1
|
Gonçales VR, Lian J, Gautam S, Tilley RD, Gooding JJ. Functionalized Silicon Electrodes in Electrochemistry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2020; 13:135-158. [PMID: 32289237 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091619-092506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Avoiding the growth of SiOx has been an enduring task for the use of silicon as an electrode material in dynamic electrochemistry. This is because electrochemical assays become unstable when the SiOx levels change during measurements. Moreover, the silicon electrode can be completely passivated for electron transfer if a thick layer of insulating SiOx grows on the surface. As such, the field of silicon electrochemistry was mainly developed by electron-transfer studies in nonaqueous electrolytes and by applications employing SiOx-passivated silicon-electrodes where no DC currents are required to cross the electrode/electrolyte interface. A solution to this challenge began by functionalizing Si-H electrodes with monolayers based on Si-O-Si linkages. These monolayers have proven very efficient to avoid SiOx formation but are not stable for a long-term operation in aqueous electrolytes due to hydrolysis. It was only with the development of self-assembled monolayers based on Si-C linkages that a reliable protection against SiOx formation was achieved, particularly with monolayers based on α,ω-dialkynes. This review discusses in detail how this surface chemistry achieves such protection, the electron-transfer behavior of these monolayer-modified silicon surfaces, and the new opportunities for electrochemical applications in aqueous solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius R Gonçales
- School of Chemistry, Australia Centre for NanoMedicine, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; ,
| | - Jiaxin Lian
- School of Chemistry, Australia Centre for NanoMedicine, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; ,
| | - Shreedhar Gautam
- School of Chemistry, Australia Centre for NanoMedicine, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; ,
| | - Richard D Tilley
- School of Chemistry, Australia Centre for NanoMedicine, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; ,
| | - J Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry, Australia Centre for NanoMedicine, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; ,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Williams MG, Gao F, BenDhiab I, Teplyakov A. Carbon Nanotubes Covalently Attached to Functionalized Surfaces Directly through the Carbon Cage. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:1121-1131. [PMID: 28166639 PMCID: PMC5484583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The covalent attachment of nonfunctionalized and carboxylic acid-functionalized carbon nanotubes to amine-terminated organic monolayers on gold and silicon surfaces is investigated. It is well established that the condensation reaction between a carboxylic acid and an amine is a viable method to anchor carbon nanotubes to solid substrates. The work presented here shows that the presence of the carboxylic group on the nanotube is not required for attachment to occur, as direct attachment via the substrate amine and the nanotube cage can take place. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy confirm the presence of carbon nanotubes in intimate contact with the surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is utilized to compare the surface chemistry of the functionalized and nonfunctionalized carbon nanotubes and is supported by a computational investigation. Ion fragments attributed to the direct attachment between the surface and carbon nanotube cage are detected by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. The overall attachment scheme is evaluated and can be further used on multiple carbonaceous materials attached to solid substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie G. Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | | | - Andrew Teplyakov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rakov EG. Materials made of carbon nanotubes. The carbon nanotube forest. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2013. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2013v082n06abeh004340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
4
|
Yu J, Zvarec O, Huang DM, Bissett MA, Scanlon DB, Shapter JG, Abell AD. Electron transfer through α-peptides attached to vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays: a mechanistic transition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:1132-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc16665h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
5
|
Bulliard X, Benayad A, Lee KH, Choi YH, Lee JC, Park JJ, Kim JM. Cobalt oxide polymorph growth on electrostatic self-assembled nanoparticle arrays for dually tunable nano-textures. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:475602. [PMID: 22057202 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/47/475602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report on a method for surface nano-texturing on a plastic substrate. Nano-objects with a silica nanoparticle core and a textured cobalt oxide crown are created with selectable density on the plastic substrate. The resulting dual morphology is easily tuned over large areas, either by changing the parameters directing nanoparticle deposition through electrostatic self-arrangement for nano-object density control, or the parameter directing cobalt oxide deposition for shape control. The entire process takes place at room temperature, with no chemicals harmful to the plastic substrate. The ready modulation of the dual morphology is used to control the wettability properties of the plastic film, which is covered by nano-objects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Bulliard
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 446-712, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Moore KE, Flavel BS, Shearer CJ, Ellis AV, Shapter JG. Electrochemistry of polystyrene intercalated vertically aligned single- and double-walled carbon nanotubes on gold electrodes. Electrochem commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2011.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
|
7
|
Bissett MA, Köper I, Quinton JS, Shapter JG. Dendron growth from vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotube thin layer arrays for photovoltaic devices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:6059-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02740e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
8
|
Bissett MA, Köper I, Quinton JS, Shapter JG. Dye functionalisation of PAMAM-type dendrons grown from vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotube arrays for light harvesting antennae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm13957f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
9
|
Diao P, Liu Z. Vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes by chemical assembly--methodology, properties, and applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:1430-1449. [PMID: 20437493 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200903592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), as one of the most promising one-dimension nanomaterials due to its unique structure, peculiar chemical, mechanical, thermal, and electronic properties, have long been considered as an important building block to construct ordered alignments. Vertically aligned SWNTs (v-SWNTs) have been successfully prepared by using direct growth and chemical assembly strategies. In this review, we focus explicitly on the v-SWNTs fabricated via chemical assembly strategy. We provide the readers with a full and systematic summary covering the advances in all aspects of this area, including various approaches for the preparation of v-SWNTs using chemical assembly techniques, characterization, assembly kinetics, and electrochemical properties of v-SWNTs. We also review the applications of v-SWNTs in electrochemical and bioelectrochemical sensors, photoelectric conversion, and scanning probe microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Diao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Flavel BS, Garrett DJ, Lehr J, Shapter JG, Downard AJ. Chemically immobilised carbon nanotubes on silicon: Stable surfaces for aqueous electrochemistry. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
11
|
Garrett DJ, Flavel BS, Shapter JG, Baronian KHR, Downard AJ. Robust forests of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes chemically assembled on carbon substrates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:1848-1854. [PMID: 19788291 DOI: 10.1021/la902575w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Forests of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) have been chemically assembled on carbon surfaces. The structures show excellent stability over a wide potential range and are resistant to degradation from sonication in acid, base, and organic solvent. Acid-treated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were assembled on amine-terminated tether layers covalently attached to pyrolyzed photoresist films. Tether layers were electrografted to the carbon substrate by reduction of the p-aminobenzenediazonium cation and oxidation of ethylenediamine. The amine-modified surfaces were incubated with cut SWCNTs in the presence of N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), giving forests of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs). The SWCNT assemblies were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and electrochemistry. Under conditions where the tether layers slow electron transfer between solution-based redox probes and the underlying electrode, the assembly of VACNTs on the tether layer dramatically increases the electron-transfer rate at the surface. The grafting procedure, and hence the preparation of VACNTs, is applicable to a wide range of materials including metals and semiconductors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Garrett
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Constantopoulos KT, Shearer CJ, Ellis AV, Voelcker NH, Shapter JG. Carbon nanotubes anchored to silicon for device fabrication. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:557-571. [PMID: 20217751 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200900945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This report highlights recent progress in the fabrication of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VA-CNTs) on silicon-based materials. Research into these nanostructured composite materials is spurred by the importance of silicon as a basis for most current devices and the disruptive properties of CNTs. Various CNT attachments methods of covalent and adsorptive nature are critically compared. Selected examples of device applications where the VA-CNT on silicon assemblies are showing particular promise are discussed. These applications include field emitters, filtration membranes, dry adhesives, sensors and scaffolds for biointerfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina T Constantopoulos
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shein JB, Lai LMH, Eggers PK, Paddon-Row MN, Gooding JJ. Formation of efficient electron transfer pathways by adsorbing gold nanoparticles to self-assembled monolayer modified electrodes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:11121-11128. [PMID: 19572504 DOI: 10.1021/la901421m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the length of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) linker on the electrochemical performance of electrode-linker-gold nanoparticle molecular constructs is investigated. Electrodes were first modified with amino-1-alkanethiols of four different lengths (C=2, 6, 8, and 11). The SAM showed progressively greater blocking ability to ruthenium hexamine as the length of the alkyl chain increased to the point where no significant Faradaic peak was observed for the amino-1-undecanethiol SAM. Upon the attachment of gold nanoparticles, distinct Faradaic electrochemistry of the ruthenium hexamine was observed for all four length SAMs with the electrochemistry being similar to that observed on a bare electrode. The charge transfer resistance to this Faradaic process was observed to be insensitive to the length of the intervening SAM, indicating it is electron transfer between the redox species and the nanoparticles, rather than tunneling across the SAM, which is the rate-limiting step. Some comments on the mechanism of charge transfer are provided. When forming multilayers of the linker-nanoparticle constructs, fabricated in a stepwise manner, whenever the distal species was the SAM the Faradaic process was blocked and whenever it was the nanoparticle a distinct Faradaic process was observed. With up to five layers of linker-nanoparticles, there was little increase in charge transfer resistance and again the charge transfer resistance was insensitive to the length of the linker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jarred B Shein
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gooding JJ, Lai LMH, Goon IY. Nanostructured Electrodes with Unique Properties for Biological and other Applications. CHEMICALLY MODIFIED ELECTRODES 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527627059.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
15
|
Flavel BS, Yu J, Ellis AV, Shapter JG. Electroless plated gold as a support for carbon nanotube electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
16
|
Flavel BS, Yu J, Ellis AV, Quinton JS, Shapter JG. Solution chemistry approach to fabricate vertically aligned carbon nanotubes on gold wires: towards vertically integrated electronics. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:445301. [PMID: 21832724 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/44/445301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A monolayer of hexadecyltrichlorosilane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane or 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane was self-assembled onto a p-type silicon (100) substrate to provide a resist for electrochemical anodization with an atomic force microscope cantilever. Silane treatment of the oxide nanostructures created by anodization lithography allowed for the creation of a chemically heterogeneous surface, containing regions of -NH(2) or -SH surrounded by -CH(3) functionality. These patterned regions of -NH(2) or -SH provided the point of attachment for citrate-stabilized gold colloid nanoparticles, which act as 'seed' particles for the electro-less deposition of gold. This has allowed the creation of gold wires on a silicon surface. Carbon nanotubes, with high carboxylic acid functionality, were vertically immobilized on the patterned gold wires with the use of a cysteamine monolayer and a condensation reaction. Such a material may prove useful in the creation of future vertically integrated electronic devices where it is desirable for electron transport to be in three dimensions and this electron transport is demonstrated with cyclic voltammetry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Flavel
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Flavel BS, Yu J, Shapter JG, Quinton JS. Electrochemical characterisation of patterned carbon nanotube electrodes on silane modified silicon. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
18
|
Ciampi S, Le Saux G, Harper J, Gooding J. Optimization of Click Chemistry of Ferrocene Derivatives on Acetylene‐Functionalized Silicon(100) Surfaces. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
19
|
Fabre B, Hauquier F, Herrier C, Pastorin G, Wu W, Bianco A, Prato M, Hapiot P, Zigah D, Prasciolu M, Vaccari L. Covalent assembly and micropatterning of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes to monolayer-modified Si(111) surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:6595-6602. [PMID: 18533635 DOI: 10.1021/la800358w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) covalently bound to monocrystalline p-type Si(111) surfaces have been prepared by attaching soluble amine-functionalized MWNTs onto a preassembled undecanoic acid monolayer using carbodiimide coupling. SEM analysis of these functionalized surfaces shows that the bound MWNTs are parallel to the surface rather than perpendicular. The voltammetric and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements reveal that the electron transfer at the MWNT-modified surface is faster than that observed at a MWNT-free alkyl monolayer. We have also demonstrated that it is possible to prepare MWNT micropatterns using this surface amidation reaction and a "reagentless" UV photolithography technique. Following this approach, MWNT patterns surrounded by n-dodecyl areas have been produced and the local electrochemical properties of these micropatterned surfaces have been examined by scanning electrochemical microscopy. In particular, it is demonstrated that the MWNT patterns allow a faster charge transfer which is consistent with the results obtained for the uniformly modified surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fabre
- Université de Rennes 1 and CNRS UMR 6226 Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Matière Condensée et Systèmes Electroactifs MaCSE, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shearer CJ, Yu J, O'Donnell KM, Thomsen L, Dastoor PC, Quinton JS, Shapter JG. Highly resilient field emission from aligned single-walled carbon nanotube arrays chemically attached to n-type silicon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b811546j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
21
|
Yu J, Shapter JG, Johnston MR, Quinton JS, Gooding JJ. Electron-transfer characteristics of ferrocene attached to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) arrays directly anchored to silicon(100). Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
22
|
Flavel BS, Yu J, Shapter JG, Quinton JS. Patterned ferrocenemethanol modified carbon nanotube electrodes on silane modified silicon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b716284g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
23
|
Yu J, Shapter JG, Quinton JS, Johnston MR, Beattie DA. Direct attachment of well-aligned single-walled carbon nanotube architectures to silicon (100) surfaces: a simple approach for device assembly. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:510-20. [PMID: 17216067 DOI: 10.1039/b615096a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new approach for the attachment of vertically-aligned shortened carbon nanotube architectures to a silicon (100) substrate by chemical anchoring directly to the surface has been demonstrated for the first time. The ordered assembly of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) was accomplished by hydroxylating the silicon surface followed by a condensation reaction with carboxylic acid functionalised SWCNTs. This new nanostructure has been characterised by X-ray photoelectron, Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as well as scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. The assembly behaviour of SWCNTs onto the silicon surface shows a fast initial step producing isolated functionalised carbon nanotubes or nanotube bundles anchored to the silicon surface followed by a slower step where the adsorbed nanotubes grow into larger aggregates via van der Waals interactions between adsorbed and solvated nanotubes. The electrochemical and optical properties of the SWCNTs directly attached to silicon have also been investigated. These new nanostructures are excellent electrochemical electrodes. They also fluoresce in the wavelength range 650-800 nm. The successful attachment of the SWCNTs directly to silicon provides a simple, new avenue for fabrication and development of silicon-based nanoelectronic, nano-optoelectronic and sensing devices. Compared to existing techniques, this new approach has several advantages including low operating temperature, low cost and the possibility of further modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxian Yu
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|