine and as photonic materials because of their tunable photophysical properties, diverse means of modifying the periphery, and the ability to chelate most transition metals. Commercial applications include their use as phthalocyanine dyes in optical discs, porphyrins in photodynamic therapy, and as oxygen sensors. Most applications of these dyes require exocyclic moieties to improve solubility, target diseases, modulate photophysical properties, or direct the self-organization into architectures with desired photonic properties. The synthesis of the porphyrinoid depends on the desired application, but the de novo synthesis often involves several steps, is time consuming, and results in low isolated yields. Thus, the application of core porphyrinoid platforms that can be rapidly and efficiently modified to evaluate new molecular architectures allows researchers to focus on the design concepts rather than the synthesis methods, and opens porphyrinoid chemistry to a broader scientific community. We have focused on several widely available, commercially viable porphyrinoids as platforms: meso-perfluorophenylporphyrin, perfluorophthalocyanine, and meso-perfluorophenylcorrole. The perfluorophenylporphyrin is readily converted to the chlorin, bacteriochlorin, and isobacteriochlorin. Derivatives of all six of these core platforms can be efficiently and controllably made via mild nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions using primary S, N, and O nucleophiles bearing a wide variety of functional groups. The remaining fluoro groups enhance the photo and oxidative stability of the dyes and can serve as spectroscopic signatures to characterize the compounds or in imaging applications using (19)F NMR. This review provides an overview of the chemistry of fluorinated porphyrinoids that are being used as a platform to create libraries of photo-active compounds for applications in medicine and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V S Dinesh K Bhupathiraju
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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16
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Xu C, Wan A, Gong X, Bhupathiraju NVSDK, Batteas JD, Drain CM. Reorganization of porphyrin nanoparticle morphology driven by surface energetics. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424616500292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Organic nanoparticles (ONp) of an Fe(III) porphyrin appended with four [Formula: see text]-polyethyleneglyco-pyridinium moieties prepared in acetonitrile were deposited onto hydrophilic or hydrophobic Si surfaces. Self-organized by intermolecular interactions, ONp reorganize in response to environmental changes. Mechanisms for the control of nanoparticle morphologies and surface patterning by varying surface energies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Xu
- Siberline, Inc. 130 Lincoln Dr., Tamaqua, PA 18252, USA
| | - Albert Wan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77842, USA
| | | | - N. V. S. Dinesh K. Bhupathiraju
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Hunter College of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
- PhD Programs in Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - James D. Batteas
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77842, USA
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Hunter College of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
- PhD Programs in Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
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17
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Singh S, Aggarwal A, Bhupathiraju NVSDK, Arianna G, Tiwari K, Drain CM. Glycosylated Porphyrins, Phthalocyanines, and Other Porphyrinoids for Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2015; 115:10261-306. [PMID: 26317756 PMCID: PMC6011754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunaina Singh
- Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College of the City University of New York, Long Island City, New York 11101, United States
| | - Amit Aggarwal
- Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College of the City University of New York, Long Island City, New York 11101, United States
| | - N. V. S. Dinesh K. Bhupathiraju
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Gianluca Arianna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Kirran Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
- The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
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18
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Zhang H, Zhang B, Zhu M, Grayson SM, Schmehl R, Jayawickramarajah J. Water-soluble porphyrin nanospheres: enhanced photo-physical properties achieved via cyclodextrin driven double self-inclusion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:4853-5. [PMID: 24686923 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc01372g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe a method to construct water-soluble porphyrinic nanospheres with enhanced photo-physical properties as a result of precluding (via intra-molecular host-guest interactions) the individual porphyrins units from aromatic-aromatic stacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, 2015 Percival Stern Hall, Louisiana 70118, USA.
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19
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Singh S, Aggarwal A, Bhupathiraju NVSDK, Newton B, Nafees A, Gao R, Drain CM. Synthesis and cell phototoxicity of a triply bridged fused diporphyrin appended with six thioglucose units. Tetrahedron Lett 2014; 55:6311-6314. [PMID: 25395694 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A triply bridged fused diporphyrin appended with six thioglucose units is reported. This new, chemically and photochemically stable amphiphilic compound is taken up by breast cancer cells and causes cell death upon light exposure. Photophysical studies reveal absorption bands in the near IR region, and photosensitized formation of singlet oxygen in high quantum yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunaina Singh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Hunter College of The City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College of The City University of New York, 31-10 Thomson Avenue, Long Island City, New York, NY 11101, USA
| | - Amit Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Hunter College of The City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College of The City University of New York, 31-10 Thomson Avenue, Long Island City, New York, NY 11101, USA
| | - N V S Dinesh K Bhupathiraju
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Hunter College of The City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Brandon Newton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39211, USA
| | - Ahmad Nafees
- Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College of The City University of New York, 31-10 Thomson Avenue, Long Island City, New York, NY 11101, USA
| | - Ruomei Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39211, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Physics, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, 11568, USA
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Hunter College of The City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Hasobe T. Photo- and electro-functional self-assembled architectures of porphyrins. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 14:15975-87. [PMID: 23093225 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42957h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in supramolecular strategies have enabled us to construct novel well-defined assemblies of dye molecules. These fundamental researches of such organic materials also entail the synthetic and photophysical processes of molecular aggregates at the nano- and micro-meter scale, since their optical properties significantly differ from those of monomeric species. One of the promising candidates for such functional molecules is a porphyrin dye, which acts as an electron donor as well as a sensitizer. In this perspective, the focus is on the recent advances in the construction of optically and electronically functionalized molecular architectures of porphyrins for light energy conversion and electronics. First, porphyrin aggregates with morphologies such as cube, rod and fiber, which are prepared by three different supramolecular techniques, are reported. Then, we discuss composite molecular nanoarchitectures of porphyrins and carbon nanotubes such as single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), stacked-cup carbon nanotubes (SCCNTs) and carbon nanohorns (CNHs). Finally, the structural and photophysical properties of the composite assemblies of porphyrins and graphenes including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Hasobe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan.
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21
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Ghosh S, Ucer KB, D'Agostino R, Grant K, Sirintrapun J, Thomas MJ, Hantgan R, Bharadwaj M, Gmeiner WH. Non-covalent assembly of meso-tetra-4-pyridyl porphine with single-stranded DNA to form nano-sized complexes with hydrophobicity-dependent DNA release and anti-tumor activity. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:451-61. [PMID: 23988714 PMCID: PMC3946208 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
DNA and porphyrin based therapeutics are important for anti-cancer treatment. The present studies demonstrate single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) assembles with meso-tetra-4-pyridyl porphine (MTP) forming porphyrin:DNA nano-complexes (PDN) that are stable in aqueous solution under physiologically relevant conditions and undergo dissociation with DNA release in hydrophobic environments, including cell membranes. PDN formation is DNA-dependent with the ratio of porphyrin:DNA being approximately two DNA nucleobases per porphyrin. PDN produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a light-dependent manner under conditions that favor nano-complex dissociation in the presence of hydrophobic solvents. PDN induce light-dependent cytotoxicity in vitro and anti-tumor activity towards bladder cancer xenografts in vivo. Light-dependent, PDN-mediated cell death results from ROS-mediated localized membrane damage due to lipid peroxidation with mass spectrometry indicating the generation of the lipid peroxidation products 9- and 13-hydroxy octadecanoic acid. Our results demonstrate that PDN have properties useful for therapeutic applications, including cancer treatment. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR In this study, porphyrin-DNA nanocomplexes were investigated as anti-cancer therapeutics inducing ROS production in a light-dependent manner. Efficacy is demonstrated in vitro as well as a in a bladder cancer xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supratim Ghosh
- Program in Molecular Genetics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kamil B Ucer
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ralph D'Agostino
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ken Grant
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Joseph Sirintrapun
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Michael J Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Roy Hantgan
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Manish Bharadwaj
- Department of Genrontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - William H Gmeiner
- Program in Molecular Genetics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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22
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Maqueira L, Valdés AC, Iribarren A, de Melo CP. Preparation and characterization of hydrophobic porphyrin nanoaggregates dispersed in polyvinyl alcohol films. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424613500028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is known that among other applications porphyrin aggregates can be used in the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and gases and vapors in general. However, the use of porphyrins for this purpose has been limited by the fact that usually the porphyrin and the polymer employed as a matrix are soluble in different media, such as polyvinyl alcohol and tetraphenylporphyrin, respectively. In this paper, we discuss how starting from stable aqueous solutions of hydrophobic porphyrins one can use the drop coating method to prepare polyvinyl alcohol polymer matrices containing porphyrin aggregates. The resulting solid films were characterized by optical techniques, and we have used UV-vis absorption spectroscopy to analyze how they interact with vapors of HCl , NO2 and NH3 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Maqueira
- Departmento Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de La Habana, Zapata y G, Vedado, Habana C.P. 10400, Cuba
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, Universidad de La Habana, Zapata y G, Vedado, Habana C.P. 10400, Cuba
| | - Aristides C. Valdés
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, Universidad de La Habana, Zapata y G, Vedado, Habana C.P. 10400, Cuba
| | - Augusto Iribarren
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, Universidad de La Habana, Zapata y G, Vedado, Habana C.P. 10400, Cuba
| | - Celso P. de Melo
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
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Rezaeifard A, Soltani V, Jafarpour M. Nanoaggregates of Simple Mn Porphyrin Complexes as Catalysts for the Selective Oxidation of Hydrocarbons. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201201437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Jurow MJ, Hageman BA, DiMasi E, Nam CY, Pabon C, Black CT, Drain CM. Controlling Morphology and Molecular Packing of Alkane Substituted Phthalocyanine Blend Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2013; 1:1557-1565. [PMID: 23589766 PMCID: PMC3624905 DOI: 10.1039/c2ta00415a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Systematic changes in the exocyclic substiution of core phthalocyanine platform tune the absorption properties to yield commercially viable dyes that function as the primary light absorbers in organic bulk heterojunction solar cells. Blends of these complementary phthalocyanines absorb a broader portion of the solar spectrum compared to a single dye, thereby increasing solar cell performance. We correlate grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering structural data with solar cell performance to elucidate the role of nanomorphology of active layers composed of blends of phthalocyanines and a fullerene derivative. A highly reproducible device architecture is used to assure accuracy and is relevant to films for solar windows in urban settings. We demonstrate that the number and structure of the exocyclic motifs dictate phase formation, hierarchical organization, and nanostructure, thus can be employed to tailor active layer morphology to enhance exciton dissociation and charge collection efficiencies in the photovoltaic devices. These studies reveal that disordered films make better solar cells, short alkanes increase the optical density of the active layer, and branched alkanes inhibit unproductive homogeneous molecular alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Jurow
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of The City University of New York, New York, New York 10065
| | - Brian A. Hageman
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of The City University of New York, New York, New York 10065
| | - Elaine DiMasi
- Photon Sciences Division BLDG 728M, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | - Chang-Yong Nam
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | - Cesar Pabon
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of The City University of New York, New York, New York 10065
| | - Charles T. Black
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of The City University of New York, New York, New York 10065
- The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065
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25
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Maqueira L, Iribarren A, Valdés AC, de Meloc CP, dos Santos CG. Preparation and characterization of SDS-stabilized hydrophobic porphyrinic nanoaggregates in water. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424612500320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrin nanoaggregates formed in the interior of colloidal suspensions can be considered as examples of supramolecular systems with self-organized architecture. Due to their peculiar optical and electrochemical properties such as decrease of fluorescence, increase of conductivity and possible electron transfer, these aggregates can be used in the design and fabrication of optoelectronic devices, such as organic solar cells and optical and electrochemical sensors. In this paper, we first describe the synthesis of a series of hydrophobic tetraphenylporphyrins by a change in the order of reagents addition that results in high yields of the desired products. These products were then employed to obtain stable suspensions of porphyrinic nanoaggregates in aqueous solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The aggregates resulting of the encapsulation of the tetraphenylporphyrins into the micelles of the surfactant were studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopies. The results indicate that the nanoggregates have a spherical morphology with particles whose average size ranges between 46–78 nm and ζ-potential values (higher than 55 mV), indicative of excellent stability. Optical characterization was used to determine the classification of nanoaggregates, according to the observed shifts on the absorption spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Maqueira
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de La Habana, Zapata y G, Vedado, C.P. 10400, La Habana, Cuba
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, Universidad de La Habana, Zapata y G, Vedado, C.P. 10400, La Habana, Cuba
| | - A. Iribarren
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, Universidad de La Habana, Zapata y G, Vedado, C.P. 10400, La Habana, Cuba
| | - A. C. Valdés
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, Universidad de La Habana, Zapata y G, Vedado, C.P. 10400, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Celso P. de Meloc
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Clécio G. dos Santos
- Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Materiais, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
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Jurow M, Farley C, Pabon C, Hageman B, Dolor A, Drain CM. Facile synthesis of a flexible tethered porphyrin dimer that preferentially complexes fullerene C70. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:4731-3. [PMID: 22488020 PMCID: PMC6011656 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc31340e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple, high yield, two-step synthesis yields a porphyrin dimer linked by a flexible dithiol tether that preferentially binds fullerene C(70) over C(60) in toluene solution. The complex forms stable aggregates when cast on glass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Jurow
- Hunter College and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Christopher Farley
- Hunter College and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Cesar Pabon
- Hunter College and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Brian Hageman
- Hunter College and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Aaron Dolor
- Hunter College and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Hunter College and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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27
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Aggarwal A, Singh S, Samson J, Drain CM. Adaptive organic nanoparticles of a teflon-coated iron (III) porphyrin catalytically activate dioxygen for cyclohexene oxidation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:1220-6. [PMID: 22517679 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Self-organized organic nanoparticles (ONP) are adaptive to the environmental reaction conditions. ONP of fluorous alkyl iron(III) porphyrin catalytically oxidize cyclohexene to the allylic oxidation products. In contrast, the solvated metalloporphyrin yields both allylic oxidation and epoxidation products. The ONP system facilitates a greener reaction because about 89% reaction medium is water, molecular oxygen is used in place of synthetic oxidants, and the ambient reaction conditions used require less energy. The enhanced catalytic activity of these ONP is unexpected because the metalloporphyrins in the nanoaggregates are in the close proximity and the TON should diminish by self-oxidative degradation. The fluorous alkyl chain stabilizes the ONP toward self-oxidative degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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28
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Aggarwal A, Qureshy M, Johnson J, Batteas JD, Drain CM, Samaroo D. Responsive porphyrinoid nanoparticles: development and applications. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424611003422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The economy of space and materials and the continuously increasing demand for advanced functionalities for diverse technologies requires the development of new synthetic methods. Many nanomaterials have enhanced photophysical and photochemical properties in solutions and/or on surfaces, while others have enhanced chemical properties, compared to the atomic, molecular, or bulk phases. Nanomaterials have a wide range of applications in catalysis, sensors, photonic devices, drug delivery, and as therapeutics for treatment of a variety of diseases. Inorganic nanoparticles are widely studied, but the formation of organic nanomaterials via supramolecular chemistry is more recent, and porphyrinoids are at the forefront of this research because of their optical, chemical, and structural properties. The formation of nanoscaled materials via self-assembly and/or self-organization of molecular subunits is an attractive approach because of reduced energy requirements, simpler molecular subunits, and the material can be adaptive to environmental changes. The presence of biocompatible groups such as peptides, carbohydrates, polyglycols and mixtures of these on the periphery of the porphyrin macrocycle may make nanoparticles suitable for therapeutics. This perspective focuses on responsive, non-crystalline porphyrinoid nanomaterials that are less than about 100 nm in all dimensions and used for catalytic or therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Meroz Qureshy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jason Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, New York City College of Technology of the City University of New York, 300 Jay Street, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - James D. Batteas
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77842, USA
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Diana Samaroo
- Department of Chemistry, New York City College of Technology of the City University of New York, 300 Jay Street, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
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29
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Aggarwal A, Singh S, Drain CM. Nanoaggregates of Mn(III)tetraperfluorophenylporphyrin: a greener approach for allylic oxidation of olefins. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424611004130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Organic nanoparticles of metalloporphyrins can be a versatile catalyst for the selective oxidation of alkenes and other hydrocarbons. The catalytic activity of the metalloporphyrin depends on the nature of the central metal atom, peripheral groups, and the architecture of the porphyrin macrocycle. Herein, we report the catalytic activity of organic nanoparticles of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)porphyrinato manganese(III), Mn (III)TPPF20, for the oxidation of cyclohexene using molecular oxygen as an oxidant in aqueous solvent under ambient conditions. While the solvated metalloporphyrins catalytically oxidize alkenes to the corresponding epoxide with a modest turn-over numbers, ca. 30 nm organic nanoparticles of Mn (III)TPPF20 have enhanced catalytic activity with up to a two-fold greater turn-over number and yields only allylic oxidation products. The activity of organic nanoparticles is slow compared to the solvated metalloporphyrins. These organic nanoparticles catalytic systems facilitate a greener reaction since ca. 89% of the reaction medium is water, molecular oxygen is used in place of man-made oxidants, and the ambient reaction conditions require less energy. This organic nanoparticle catalytic system also avoids using halogenated solvents commonly used in solution phase reactions. The enhanced catalytic activity of these organic nanoparticles is unexpected because the metalloporphyrins in the nanoaggregates are in the close proximity and the turn-over number should diminish by self-oxidative degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and Graduate Centre of the City University of New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sunaina Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and Graduate Centre of the City University of New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Charles M. Drain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and Graduate Centre of the City University of New York, NY 10065, USA
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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30
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Zelenka K, Trnka T, Tišlerová I, Monti D, Cinti S, Naitana ML, Schiaffino L, Venanzi M, Laguzzi G, Luvidi L, Mancini G, Nováková Z, Šimák O, Wimmer Z, Drašar P. Spectroscopic, Morphological, and Mechanistic Investigation of the Solvent-Promoted Aggregation of Porphyrins Modified in meso-Positions by Glucosylated Steroids. Chemistry 2011; 17:13743-53. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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31
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Osati S, Davarani SSH, Safari N, Banitaba MH. Electrochemical synthesis of novel π-extended phenoxazine derivatives of porphyrincatecholes. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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32
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Aggarwal A, Singh S, Zhang Y, Anthes M, Samaroo D, Gao R, Drain CM. Synthesis and photophysics of an octathioglycosylated zinc(II) phthalocyanine. Tetrahedron Lett 2011; 52:5456-5459. [PMID: 21966031 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A water soluble zinc(II) phthalocyanine symmetrically appended with eight thioglucose units was synthesized from commercially available hexadecafluorophthalocyaninatozinc(II) by controlled nucleophilic substitution of the peripheral fluoro groups. The photophysical properties and cancer cell uptake studies of this nonhydrolyzable thioglycosylated phthalocyanine are reported. The new compound has amphiphilic character, is chemically stable, and can potentially be used as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Cho K, Kerber WD, Lee SR, Wan A, Batteas JD, Goldberg DP. Preparation, size control, surface deposition, and catalytic reactivity of hydrophobic corrolazine nanoparticles in an aqueous environment. Inorg Chem 2011; 49:8465-73. [PMID: 20735145 DOI: 10.1021/ic101035q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles, each consisting of one of the three molecular corrolazine (Cz) compounds, H(3)(TBP(8)Cz), Mn(III)(TBP(8)Cz), and Fe(III)(TBP(8)Cz) (TBP(8)Cz = octakis(4-tert-butylphenyl)corrolazinato), were prepared via a facile mixed-solvent technique. The corrolazine nanoparticles (MCz-NPs) were formed in H(2)O/THF (10:1) in the presence of a small amount of a polyethylene glycol derivative (TEG-ME) added as a stabilizer. This technique allows highly hydrophobic Czs to be "dissolved" in an aqueous environment as nanoparticles, which remain in solution for several months without visible precipitation. The MCz-NPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging, and shown to be spherical particles from 100-600 nm in diameter with low polydispersity indices (PDI = 0.003-0.261). Particle size is strongly dependent on Cz concentration. The H(3)Cz-NPs were adsorbed on to a modified self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surface and imaged by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Adsorption resulted in disassembly of the larger H(3)Cz-NPs to smaller H(3)Cz-NPs, whereby the resulting particle size can be controlled by the surface energy of the monolayer. The Fe(III)Cz-NPs were shown to be competent catalysts for the oxidation of cyclohexene with either PFIB or H(2)O(2) as external oxidant. The reactivity and product selectivity seen for Fe(III)Cz-NPs differs dramatically from that seen for the molecular species in organic solvents, suggesting that both the nanoparticle structure and the aqueous conditions may contribute to significant changes in the mechanism of action of the Fe(III)Cz catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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34
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Richards GJ, Hill JP, Labuta J, Wakayama Y, Akada M, Ariga K. Self-assembled pyrazinacene nanotubes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:4868-76. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02025g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Jurow M, Schuckman AE, Batteas JD, Drain CM. Porphyrins as Molecular Electronic Components of Functional Devices. Coord Chem Rev 2010; 254:2297-2310. [PMID: 20936084 PMCID: PMC2950646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The proposal that molecules can perform electronic functions in devices such as diodes, rectifiers, wires, capacitors, or serve as functional materials for electronic or magnetic memory, has stimulated intense research across physics, chemistry, and engineering for over 35 years. Because biology uses porphyrins and metalloporphyrins as catalysts, small molecule transporters, electrical conduits, and energy transducers in photosynthesis, porphyrins are an obvious class of molecules to investigate for molecular electronic functions. Of the numerous kinds of molecules under investigation for molecular electronics applications, porphyrins and their related macrocycles are of particular interest because they are robust and their electronic properties can be tuned by chelation of a metal ion and substitution on the macrocycle. The other porphyrinoids have equally variable and adjustable photophysical properties, thus photonic applications are potentiated. At least in the near term, realistic architectures for molecular electronics will require self-organization or nanoprinting on surfaces. This review concentrates on self-organized porphyrinoids as components of working electronic devices on electronically active substrates with particular emphasis on the effect of surface, molecular design, molecular orientation and matrix on the detailed electronic properties of single molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Jurow
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York, 10065
| | - Amanda E. Schuckman
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012
| | - James D. Batteas
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York, 10065
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York, 10065
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36
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Qiu Y, Chen P, Liu M. Evolution of Various Porphyrin Nanostructures via an Oil/Aqueous Medium: Controlled Self-Assembly, Further Organization, and Supramolecular Chirality. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:9644-52. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1001967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Qiu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 Zhongguancun Beiyijie, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Penglei Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 Zhongguancun Beiyijie, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 Zhongguancun Beiyijie, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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Smeureanu G, Aggarwal A, Soll CE, Arijeloye J, Malave E, Drain CM. Enhanced catalytic activity and unexpected products from the oxidation of cyclohexene by organic nanoparticles of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)porphyrinatoiron(III) in water by using O2. Chemistry 2010; 15:12133-40. [PMID: 19777510 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic oxidation of alkenes by most iron porphyrins using a variety of oxygen sources, but generally not dioxygen, yields the epoxide with minor quantities of other products. The turnover numbers for these catalysts are modest, ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand depending on the porphyrin structure, axial ligands, and other reaction conditions. Halogenation of substituents increases the activity of the metalloporphyrin catalyst and/or makes it more robust to oxidative degradation. Oxidation of cyclohexene by 5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)porphyrinato iron(III), ([Fe(III)(tppf(20))]) and H(2)O(2) is typical of the latter: the epoxide is 99 % of the product and turnover numbers are about 350.1-4 Herein, we report that dynamic organic nanoparticles (ONPs) of [Fe(III)(tppf(20))] with a diameter of 10 nm, formed by host-guest solvent methods, catalytically oxidize cyclohexene with O(2) to yield only 2-cyclohexene-1-one and 2-cyclohexene-1-ol with approximately 10-fold greater turnover numbers compared to the non-aggregated metalloporphyrin in acetonitrile/methanol. These ONPs facilitate a greener reaction because the reaction solvent is 89 % water and O(2) is the oxidant in place of synthetic oxygen sources. This reactivity is unexpected because the metalloporphyrins are in close proximity and oxidative degradation of the catalyst should be enhanced, thus causing a significant decrease in catalytic turnovers. The allylic products suggest a different oxidative mechanism compared to that of the solvated metalloporphyrins. These results illustrate the unique properties of some ONPs relative to the component molecules or those attached to supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Smeureanu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Lihitkar N, Singh S, Singh J, Srivastava O, Naik R, Kulkarni S. Optical investigations of interaction between zinc tetra phenyl porphyrin and CdSe nanoparticles. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Medforth CJ, Wang Z, Martin KE, Song Y, Jacobsen JL, Shelnutt JA. Self-assembled porphyrin nanostructures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:7261-77. [PMID: 20024202 DOI: 10.1039/b914432c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins and related tetrapyrroles have been extensively studied because of their importance in biological processes and they are often used in the development of artificial photosynthesis, catalysis, and sensor systems. Challenges in the development of functional nanoscale porphyrin systems are many, including the need to organize the porphyrins (e.g., to facilitate processes such as energy- and electron transfer) and to couple the porphyrin nanostructures to other nanoscale components (e.g., catalytic elements and conductors) to produce multifunctional nanoscale systems. This article summarizes recent advances in the synthesis of discrete self-assembled porphyrin nanostructures with well-defined shapes and sizes. A novel method for growing metal on the porphyrin nanostructures to produce nanocomposites with metal catalysts or interconnects is also described. Current and potential applications of these nanostructures and porphyrin-metal nanocomposites are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig John Medforth
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, 1001 University Blvd SE, Albuquerque, NM 87185-1349, USA
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Abstract
Recent developments in synthetic and supramolecular techniques have made it possible to control precisely, organize and arrange molecules at the nanometre level. Such synthetic and supramolecular strategies enable us to construct photofunctional molecular architectures for light energy conversion, such as photovoltaics. In photovoltaic cells, processes such as light-harvesting, charge separation for carrier generation, and carrier transport are generally required. Therefore, the construction of supramolecular assemblies based on these three processes is interesting and promising for the future development of photovoltaics. In this perspective, the focus is on the recent developments of supramolecular systems for light energy conversion, which are mainly composed of porphyrin dyes and nanocarbon materials, such as fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. The specific topics are as follows: (i) preparation, photodynamics, and photoelectrochemistry of self-assembled porphyrin nanoparticles prepared by simple blend, (ii) highly organized supramolecular nanoassemblies of porphyrins and fullerenes using gold nanoparticles, dendritic and polypeptide structures, (iii) the supramolecular formation and photoelectrochemical property of carbon nanotubes, and (iv) supramolecular photofunctional nanorods of porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Hasobe
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan.
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Beletskaya I, Tyurin VS, Tsivadze AY, Guilard R, Stern C. Supramolecular chemistry of metalloporphyrins. Chem Rev 2009; 109:1659-713. [PMID: 19301872 DOI: 10.1021/cr800247a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Beletskaya
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leninskiy prosp. 31, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Abstract
The self-assembly and self-organization of porphyrins and related macrocycles enables the bottom-up fabrication of photonic materials for fundamental studies of the photophysics of these materials and for diverse applications. This rapidly developing field encompasses a broad range of disciplines including molecular design and synthesis, materials formation and characterization, and the design and evaluation of devices. Since the self-assembly of porphyrins by electrostatic interactions in the late 1980s to the present, there has been an ever increasing degree of sophistication in the design of porphyrins that self-assemble into discrete arrays or self-organize into polymeric systems. These strategies exploit ionic interactions, hydrogen bonding, coordination chemistry, and dispersion forces to form supramolecular systems with varying degrees of hierarchical order. This review concentrates on the methods to form supramolecular porphyrinic systems by intermolecular interactions other than coordination chemistry, the characterization and properties of these photonic materials, and the prospects for using these in devices. The review is heuristically organized by the predominant intermolecular interactions used and emphasizes how the organization affects properties and potential performance in devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA.
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Samson J, Varotto A, Nahirney PC, Toschi A, Piscopo I, Drain CM. Fabrication of metal nanoparticles using toroidal plasmid DNA as a sacrificial mold. ACS NANO 2009; 3:339-44. [PMID: 19236069 PMCID: PMC6201687 DOI: 10.1021/nn800758n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A new method for synthesizing gold, nickel, and cobalt metal nanoparticles at room temperature from metal salts employing plasmid DNA in a toroidal topology as a sacrificial mold is presented. The diameter of the toroidal DNA drives the formation and size of the nanoparticle, and UV light initiates the oxidation of the DNA and concomitant reduction of the DNA bound metal ions. The nanoparticles were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electron diffraction (ED).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Samson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065
| | - Alessandro Varotto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065
| | | | - Alfredo Toschi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065
| | - Irene Piscopo
- EM consultant, EM CONSULTING, Huntington, New York 11743
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065
- Address correspondence to
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Ultrasonic method for the preparation of organic porphyrin nanoparticles. Molecules 2009; 15:280-7. [PMID: 20110879 PMCID: PMC6257125 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15010280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis and optical properties of organic porphyrin nanoparticles with narrow size distribution and good dispersibility. Nanoparticles were produced by a combination of precipitation and sonication, termed the "ultrasonic method". The resulting [tetrakis(para-chlorophenyl)porphyrin]TClPP nanoparticles were stable in solution without precipitation for at least 30 days. No self aggregation of the constituent porphyrin chromophores was observed. The TClPP nanoparticles exhibited interesting optical properties, particularly a large bathochromic shift in the absorption spectra.
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Ozawa H, Tanaka H, Kawao M, Uno S, Nakazato K. Preparation of organic nanoscrews from simple porphyrin derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:7411-3. [DOI: 10.1039/b915832d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Hasobe T, Oki H, Sandanayaka ASD, Murata H. Sonication-assisted supramolecular nanorods of meso-diaryl-substituted porphyrins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:724-6. [PMID: 18478703 DOI: 10.1039/b713971c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular nanorods of 5,15-diaryl-substituted porphyrins prepared by sonication method exhibit a broad absorption property, which is confirmed by photocurrent generation measurement in a photoelectrochemical cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Hasobe
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan.
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Van Keuren E, Bone A, Ma C. Phthalocyanine nanoparticle formation in supersaturated solutions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:6079-6084. [PMID: 18479155 DOI: 10.1021/la800290s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Self-organization of molecules in solution is an important natural and synthetic process, in particular for the preparation of nanomaterials. However, the mechanism of growth for solution-based nanoparticle formation is not always well understood. We present results that clarify these mechanisms in solutions of magnesium phthalocyanine in which the self-organization is induced by addition of a miscible nonsolvent. From simultaneous measurements of the sizes of the growing nanoparticles by photon correlation spectroscopy and the molecular concentration by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, we have found that the particles do not grow by molecular diffusion to the surfaces. These results suggest the importance of unstable clusters in the growth process. We also observed a strong dependence of the particle size on the initial concentration which we attribute to effects of the curvature of the solubility curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Van Keuren
- Department of Physics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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Hasobe T, Sandanayaka ASD, Wada T, Araki Y. Fullerene-encapsulated porphyrin hexagonal nanorods. An anisotropic donor–acceptor composite for efficient photoinduced electron transfer and light energy conversion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:3372-4. [DOI: 10.1039/b806748a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Samaroo D, Vinodu M, Chen X, Drain CM. meso-Tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin as an efficient platform for combinatorial synthesis and the selection of new photodynamic therapeutics using a cancer cell line. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2007; 9:998-1011. [PMID: 17877415 PMCID: PMC2535813 DOI: 10.1021/cc070067j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The four para fluoro groups on 5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)-porphyrin (TPPF20) are known to react with a variety of nucleophiles, but the reaction conditions for this substitution reaction depend on the nature of the nucleophiles, e.g. primary amines versus thiols. Glycosylated derivatives of this core porphyrin have been shown to be effective photodynamic agents in the induction of necrosis or apoptosis in several cancer cell lines. The present report demonstrates that TPPF20 can be used as a core platform to efficiently generate a variety of solution-phase combinatorial libraries. The focused combinatorial libraries have substituents that are chosen from a set of motifs known to bind biopolymers such as DNA, be taken up by cancer cells, or to render the compounds amphipathic. Incubation of a breast cancer cell line with these solution-phase libraries, followed by cell lyses and extraction, affords a selection assay. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry of the extracts allows identification of the molecules taken up by the cells. Cell binding assays of the winning compounds synthesized directly indicate that both glycosylation and amphipathicity are key properties since neither tetraglycosylated porphyrins nor those with four polar groups are selected to the same extent. In addition, photodynamic efficacy was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Samaroo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - Mikki Vinodu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10021
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
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