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McKenzie I, Cannon J, Cordoni-Jordan D, Mulley BP, Scheuermann R. Paramagnetic probes in an organic semiconductor: μSR and DFT calculations of the Mu adducts of Alq 3 and 8-hydroxyquinoline. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:064702. [PMID: 35963724 DOI: 10.1063/5.0105200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been claimed that longitudinal field muon spin relaxation (LF-μSR) experiments on the organic semiconductor (OSC) tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum(III) (Alq3) have measured electron hopping rates of ∼1012s-1, while density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that electron hopping between a muoniated radical and a neighboring molecule is energetically unfavorable and that the LF-μSR experiments were probing muoniated radicals with localized spin density. We have performed avoided level crossing muon spin resonance (ALC-μSR) and transverse field muon spin rotation (TF-μSR) measurements on Alq3 and 8-hydroxyquinoline (8hq), which is meant to model the muoniated radicals present in Alq3 when they are not in an OSC. These are supplemented by benchmarked DFT calculations. The ALC-μSR and TF-μSR spectra of 8hq and Alq3 are best explained by Mu adding to all six secondary carbons of the quinolate rings with roughly equal yields and localized spin density. There is no evidence in the TF-μSR spectrum of Alq3 for the formation of radicals with muon hyperfine coupling constants of 23 or 91 MHz as reported earlier by others. Our measurements support the view that there is localized spin density on the molecule to which Mu is covalently bound and the muon is not a passive probe in organic systems as it can be incorporated into radicals that have different electronic structures to the parent compounds. The muoniated radicals in Alq3 are more short-lived than in 8hq, which could be due to interactions with mobile electrons in the OSC, but with electron spin flip rates on the order of ∼107s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain McKenzie
- Centre for Molecular and Materials Science, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Joseph Cannon
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - Danaan Cordoni-Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Brian P Mulley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Robert Scheuermann
- Laboratory for Muon Spin Spectroscopy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen AG 5232, Switzerland
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McKenzie I, Scheuermann R, Tucker I, Mulley BP. Dynamics and local environment of an aromatic counterion bound to di-chain cationic surfactant bilayers studied by avoided level crossing muon spin resonance: evidence for counterion condensation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:25542-25549. [PMID: 34779806 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04575j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Avoided level crossing muon spin resonance (ALC-μSR) has been used to study the reorientational dynamics of muon-spin-labelled 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoate (246TMB-) counterions and their interaction with DODMAC (dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride) bilayers in the Lα and Lβ liquid crystalline states. The muoniated radical anion formed by the addition of muonium to the secondary carbons of the aromatic ring of 246TMB- is used as a local spin probe. The muon and methylene proton hyperfine parameters and the electron spin relaxation rate (λe) of the muoniated spin probe were determined as a function of temperature by modelling the ALC-μSR spectra with Monte Carlo numerical simulations. The observation of a Δ1 resonance indicates that 246TMB- is undergoing anisotropic motion and doesn't reside in the aqueous layer in either the Lα and Lβ phases. The lack of an abrupt change in the hyperfine parameters or λe when the system goes from the Lβ to the Lα lamellar liquid crystalline phases suggests that 246TMB- is located at the oil-water interface rather than within the bilayer. The hyperfine parameters indicate that 246TMB- is undergoing large amplitude reorientational motion about a preferred orientation resulting from the bilayer's electric field. The interaction between 246TMB- and the bilayer decreases and the amplitude of the wobbling-in-a-cone motion increases with increasing temperature. The temperature dependence of the electron spin relaxation rate indicates the barrier to reorientation is 41.7 kJ mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain McKenzie
- Centre for Molecular and Materials Science, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada. .,Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Robert Scheuermann
- Laboratory for Muon Spin Spectroscopy, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen AG, Switzerland
| | - Ian Tucker
- 60 Springfields, Mickle Trafford, Chester, CH2 4EG, UK
| | - Brian P Mulley
- Centre for Molecular and Materials Science, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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McKenzie I, Scheuermann R, Tucker I. Partitioning of 2-phenylethanol and limonene cosurfactants in C 12E 4. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:9551-9557. [PMID: 28345720 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00668c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Avoided level-crossing muon spin resonance (ALC-μSR) has been used to study the dynamics and local environment of spin probes formed by muonium (Mu) addition to 2-phenylethanol (PEA) and limonene (1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-cyclohexene) in an aqueous dispersion of the nonionic surfactant C12E4 (tetra(ethylene glycol) n-dodecyl ether). The spin probes derived from both cosurfactants reside within the micelles in the L1 phase and the bilayers in the Lα phase rather than in the aqueous region. The local polarity measured by the different isomers of the Mu adducts of PEA suggests there is a water gradient within the micelles and bilayers. Slow rotation of the micelles broadened the Δ1 resonances with increasing temperature in the L1 phase while narrower Δ1 resonances were observed in the Lα phase due to the rapid rotation of the spin probes around a preferred axis, which was wobbling within a cone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain McKenzie
- Centre for Molecular and Materials Science, TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC, Canada. and Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Robert Scheuermann
- Laboratory for Muon Spectroscopy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen AG, Switzerland
| | - Ian Tucker
- Unilever Research and Development, Port Sunlight, Wirral, UK
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Samedov K, West R, Percival PW, Brodovitch JC, Chandrasena L, Mozafari M, Tacke R, Junold K, Kobelt C, Samuel PP, Azhakar R, Mondal KC, Roesky HW, Driess M, Wang W. Free Radicals of N-Donor-Stabilized Silicon(II) Compounds Probed by Muon Spin Spectroscopy. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerim Samedov
- Organosilicon
Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Robert West
- Organosilicon
Research Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Paul W. Percival
- Department
of Chemistry and TRIUMF, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Brodovitch
- Department
of Chemistry and TRIUMF, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Lalangi Chandrasena
- Department
of Chemistry and TRIUMF, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Mina Mozafari
- Department
of Chemistry and TRIUMF, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Reinhold Tacke
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische
Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Junold
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische
Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Kobelt
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische
Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Prinson P. Samuel
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse
4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ramachandran Azhakar
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse
4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kartik Chandra Mondal
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse
4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Herbert W. Roesky
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse
4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Driess
- Institute
of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wenyuan Wang
- Institute
of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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McKenzie I, Scheuermann R, Cottrell SP, Lord JS, Tucker IM. Hyperfine coupling constants of the cyclohexadienyl radical in benzene and dilute aqueous solution. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:13614-8. [PMID: 24144160 DOI: 10.1021/jp4068763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The muon hyperfine coupling constant (Aμ) of the muoniated cyclohexadienyl radical (C6H6Mu) has been directly measured in a 5 mM solution of benzene in water by the radio-frequency muon spin resonance (RF-μSR) technique. The relative shift of Aμ in aqueous solution compared with the value in neat benzene (ΔAμ/Aμ = +0.98(5)% at 293 K) can now be compared directly with theoretical predictions. Application of the RF-μSR method to other dilute systems will provide extremely important information on understanding solvent effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain McKenzie
- Centre for Molecular and Materials Science, TRIUMF , 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
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McKenzie I, Cammidge AN, Gopee H, Dilger H, Scheuermann R, Stoykov A, Jayasooriya UA. Muoniated spin probes in the discotic liquid crystal HHTT: rapid electron spin relaxation in the hexagonal columnar and isotropic phases. Phys Rev E 2013; 87:012504. [PMID: 23410346 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.87.012504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Avoided level crossing muon spin resonance (ALC-μSR) spectroscopy was used to study radicals produced by the addition of the light hydrogen isotope muonium (Mu) to the discotic liquid crystal (DLC) 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahexylthiotriphenylene (HHTT). Mu adds to the secondary carbon atoms of HHTT to produce a substituted cyclohexadienyl radical, whose identity was confirmed by comparing the measured hyperfine coupling constants with values obtained from DFT calculations. ALC-μSR spectra were obtained in the isotropic (I), hexagonal columnar (Col(h)), helical (H), and crystalline (Cr) phases. In the I and Col(h) phases the radicals, which are incorporated within the stacks of HHTT molecules as isolated paramagnetic defects, undergo extremely rapid electron spin relaxation, on the order of a hundredfold faster than in the H or Cr phases. The electron spin relaxation rate increases significantly with increasing temperature and appears to be caused by the liquidlike motion within the columns, which modulates the overlap between the π system of the radical and the π systems of the neighboring HHTT molecules, and hence, the hyperfine coupling constants. Rapid electron spin relaxation should occur for any π radical incorporated within the columns of a DLC, which may limit the utility of DLCs for future spin-based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain McKenzie
- Centre for Molecular and Materials Science, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 2A3.
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McKenzie I. The positive muon and μSR spectroscopy: powerful tools for investigating the structure and dynamics of free radicals and spin probes in complex systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pc90005c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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McKenzie I, Scheuermann R, Sedlak K, Stoykov A. Molecular dynamics in rod-like liquid crystals probed by muon spin resonance spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:9360-8. [PMID: 21749057 DOI: 10.1021/jp203006w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Muoniated spin probes were produced by the addition of muonium (Mu) to two rod-like liquid crystals: N-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-4'-n-butylaniline (MBBA) and cholesteryl nonanoate (CN). Avoided level crossing muon spin resonance spectroscopy was used to characterize the muoniated spin probes and to probe dynamics at the molecular level. In MBBA Mu adds predominantly to the carbon of the bridging imine group and the muon and methylene proton hyperfine coupling constants (hfccs) of the resulting radical shift in the nematic phase due to the dipolar hyperfine coupling, the ordering of the molecules along the applied magnetic field and fluctuations about the local director. The amplitude of these fluctuations in in the nematic phase of MBBA is determined from the temperature dependence of the methylene proton hfcc. Mu adds to the double bond of the steroidal ring system of CN and the temperature dependence of the Δ(1) line width provides information about the amplitude of the fluctuations about the local director in the chiral nematic phase and the slow isotropic reorientation in the isotropic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain McKenzie
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom.
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Fleming DG, Bridges MD, Arseneau DJ, Chen YK, Wang YA. Isotope effects and the temperature dependences of the hyperfine coupling constants of muoniated sec-butyl radicals in condensed phases. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:2778-93. [PMID: 21395224 DOI: 10.1021/jp109676b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reported here is the first μSR study of the muon (A(μ)) and proton (A(p)) β-hyperfine coupling constants (Hfcc) of muoniated sec-butyl radicals, formed by muonium (Mu) addition to 1-butene and to cis- and trans-2-butene. The data are compared with in vacuo spin-unrestricted MP2 and hybrid DFT/B3YLP calculations reported in the previous paper (I), which played an important part in the interpretation of the data. The T-dependences of both the (reduced) muon, A(μ)′(T), and proton, A(p)(T), Hfcc are surprisingly well explained by a simple model, in which the calculated Hfcc from paper I at energy minima of 0 and near ±120° are thermally averaged, assuming an energy dependence given by a basic 2-fold torsional potential. Fitted torsional barriers to A(μ)′(T) from this model are similar (~3 kJ/mol) for all muoniated butyl radicals, suggesting that these are dominated by ZPE effects arising from the C−Mu bond, but for A(p)(T) exhibit wide variations depending on environment. For the cis- and trans-2-butyl radicals formed from 2-butene, A(μ)′(T) exhibits clear discontinuities at bulk butene melting points, evidence for molecular interactions enhancing these muon Hfcc in the environment of the solid state, similar to that found in earlier reports for muoniated tert-butyl. In contrast, for Mu−sec-butyl formed from 1-butene, there is no such discontinuity. The muon hfcc for the trans-2-butyl radical are seemingly very well predicted by B3LYP calculations in the solid phase, but for sec-butyl from 1-butene, showing the absence of further interactions, much better agreement is found with the MP2 calculations across the whole temperature range. Examples of large proton Hfcc near 0 K are also reported, due to eclipsed C−H bonds, in like manner to C−Mu, which then also exhibit clear discontinuities in A(p)(T) at bulk melting points. The data suggest that the good agreement found between theory and experiment from the B3LYP calculations for eclipsed bonds in the solid phase may be fortuitous. For the staggered protons of the sec-butyl radicals formed, no discontinuities are seen at all in A(p)(T), also demonstrating no further effects of molecular interactions on these particular proton Hfcc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald G Fleming
- TRIUMF and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC v6T 1Z1, Canada.
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McKenzie I, Cammidge AN, Dilger H, Gopee H, Scheuermann R, Stoykov A, Jayasooriya UA. Muon spin spectroscopy of the discotic liquid crystal HAT6. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:9900-8. [PMID: 20535408 DOI: 10.1039/c004161k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Avoided level crossing muon spin resonance (ALC-muSR) has been used to study the cyclohexadienyl-type radicals produced by the addition of muonium (Mu) to the discotic liquid crystal HAT6 (2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahexyloxytriphenylene) in the crystalline (Cr) phase, the hexagonal columnar mesophase (Col(h)) and isotropic (I) phase. In the Cr phase unpaired electron spin density can be transferred from the radical to neighboring HAT6 molecules depending on the overlap of their pi-systems and hence on the relative orientation of the triphenylene rings. The two Delta(1) resonances in the ALC-muSR spectra of the Cr phase indicate that the neighboring HAT6 molecules have two preferred orientations with respect to the radical: one which results in negligible spin density transfer and a second where 17% of the unpaired spin density is transferred. The ALC-muSR spectra in Col(h) and I phases are substantially different from those of the Cr phase in that there are two narrow resonances superimposed on an extremely broad and intense resonance. The narrow resonances are due to highly mobile radicals located in the aliphatic region between the columns and the broad resonance is due to radicals incorporated within the columns of HAT6 molecules. The large width and amplitude of this resonance indicates that the radicals within the columns are undergoing rapid electron spin relaxation but the mechanism that causes this relaxation is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain McKenzie
- ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton Didcot, UK.
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Dawin U, Dilger H, Roduner E, Scheuermann R, Stoykov A, Giesselmann F. Chiral Induction in Lyotropic Liquid Crystals: Insights into the Role of Dopant Location and Dopant Dynamics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:2427-30. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200904107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Dawin U, Dilger H, Roduner E, Scheuermann R, Stoykov A, Giesselmann F. Chirale Induktion in lyotropen Flüssigkristallen: Erkenntnisse zum Einfluss von Lokalisation und Dynamik des Dotierstoffes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200904107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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McKenzie I, Dilger H, Stoykov A, Scheuermann R. Muon Spin Spectroscopy of the Nematic Liquid Crystal 4-n-Pentyl-4′-cyanobiphenyl (5CB). J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:10135-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9025656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iain McKenzie
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, U.K. OX11 0QX, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany, and Laboratory for Muon Spin Spectroscopy, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Herbert Dilger
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, U.K. OX11 0QX, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany, and Laboratory for Muon Spin Spectroscopy, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Alexey Stoykov
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, U.K. OX11 0QX, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany, and Laboratory for Muon Spin Spectroscopy, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Robert Scheuermann
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, U.K. OX11 0QX, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany, and Laboratory for Muon Spin Spectroscopy, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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McKenzie I, Roduner E. Using polarized muons as ultrasensitive spin labels in free radical chemistry. Naturwissenschaften 2009; 96:873-87. [PMID: 19440685 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-009-0538-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iain McKenzie
- ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK.
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Martyniak A, Dilger H, McKenzie I, Scheuermann R, Lagerwall J, Roduner E. Partitioning and reorientational dynamics of phenylalcohols in SDS lyotropic liquid crystalline mesophases: An ALC-μSR study. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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