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Pardy JD, Tavsanli B, Sirianni QEA, Gillies ER. Self-immolative Polymer Hydrogels via In Situ Gelation. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401324. [PMID: 39031736 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogels are of interest for a wide range of applications. The ability to control when the hydrogel degrades can provide beneficial properties such as controlled degradation in the environment or the stimulated release of drugs or cells. Self-immolative polymers are a class of degradable polymers that undergo complete end-to-end depolymerization upon the application of a stimulus. They have been explored for hydrogel development, but the ability to prepare and selectively degrade self-immolative hydrogels under neutral aqueous conditions has so far been limited. We describe here the preparation of water-soluble polyglyoxylamides with cross-linkable pendent azides and their cross-linking to form hydrogels with 4-arm poly(ethylene glycol)s having unstrained and strained alkynes using copper-assisted and strain-promoted azide-alkyne click chemistry respectively. The influence of pendent azide density and solution polymer content on the resulting hydrogels was evaluated. A polyglyoxylamide with a 70 : 30 ratio of pendent hydroxyl:azide successfully provided hydrogels with compressive moduli ranging from 1.3-6.3 kPa under copper-free conditions at 10-20 % (w/w) of polymer in phosphate-buffered saline. Selective depolymerization and degradation of the hydrogels upon irradiation with light was demonstrated, resulting in reductions in the compressive moduli and the release of depolymerization products that were detected by NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared D Pardy
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, N6A 5B9, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Burak Tavsanli
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., N6A 5B7, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Quinton E A Sirianni
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., N6A 5B7, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth R Gillies
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, N6A 5B9, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., N6A 5B7, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., N6A 5B9, London, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Arora A, Singh K. Click Chemistry Mediated by Photochemical Energy. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Arora
- Department of Natural and Applied Science University of Dubuque 2000 University Ave. Dubuque, IA 52001 USA
| | - Kamaljeet Singh
- TLC Pharmaceutical Standards 130 Pony Drive, Newmarket ON Canada L3Y 7B6 USA
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3
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Jeong J, Szczepaniak G, Yerneni SS, Lorandi F, Jafari H, Lathwal S, Das SR, Matyjaszewski K. Biocompatible photoinduced CuAAC using sodium pyruvate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12844-12847. [PMID: 34787596 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05566f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Sodium pyruvate, a natural intermediate produced during cellular metabolism, is commonly used in buffer solutions and media for biochemical applications. Here we show the use of sodium pyruvate (SP) as a reducing agent in a biocompatible aqueous photoinduced azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. This copper(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is triggered by SP under UV light irradiation, exhibits oxygen tolerance and temporal control, and provides a convenient alternative to current CuAAC systems, particularly for biomolecular conjugations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaepil Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
| | - Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. .,University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
| | - Hossein Jafari
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
| | - Sushil Lathwal
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
| | - Subha R Das
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. .,Center for Nucleic Acids Science & Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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4
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Agrahari AK, Bose P, Jaiswal MK, Rajkhowa S, Singh AS, Hotha S, Mishra N, Tiwari VK. Cu(I)-Catalyzed Click Chemistry in Glycoscience and Their Diverse Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:7638-7956. [PMID: 34165284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Copper(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between organic azides and terminal alkynes, commonly known as CuAAC or click chemistry, has been identified as one of the most successful, versatile, reliable, and modular strategies for the rapid and regioselective construction of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles as diversely functionalized molecules. Carbohydrates, an integral part of living cells, have several fascinating features, including their structural diversity, biocompatibility, bioavailability, hydrophilicity, and superior ADME properties with minimal toxicity, which support increased demand to explore them as versatile scaffolds for easy access to diverse glycohybrids and well-defined glycoconjugates for complete chemical, biochemical, and pharmacological investigations. This review highlights the successful development of CuAAC or click chemistry in emerging areas of glycoscience, including the synthesis of triazole appended carbohydrate-containing molecular architectures (mainly glycohybrids, glycoconjugates, glycopolymers, glycopeptides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycoclusters, and glycodendrimers through regioselective triazole forming modular and bio-orthogonal coupling protocols). It discusses the widespread applications of these glycoproducts as enzyme inhibitors in drug discovery and development, sensing, gelation, chelation, glycosylation, and catalysis. This review also covers the impact of click chemistry and provides future perspectives on its role in various emerging disciplines of science and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand K Agrahari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Priyanka Bose
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Manoj K Jaiswal
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Sanchayita Rajkhowa
- Department of Chemistry, Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology (JIST), Jorhat, Assam 785010, India
| | - Anoop S Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Srinivas Hotha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science and Engineering Research (IISER), Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Nidhi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Vinod K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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5
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Fairbanks BD, Macdougall LJ, Mavila S, Sinha J, Kirkpatrick BE, Anseth KS, Bowman CN. Photoclick Chemistry: A Bright Idea. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6915-6990. [PMID: 33835796 PMCID: PMC9883840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
At its basic conceptualization, photoclick chemistry embodies a collection of click reactions that are performed via the application of light. The emergence of this concept has had diverse impact over a broad range of chemical and biological research due to the spatiotemporal control, high selectivity, and excellent product yields afforded by the combination of light and click chemistry. While the reactions designated as "photoclick" have many important features in common, each has its own particular combination of advantages and shortcomings. A more extensive realization of the potential of this chemistry requires a broader understanding of the physical and chemical characteristics of the specific reactions. This review discusses the features of the most frequently employed photoclick reactions reported in the literature: photomediated azide-alkyne cycloadditions, other 1,3-dipolarcycloadditions, Diels-Alder and inverse electron demand Diels-Alder additions, radical alternating addition chain transfer additions, and nucleophilic additions. Applications of these reactions in a variety of chemical syntheses, materials chemistry, and biological contexts are surveyed, with particular attention paid to the respective strengths and limitations of each reaction and how that reaction benefits from its combination with light. Finally, challenges to broader employment of these reactions are discussed, along with strategies and opportunities to mitigate such obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Fairbanks
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Laura J Macdougall
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Sudheendran Mavila
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Jasmine Sinha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Bruce E Kirkpatrick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Coorado 80045, United States
| | - Kristi S Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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Abstract
The merging of click chemistry with discrete photochemical processes has led to the creation of a new class of click reactions, collectively known as photoclick chemistry. These light-triggered click reactions allow the synthesis of diverse organic structures in a rapid and precise manner under mild conditions. Because light offers unparalleled spatiotemporal control over the generation of the reactive intermediates, photoclick chemistry has become an indispensable tool for a wide range of spatially addressable applications including surface functionalization, polymer conjugation and cross-linking, and biomolecular labeling in the native cellular environment. Over the past decade, a growing number of photoclick reactions have been developed, especially those based on the 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions and Diels-Alder reactions owing to their excellent reaction kinetics, selectivity, and biocompatibility. This review summarizes the recent advances in the development of photoclick reactions and their applications in chemical biology and materials science. A particular emphasis is placed on the historical contexts and mechanistic insights into each of the selected reactions. The in-depth discussion presented here should stimulate further development of the field, including the design of new photoactivation modalities, the continuous expansion of λ-orthogonal tandem photoclick chemistry, and the innovative use of these unique tools in bioconjugation and nanomaterial synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangam Srikanth Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
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7
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Martínez-Haya R, Heredia AA, Castro-Godoy WD, Schmidt LC, Marin ML, Argüello JE. Mechanistic Insight into the Light-Triggered CuAAC Reaction: Does Any of the Photocatalyst Go? J Org Chem 2021; 86:5832-5844. [PMID: 33825466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The attainment of transition-metal catalysis and photoredox catalysis has represented a great challenge over the last years. Herein, we have been able to merge both catalytic processes into what we have called "the light-triggered CuAAC reaction". Particularly, the CuAAC reaction reveals opposite outcomes depending on the nature of the photocatalyst (eosin Y disodium salt and riboflavin tetraacetate) and additives (DABCO, Et3N, and NaN3) employed. To get a better insight into the operating processes, steady-state, time-resolved emission, and laser flash photolysis experiments have been performed to determine reactivity and kinetic data. These results, in agreement with thermodynamic estimations based on reported data, support the proposed mechanisms. While for eosin Y (EY), Cu(II) was reduced by its triplet excited state; for riboflavin tetraacetate (RFTA), mainly triplet excited RFTA state photoreductions by electron donors as additives are mandatory, affording RFTA•- (from DABCO and NaN3) or RFTAH• (from Et3N). Subsequently, these species are responsible for the reduction of Cu(II). For both photocatalysts, photogenerated Cu(I) finally renders 1,2,3-triazole as the final product. The determined kinetic rate constants allowed postulating plausible mechanisms in both cases, bringing to light the importance of kinetic studies to achieve a strong understanding of photoredox processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Martínez-Haya
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Adrián A Heredia
- INFIQC-CONICET-UNC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Willber D Castro-Godoy
- Departamento de Química, Física y Matemática, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, Universidad de El Salvador, Final Av. de Mártires y Héroes del 30 de Julio, San Salvador 1101, El Salvador
| | - Luciana C Schmidt
- INFIQC-CONICET-UNC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M Luisa Marin
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan E Argüello
- INFIQC-CONICET-UNC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
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8
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Yin B, Croutxé-Barghorn C, Delaite C, Allonas X. A new synthetic pathway based on one-pot sequential aza-Michael addition and photoCuAAC click reactions. RSC Adv 2019; 9:4824-4831. [PMID: 35514625 PMCID: PMC9060615 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10011j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A solvent-free process is described for the synthesis of tailor-made molecules from a one-pot, two-step approach combining aza-Michael addition and photoinduced copper(i) catalysed azide–alkyne (photo-CuAAC) reactions. After the first reaction between an amine and an acrylate, cycloaddition between an azide and an alkyne is activated by light irradiation in the presence of a copper complex. The kinetics of the aza-Michael addition and photo-CuAAC reaction were investigated by liquid state 1H NMR spectroscopy and real-time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. This new process represents a well-defined spatio-temporal pathway to the synthesis of bespoke intermediate molecules for various applications. A solvent-free process is described for the synthesis of tailor-made molecules from a one-pot, two-step approach combining aza-Michael addition and photoinduced copper(i) catalysed azide–alkyne (photo-CuAAC) reactions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Yin
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering
- University of Haute-Alsace
- 68093 Mulhouse Cedex
- France
| | - Céline Croutxé-Barghorn
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering
- University of Haute-Alsace
- 68093 Mulhouse Cedex
- France
| | - Christelle Delaite
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering
- University of Haute-Alsace
- 68093 Mulhouse Cedex
- France
| | - Xavier Allonas
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering
- University of Haute-Alsace
- 68093 Mulhouse Cedex
- France
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9
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Jennah O, Beniazza R, Lozach C, Jardel D, Molton F, Duboc C, Buffeteau T, El Kadib A, Lastécouères D, Lahcini M, Vincent JM. Photoredox Catalysis at Copper(II) on Chitosan: Application to Photolatent CuAAC. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oumayma Jennah
- Faculty of Sciences and Technologies; Cadi Ayyad University; Av. A. Elkhattabi, B.P. 549 40000 Marrakech Morocco
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255; Univ. Bordeaux; 33405 Talence France
| | - Redouane Beniazza
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255; Univ. Bordeaux; 33405 Talence France
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, UM6P; 43150 Ben Guerir Morocco
| | - Cédric Lozach
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255; Univ. Bordeaux; 33405 Talence France
| | - Damien Jardel
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255; Univ. Bordeaux; 33405 Talence France
| | - Florian Molton
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, DCM UMR-CNRS 5250, F-; 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Carole Duboc
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, DCM UMR-CNRS 5250, F-; 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Thierry Buffeteau
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255; Univ. Bordeaux; 33405 Talence France
| | - Abdelkrim El Kadib
- Euro-Med Research Center, Engineering Division; Euro-Med University of Fes (UEMF).; Route de Meknès. Rond-Point de Bensouda. 30070 Fès Morocco
| | | | - Mohammed Lahcini
- Faculty of Sciences and Technologies; Cadi Ayyad University; Av. A. Elkhattabi, B.P. 549 40000 Marrakech Morocco
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, UM6P; 43150 Ben Guerir Morocco
| | - Jean-Marc Vincent
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255; Univ. Bordeaux; 33405 Talence France
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10
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El-Zaatari BM, Cole SM, Bischoff DJ, Kloxin CJ. Copper Ligand and Anion Effects: Controlling the Kinetics of the Photoinitiated Copper(I) Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition Polymerization. Polym Chem 2018; 9:4772-4780. [PMID: 31031838 PMCID: PMC6483394 DOI: 10.1039/c8py01004h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of photoinduced copper(I) catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) polymerizations were assessed as a function of copper(II) amine-based ligands. Copper(II) bromide ligated with 1,1,4,7,10,10-hexamethylenetetramine (HMTETA) exhibited the fastest kinetics in both Norrish type(I) and type(II) photoinitiating systems. A characteristic induction period is observed with these polymerizations and is manipulated by adding an external tertiary amine in Norrish Type(II) photoinitating systems or by changing the anion of the copper(II) salt. Halides, specifically bromide and chloride, exhibit the fastest kinetics with the smallest induction period in comparison with organic anions, such as bistriflimide and triflate. The temporal control of the photo-CuAAC polymerization is affected by pre-ligation of the copper catalyst, by the presence of certain anions such as acetate, and by specific ligands such as tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassil M. El-Zaatari
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Shea M. Cole
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Derek J. Bischoff
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Christopher J. Kloxin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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12
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Williams MG, Teplyakov AV. Indirect photopatterning of functionalized organic monolayers via copper-catalyzed "click chemistry". APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE 2018; 447:535-541. [PMID: 29955204 PMCID: PMC6018016 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Solution-based lithographic surface modification of an organic monolayer on a solid substrate is attained based on selective area photo-reduction of copper (II) to copper (I) to catalyze the azide-alkyne dipolar cycloaddition "click" reaction. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to confirm patterning, and spectroscopic results are analyzed and supplemented with computational models to confirm the surface chemistry. It is determined that this surface modification approach requires irradiation of the solid substrate with all necessary components present in solution. This method requires only minutes of irradiation to result in spatial and temporal control of the covalent surface functionalization of a monolayer and offers the potential for wavelength tunability that may be desirable in many applications utilizing organic monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie G. Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Andrew V. Teplyakov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
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13
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Marzo L, Pagire SK, Reiser O, König B. Photokatalyse mit sichtbarem Licht: Welche Bedeutung hat sie für die organische Synthese? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Marzo
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Santosh K. Pagire
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Oliver Reiser
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Burkhard König
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
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14
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Marzo L, Pagire SK, Reiser O, König B. Visible-Light Photocatalysis: Does It Make a Difference in Organic Synthesis? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10034-10072. [PMID: 29457971 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1143] [Impact Index Per Article: 190.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Visible-light photocatalysis has evolved over the last decade into a widely used method in organic synthesis. Photocatalytic variants have been reported for many important transformations, such as cross-coupling reactions, α-amino functionalizations, cycloadditions, ATRA reactions, or fluorinations. To help chemists select photocatalytic methods for their synthesis, we compare in this Review classical and photocatalytic procedures for selected classes of reactions and highlight their advantages and limitations. In many cases, the photocatalytic reactions proceed under milder reaction conditions, typically at room temperature, and stoichiometric reagents are replaced by simple oxidants or reductants, such as air, oxygen, or amines. Does visible-light photocatalysis make a difference in organic synthesis? The prospect of shuttling electrons back and forth to substrates and intermediates or to selectively transfer energy through a visible-light-absorbing photocatalyst holds the promise to improve current procedures in radical chemistry and to open up new avenues by accessing reactive species hitherto unknown, especially by merging photocatalysis with organo- or metal catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Marzo
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Santosh K Pagire
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Reiser
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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15
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Hardy MD, Konetski D, Bowman CN, Devaraj NK. Ruthenium photoredox-triggered phospholipid membrane formation. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:5555-8. [PMID: 26924258 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00290k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
As more methodologies for generating and manipulating biomimetic cellular systems are developed, opportunities arise for combining different methods to create more complex synthetic biological constructs. This necessitates an increasing need for tools to selectively trigger individual methodologies. Here we demonstrate ruthenium tris-bipyridine mediated photoredox triggering of the copper catalyzed alkyne azide cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC), resulting in the synthesis of biomimetic phospholipids in situ, and subsequent membrane assembly. The use of a ruthenium-copper electron transport chain to trigger phospholipid assembly opens up future opportunities for spatiotemporal synthesis of membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Hardy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - D Konetski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - C N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - N K Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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16
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Shete AU, El-Zaatari BM, French JM, Kloxin CJ. Blue-light activated rapid polymerization for defect-free bulk Cu(i)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) crosslinked networks. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:10574-7. [PMID: 27499057 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc05095f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light (470 nm wavelength) sensitive Type II photoinitiator system is developed for bulk Cu(i)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions in crosslinked networks. The accelerated photopolymerization eliminates UV-mediated azide decomposition allowing for the formation of defect-free glassy networks which exhibit a narrow glass transition temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek U Shete
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Bassil M El-Zaatari
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Jonathan M French
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Christopher J Kloxin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA. and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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17
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Chen J, Travelet C, Borsali R, Halila S. Hemicellulosic Polysaccharides Mimics: Synthesis of Tailored Bottlebrush-Like Xyloglucan Oligosaccharide Glycopolymers as Binders of Nanocrystalline Cellulose. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:3410-3417. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Travelet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Redouane Borsali
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sami Halila
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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18
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Abstract
Cells produce lipid membranes de novo through a complex sequence of enzymatic reactions that are difficult to reconstitute in a minimal system. We set out to take a different approach and mimic the synthesis of phospholipids using abiotic but highly selective bioconjugation reactions. Here, I outline several of our group's recent advances in exploring chemoselective reactions for stitching together lipid fragments to form membrane-forming lipids from non-membrane-forming precursors. Rapid chemical reactions can be harnessed to achieve facile de novo synthesis of lipid membranes, and spontaneous membrane formation can be applied for the reconstitution of membrane proteins, encapsulation and concentration of nanomaterials, and the study of lipid membrane remodeling. I conclude by briefly outlining future challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal K Devaraj
- University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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19
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Blasco E, Wegener M, Barner-Kowollik C. Photochemically Driven Polymeric Network Formation: Synthesis and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 28075059 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric networks have been intensely investigated and a large number of applications have been found in areas ranging from biomedicine to materials science. Network fabrication via light-induced reactions is a particularly powerful tool, since light provides ready access to temporal and spatial control, opening an array of synthetic access routes for structuring the network geometry as well as functionality. Herein, the most recent light-induced modular reactions and their use in the formation of precision polymeric networks are collated. The synthetic strategies including photoinduced thiol-based reactions, Diels-Alder systems, and photogenerated reactive dipoles, as well as photodimerizations, are discussed in detail. Importantly, applications of the fabricated networks via the aforementioned reactions are highlighted with selected examples. Concomitantly, we provide future directions for the field, emphasizing the most critically required advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Blasco
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
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20
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Castro-Godoy WD, Heredia AA, Schmidt LC, Argüello JE. A straightforward and sustainable synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles via visible-light-promoted copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06390c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and environmentally friendly synthesis of triazoles through the effective reduction of copper(ii) assisted by organic dyes and promoted by visible light was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willber D. Castro-Godoy
- INFIQC
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- CONICET
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
| | - Adrián A. Heredia
- INFIQC
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- CONICET
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
| | - Luciana C. Schmidt
- INFIQC
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- CONICET
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
| | - Juan E. Argüello
- INFIQC
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- CONICET
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
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21
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El-Zaatari BM, Shete AU, Adzima BJ, Kloxin CJ. Towards understanding the kinetic behaviour and limitations in photo-induced copper(i) catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:25504-25511. [PMID: 27711587 PMCID: PMC5074343 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04950h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The kinetic behaviour of the photo-induced copper(i) catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction was studied in detail using real-time Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy on both a solvent-based monofunctional and a neat polymer network forming system. The results in the solvent-based system showed near first-order kinetics on copper and photoinitiator concentrations up to a threshold value in which the kinetics switch to zeroth-order. This kinetic shift shows that the photo-CuAAC reaction is not susceptible from side reactions such as copper disproportionation, copper(i) reduction, and radical termination at the early stages of the reaction. The overall reaction rate and conversion is highly dependent on the initial concentrations of photoinitiator and copper(ii) as well as their relative ratios. The conversion was decreased when an excess of photoinitiator was utilized compared to its threshold value. Interestingly, the reaction showed an induction period at relatively low intensities. The induction period is decreased by increasing light intensity and photoinitiator concentration. The reaction trends and limitations were further observed in a solventless polymer network forming system, exhibiting a similar copper and photoinitiator threshold behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassil M El-Zaatari
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Abhishek U Shete
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Brian J Adzima
- Integrated Additive Manufacturing Group, Autodesk, Inc., San Francisco, CA 94111, USA
| | - Christopher J Kloxin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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22
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Konetski D, Gong T, Bowman CN. Photoinduced Vesicle Formation via the Copper-Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition Reaction. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:8195-201. [PMID: 27443396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic vesicles have a wide range of applications from drug and cosmetic delivery to artificial cell and membrane studies, making simple and controlled formation of vesicles a large focus of the field today. Here, we report the use of the photoinitiated copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction using visible light to introduce spatiotemporal control into the formation of vesicles. Upon the establishment of the spatiotemporal control over vesicle formation, it became possible to adjust initiation conditions to modulate vesicle sizes resulting in the formation of controllably small or large vesicles based on light intensity or giant vesicles when the formation was initiated in flow-free conditions. Additionally, this photoinitiated method enables vesicle formation at a density 400-fold higher than initiation using sodium ascorbate as the catalyst. Together, these advances enable the formation of high-density, controlled size vesicles using low-energy wavelengths while producing enhanced control over the formation characteristics of the vesicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Konetski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado , 3415 Colorado Avenue, JSC Biotech Building, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Tao Gong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado , 3415 Colorado Avenue, JSC Biotech Building, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado , 3415 Colorado Avenue, JSC Biotech Building, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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23
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Song HB, Sowan N, Shah PK, Baranek A, Flores A, Stansbury JW, Bowman CN. Reduced shrinkage stress via photo-initiated copper(I)-catalyzed cycloaddition polymerizations of azide-alkyne resins. Dent Mater 2016; 32:1332-1342. [PMID: 27524230 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Polymerization shrinkage stress and factors involved in the stress development such as volumetric shrinkage and modulus were investigated in photo-CuAAC (photo-initiated copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition) polymerization and compared with conventional BisGMA-based methacrylate polymerization for their use as alternative dental resins. METHODS Tri-functional alkyne and di-functional azide monomers were synthesized for photo-CuAAC polymerization. Conversion kinetics, stress development and polymerization shrinkage were determined with FTIR spectroscopy, tensometery, and with a linometer, respectively, for CuAAC and BisGMA-based monomer mixtures using a camphorquinone/amine visible light photoinitiator system. Thermo-mechanical properties for the cured polymer matrices were characterized by dynamic mechanical analysis and in three-point bending on a universal testing machine. Polymerization kinetics, polymerization shrinkage stress, dynamic volumetric shrinkage, glass transition temperature (Tg), flexural modulus, flexural strength, and flexural toughness were compared between the two different resin systems. RESULTS A glassy CuAAC polymer (Tg=62°C) exhibited 15-25% lower flexural modulus of 2.5±0.2GPa and flexural strength of 117±8MPa compared to BisGMA-based polymer (Tg=160°C) but showed considerably higher energy absorption around 7.1MJ×m-3 without fracture when strained to 11% via three-point bend compared to the flexural toughness of 2.7MJ×m-3 obtained from BisGMA-based polymer. In contrast to BisGMA-based polymers at 75% functional group conversion, the CuAAC polymerization developed approximately three times lower shrinkage stress with the potential to achieve quantitative conversion under ambient temperature photocuring conditions. Moreover, relatively equivalent dynamic volumetric shrinkage of around 6-7% was observed via both CuAAC and dimethacrylate polymerization, suggesting that the low shrinkage stress of CuAAC polymerization was due to delayed gelation along with slower rate of polymerization and the formation of a more compliant network structure. SIGNIFICANCE CuAAC crosslinked networks possessed high toughness and low polymerization shrinkage stress with quantitative conversion, which eliminated obstacles associated with BisGMA-based dental resins including limited conversion, unreacted extractable moieties, brittle failure, and high shrinkage stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Byul Song
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Nancy Sowan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Parag K Shah
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Austin Baranek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Alexander Flores
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Stansbury
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO, United States; Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO, United States; Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO, United States.
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24
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Zhang X, Xi W, Wang C, Podgórski M, Bowman CN. Visible-Light-Initiated Thiol-Michael Addition Polymerizations with Coumarin-Based Photobase Generators: Another Photoclick Reaction Strategy. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:229-233. [PMID: 28018752 PMCID: PMC5176105 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An efficient visible-light-sensitive photobase generator for thiol-Michael addition reactions was synthesized and evaluated. This highly reactive catalyst was designed by protecting a strong base (tetramethyl guanidine, TMG) with a visible-light-responsive group which was a coumarin derivative. The coumarin-coupled TMG was shown to exhibit extraordinary catalytic activity toward initiation of the thiol-Michael reaction, including thiol-Michael addition-based polymerization, upon visible-light irradiation, leading to a stoichiometric reaction of both thiol and vinyl functional groups. Owing to its features, this visible-light photobase generator enables homogeneous network formation in thiol-Michael polymerizations and also has the potential to be exploited in other visible-light-induced, base-catalyzed thiol-click processes such as thiol-isocynate and thiol-epoxy network-forming reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Weixian Xi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Maciej Podgórski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Polymer Chemistry, MCS University, pl. Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 5, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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25
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Tasdelen MA, Taskin OS, Celik C. Orthogonal Synthesis of Block Copolymer via Photoinduced CuAAC and Ketene Chemistries. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:521-6. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Atilla Tasdelen
- Department of Polymer Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; Yalova University; 77100 Yalova Turkey
| | - Omer Suat Taskin
- Department of Chemistry; Kirklareli University; Merkez Kirklareli Turkey
| | - Cumali Celik
- Yalova Community College; Yalova University; 77200 Yalova Turkey
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26
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Baranek A, Song HB, McBride M, Finnegan P, Bowman CN. Thermomechanical Formation-Structure-Property Relationships in Photopolymerized Copper-Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne (CuAAC) Networks. Macromolecules 2016; 49:1191-1200. [PMID: 27867223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bulk photopolymerization of a library of synthesized multifunctional azides and alkynes was carried out toward developing structure-property relationships for CuAAC-based polymer networks. Multifunctional azides and alkynes were formulated with a copper catalyst and a photoinitiator, cured, and analyzed for their mechanical properties. Material properties such as the glass transition temperatures (Tg) show a strong dependence on monomer structure with Tg values ranging from 41 to 90 °C for the series of CuAAC monomers synthesized in this study. Compared to the triazoles, analogous thioether-based polymer networks exhibit a 45-49 °C lower Tg whereas analogous monomers composed of ethers in place of carbamates exhibit a 40 °C lower Tg. Here, the formation of the triazole moiety during the polymerization represents a critical component in dictating the material properties of the ultimate polymer network where material properties such as the rubbery modulus, cross-link density, and Tg all exhibit strong dependence on polymerization conversion, monomer composition, and structure postgelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Baranek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States
| | - Han Byul Song
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States
| | - Mathew McBride
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States
| | - Patricia Finnegan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States
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27
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Song HB, Baranek A, Bowman CN. Kinetics of bulk photo-initiated copper(i)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) polymerizations. Polym Chem 2016; 7:603-612. [PMID: 27429650 PMCID: PMC4946250 DOI: 10.1039/c5py01655j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photoinitiation of polymerizations based on the copper(i)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction enables spatio-temporal control and the formation of mechanically robust, highly glassy photopolymers. Here, we investigated several critical factors influencing photo-CuAAC polymerization kinetics via systematic variation of reaction conditions such as the physicochemical nature of the monomers; the copper salt and photoinitiator types and concentrations; light intensity; exposure time and solvent content. Real time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to monitor the polymerization kinetics in situ. Six different di-functional azide monomers and four different tri-functional alkyne monomers containing either aliphatic, aromatic, ether and/or carbamate substituents were synthesized and polymerized. Replacing carbamate structures with ether moieties in the monomers enabled an increase in conversion from 65% to 90% under similar irradiation conditions. The carbamate results in stiffer monomers and higher viscosity mixtures indicating that chain mobility and diffusion are key factors that determine the CuAAC network formation kinetics. Photoinitiation rates were manipulated by altering various aspects of the photo-reduction step; ultimately, a loading above 3 mol% per functional group for both the copper catalyst and the photoinitiator showed little or no rate dependence on concentration while a loading below 3 mol% exhibited 1st order rate dependence. Furthermore, a photoinitiating system consisting of camphorquinone resulted in 60% conversion in the dark after only 1 minute of 75 mW cm-2 light exposure at 400-500 nm, highlighting a unique characteristic of the CuAAC photopolymerization enabled by the combination of the copper(i)'s catalytic lifetime and the nature of the step-growth polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Byul Song
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA
| | - Austin Baranek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA; Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA
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28
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Dadashi-Silab S, Doran S, Yagci Y. Photoinduced Electron Transfer Reactions for Macromolecular Syntheses. Chem Rev 2016; 116:10212-75. [PMID: 26745441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical reactions, particularly those involving photoinduced electron transfer processes, establish a substantial contribution to the modern synthetic chemistry, and the polymer community has been increasingly interested in exploiting and developing novel photochemical strategies. These reactions are efficiently utilized in almost every aspect of macromolecular architecture synthesis, involving initiation, control of the reaction kinetics and molecular structures, functionalization, and decoration, etc. Merging with polymerization techniques, photochemistry has opened up new intriguing and powerful avenues for macromolecular synthesis. Construction of various polymers with incredibly complex structures and specific control over the chain topology, as well as providing the opportunity to manipulate the reaction course through spatiotemporal control, are one of the unique abilities of such photochemical reactions. This review paper provides a comprehensive account of the fundamentals and applications of photoinduced electron transfer reactions in polymer synthesis. Besides traditional photopolymerization methods, namely free radical and cationic polymerizations, step-growth polymerizations involving electron transfer processes are included. In addition, controlled radical polymerization and "Click Chemistry" methods have significantly evolved over the last few decades allowing access to narrow molecular weight distributions, efficient regulation of the molecular weight and the monomer sequence and incredibly complex architectures, and polymer modifications and surface patterning are covered. Potential applications including synthesis of block and graft copolymers, polymer-metal nanocomposites, various hybrid materials and bioconjugates, and sequence defined polymers through photoinduced electron transfer reactions are also investigated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Dadashi-Silab
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University , 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sean Doran
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University , 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University , 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.,Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) and Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University , 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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29
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30
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31
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Taskin OS, Yilmaz G, Yagci Y. Fullerene-Attached Polymeric Homogeneous/Heterogeneous Photoactivators for Visible-Light-Induced CuAAC Click Reactions. ACS Macro Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omer S. Taskin
- Department
of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gorkem Yilmaz
- Department
of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department
of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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32
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Haldón E, Nicasio MC, Pérez PJ. Copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloadditions (CuAAC): an update. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:9528-50. [PMID: 26284434 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01457c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of organic azides and alkynes catalysed by copper species represent the prototypical examples of click chemistry. The so-called CuAAC reaction (copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition), discovered in 2002, has been expanded since then to become an excellent tool in organic synthesis. In this contribution the recent results described in the literature since 2010 are reviewed, classified according to the nature of the catalyst precursor: copper(I) or copper(II) salts or complexes, metallic or nano-particulated copper and several solid-supported copper systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Haldón
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química y Ciencias de los Materiales, Campus de El Carmen s/n, Universidad de Huelva, 21007-Huelva, Spain.
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33
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Copper(II) thioxanthone carboxylate as a photoswitchable photocatalyst for photoinduced click chemistry. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.09.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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34
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Demirci G, Tasdelen MA. Synthesis and characterization of graft copolymers by photoinduced CuAAC click chemistry. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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35
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Tinmaz HB, Arslan I, Tasdelen MA. Star polymers by photoinduced copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition click chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Busra Tinmaz
- Department of Polymer Engineering; Faculty of Engineering, Yalova University; Yalova 77100 Turkey
| | - Irem Arslan
- Department of Polymer Engineering; Faculty of Engineering, Yalova University; Yalova 77100 Turkey
| | - Mehmet Atilla Tasdelen
- Department of Polymer Engineering; Faculty of Engineering, Yalova University; Yalova 77100 Turkey
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36
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Yetiskin O, Dadashi-Silab S, Khan SB, Asiri AM, Yagci Y. Visible-Light-Induced Copper(I)-Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition Initiated by Zinc Oxide Semiconductor Nanoparticles. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201500077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Yagci Y, Tasdelen MA, Jockusch S. Reduction of Cu(II) by photochemically generated phosphonyl radicals to generate Cu(I) as catalyst for atom transfer radical polymerization and azide-alkyne cycloaddition click reactions. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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Alzahrani AA, Erbse AH, Bowman CN. Evaluation and development of novel photoinitiator complexes for photoinitiating the copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01064c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Dadashi-Silab S, Kiskan B, Antonietti M, Yagci Y. Mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride as a heterogeneous catalyst for photoinduced copper(i)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09954k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A new protocol has been developed for the photoinduced CuAAC click reaction using heterogeneous mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride as the photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Baris Kiskan
- Department of Chemistry
- Istanbul Technical University
- Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of Chemistry
- Istanbul Technical University
- Istanbul, Turkey
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) and Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
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40
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Chatani S, Kloxin CJ, Bowman CN. The power of light in polymer science: photochemical processes to manipulate polymer formation, structure, and properties. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01334k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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41
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Bibal B, Mongin C, Bassani DM. Template effects and supramolecular control of photoreactions in solution. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:4179-98. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60366k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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42
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Tasdelen MA, Yagci Y. Light-Induced Click Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:5930-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Gong T, Adzima BJ, Baker NH, Bowman CN. Photopolymerization reactions using the photoinitiated copper (I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:2024-2028. [PMID: 23401189 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201203815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The first bulk photopolymerization of multifunctional alkyne and azide monomers using the CuAAC reaction is successfully carried out from low molecular weight, nonviscous monomer resins. Compared to other traditional step-growth bulk photopolymerization, this approach readily provides crosslinked, high glass transition temperature polymers that incorporate triazole linkages throughout the polymer structure with great temporal control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA
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45
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Xi W, Krieger M, Kloxin CJ, Bowman CN. A new photoclick reaction strategy: photo-induced catalysis of the thiol-Michael addition via a caged primary amine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:4504-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc41123k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Adzima BJ, Bowman CN. The emerging role of click reactions in chemical and biological engineering. AIChE J 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.13909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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47
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Baqi Y, Müller CE. Convergent synthesis of the potent P2Y receptor antagonist MG 50-3-1 based on a regioselective Ullmann coupling reaction. Molecules 2012; 17:2599-615. [PMID: 22391596 PMCID: PMC6268193 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17032599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MG 50-3-1 (3, trisodium 1-amino-4-{4-[4-chloro-6-(2-sulfophenylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino]-2-sulfophenylamino}-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene 2-sulfonate) is the most potent and selective antagonist (IC₅₀ 4.6 nM) for "P2Y₁-like" nucleotide-activated membrane receptors in guinea-pig taenia coli responsible for smooth muscle relaxation. Full characterization of the compound, however, e.g., at the human P2Y₁ receptor, which is a novel potential target for antithrombotic drugs, as well as other P2 receptor subtypes, has been hampered due to difficulties in synthesizing the compound in sufficient quantity. MG 50-3-1 would be highly useful as a biological tool for detailed investigation of signal transduction in the gut. We have now developed a convenient, fast, mild, and efficient convergent synthesis of 3 based on retrosynthetic analysis. A new, regioselective Ullmann coupling reaction under microwave irradiation was successfully developed to obtain 1-amino-4-(4-amino-2-sulfophenylamino)-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydro-anthracene 2-sulfonate (8). Four different copper catalysts (Cu, CuCl, CuCl₂, and CuSO₄) were investigated at different pH values of sodium phosphate buffer, and in water in the absence or presence of base. Results showed that CuSO₄ in water in the presence of triethylamine provided the best conditions for the regioselective Ullmann coupling reaction yielding the key intermediate compound 8. A new synthon (sodium 2-(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino)benzenesulfonate, 13) which can easily be obtained on a gram scale was prepared, and 13 was successfully coupled with 8 yielding the target compound 3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christa E. Müller
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +49-228-73-2301; Fax: +49-228-73-2567
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Weiss S, Bernhardt G, Buschauer A, König B. Synthesis and characterization of DMAP-modified NPY Y1 receptor antagonists as acyl-transfer catalysts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc2011036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Starting from the working hypothesis that specific chemical labelling may be an attractive approach to detect and study G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) we synthesized catalytically active antagonists of the neuropeptide Y1 receptor (Y1R). An argininamide-type Y1R antagonist scaffold was combined with a DMAP moiety via spacers of different length and chemical nature. These hybrid compounds have Y1R affinities in the two-digit nanomolar range and are capable of catalysing acyl-transfer reaction to surrogates of bionucleophiles, as demonstrated in the absence of cells by using esters of fluorescent dyes as substrates in buffer. By contrast, selective staining of Y1Rs on living MCF-7 cells was not achieved due to significant non-catalysed (Y1R ligand independent) reaction with biomolecules and the limited density of Y1R on the cell surface. Although this may also depend on insufficient selectivity of the staining reagents, the results of this study suggest that the general applicability of catalytic staining to GPCRs has to be reconsidered, as this approach is hampered by a very low portion of receptor of interest compared to the total amount of membrane proteins.
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Yokoi N, Inaba H, Terauchi M, Stieg AZ, Sanghamitra NJM, Koshiyama T, Yutani K, Kanamaru S, Arisaka F, Hikage T, Suzuki A, Yamane T, Gimzewski JK, Watanabe Y, Kitagawa S, Ueno T. Construction of robust bio-nanotubes using the controlled self-assembly of component proteins of bacteriophage T4. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:1873-1879. [PMID: 20661999 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201000772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Yokoi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya university, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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Chapter 9. Synthetic probes for polyketide and nonribosomal peptide biosynthetic enzymes. Methods Enzymol 2009; 458:219-54. [PMID: 19374985 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(09)04809-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyketides and nonribosomal peptides constitute two classes of small molecule natural products that are well-known for their ability to impact important biological processes in a multitude of ways. The modular biosynthetic enzymes responsible for production of these compounds (PKS and NRPS enzymes) have been the subject of extensive genetic, biochemical, and structural characterization, in part due to the potential utility their successful reengineering may have for the production of new therapeutics. In this chapter, we provide background as well as specific techniques in which synthetically produced small molecule probes have been applied to help better understand the mechanism and structure of PKS and NRPS biosynthetic pathways, as well as to help streamline their discovery process. The continued development and application of these methods has the potential to greatly complement our current approaches to the study of natural product biosynthesis.
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