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Palai A, Rai P, Maji B. Rejuvenation of dearomative cycloaddition reactions via visible light energy transfer catalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12004-12025. [PMID: 37969572 PMCID: PMC10631258 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04421a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dearomative cycloaddition is a powerful technique to access sp3-rich three-dimensional structural motifs from simple flat, aromatic feedstock. The building-up of unprecedentedly diverse polycyclic scaffolds with increased saturation and stereochemical information having various applications ranging from pharmaceutical to material sciences, is an essential goal in organic chemistry. However, the requirement of large energy inputs to disrupt the aromaticity of an arene moiety necessitates harsh reaction conditions for ground state dearomative cycloaddition. The photochemical requirement encompasses use of ultraviolet (UV) light to enable the reaction on an excited potential energy surface. The microscopic reversibility under thermal conditions and the use of high energy harmful UV irradiation in photochemical manoeuvres, however, constrain their widespread use from a synthetic point of view. In this context, the recent renaissance of visible light energy transfer (EnT) catalysis has become a powerful tool to initiate dearomative cycloaddition as a greener and more sustainable approach. The excited triplet state population is achieved by triplet energy transfer from the appropriate photosensitizer to the substrate. While employing mild visible light energy as fuel, the process leverages an enormous potential of excited state reactivity. The discovery of an impressive portfolio of organic and inorganic photosensitizers with a range of triplet energies facilitates visible light photosensitized dearomative cycloaddition of various substrates to form sp3-rich fused polycyclic architectures with diverse applications. The tutorial review comprehensively surveys the reawakening of dearomative cycloadditions via visible light-mediated energy transfer catalysis in the past five years. The progress ranges from intra- and intermolecular [2π + 2π] to [4π + 2π], and ends at intermolecular [2π + 2σ] cycloadditions. Furthermore, the review provides potential possibilities for future growth in the growing field of visible light energy transfer catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angshuman Palai
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 West Bengal India
| | - Pramod Rai
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 West Bengal India
| | - Biplab Maji
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 West Bengal India
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2
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Proessdorf J, Jandl C, Pickl T, Bach T. Arene Activation through Iminium Ions: Product Diversity from Intramolecular Photocycloaddition Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208329. [PMID: 35920713 PMCID: PMC9826208 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
While 2-alk-ω-enyloxy-sustituted benzaldehydes do not display any photochemical reactivity at the arene core, the respective iminium perchlorates were found to undergo efficient reactions either upon direct irradiation (λ=366 nm) or under sensitizing conditions (λ=420 nm, 2.5 mol% thioxanthen-9-one). Three pathways were found: (a) Most commonly, the reaction led to benzoxacyclic products in which the olefin in the tether underwent a formal, yet unprecedented carboformylation (13 examples, 44-99 % yield). The cascade process occurred with high diastereoselectivity and was found to be stereoconvergent. (b) If a substituent resides in the 3-position of the benzene ring, a meta photocycloaddition was observed which produced tetracyclic skeletons with five stereogenic centers in excellent regio- and diastereoselectivity (2 examples, 58-79 % yield). (c) If the tether was internally substituted at the alkene, an arene photocycloaddition was avoided and an azetidine was formed in an aza Paternò-Büchi reaction (2 examples, 95-98 % yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Proessdorf
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)School of Natural SciencesTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Christian Jandl
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)School of Natural SciencesTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Thomas Pickl
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)School of Natural SciencesTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)School of Natural SciencesTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485747GarchingGermany
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3
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Proessdorf J, Jandl C, Pickl T, Bach T. Arene Activation through Iminium Ions: Product Diversity from Intramolecular Photocycloaddition Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Proessdorf
- Technische Universität München: Technische Universitat Munchen Department Chemie GERMANY
| | - Christian Jandl
- Technische Universität München: Technische Universitat Munchen Department Chemie GERMANY
| | - Thomas Pickl
- Technische Universität München: Technische Universitat Munchen Department Chemie GERMANY
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Technische Universität München Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching GERMANY
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambasivarao Kotha
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay Powai Mumbai 400 076 India
| | - Ambareen Fatma
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay Powai Mumbai 400 076 India
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5
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Recent advances in the total synthesis of natural products bearing the contiguous all-carbon quaternary stereocenters. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Zhang Z, Zhou YJ, Liang XW. Total synthesis of natural products using photocycloaddition reactions of arenes. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 18:5558-5566. [PMID: 32677654 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01204a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The photocycloaddition reaction of benzene with alkenes has become a significant approach for organic chemists and thus has been frequently utilized as a key step in the total synthesis of natural products. In this mini-review, the recent developments in [4 + 2] and [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reactions will be emphasized in constructing core scaffolds of complex natural products. By combining them together, we aim to demonstrate the utility and reinstate the importance of this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying-Jun Zhou
- Xiang-Ya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Xiao-Wei Liang
- Xiang-Ya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
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7
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Næsborg L, Jandl C, Zech A, Bach T. Complex Carbocyclic Skeletons from Aryl Ketones through a Three-Photon Cascade Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5656-5659. [PMID: 31868273 PMCID: PMC7687228 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Starting from readily available 7-substituted 1-indanones, products with a tetracyclo[5.3.1.01,7 04,11 ]undec-2-ene skeleton were obtained upon irradiation at λ=350 nm (eight examples, 49-67 % yield). The assembly of the structurally complex carbon framework proceeds in a three-photon process comprising an ortho photocycloaddition, a disrotatory [4π] photocyclization, and a di-π-methane rearrangement. The flat aromatic core of the starting material is converted into a functionalized polycyclic hydrocarbon with exit vectors in three dimensions. Ring opening reactions at the central cyclopropane ring were explored, which enable the preparation of tricyclo[5.3.1.04,11 ]undec-2-enes and of tricyclo[6.2.1.01,5 ]undecanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Næsborg
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)Technische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstr. 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Christian Jandl
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)Technische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstr. 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Andreas Zech
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)Technische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstr. 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)Technische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstr. 485747GarchingGermany
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8
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Næsborg L, Jandl C, Zech A, Bach T. Complex Carbocyclic Skeletons from Aryl Ketones through a Three‐Photon Cascade Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Line Næsborg
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Christian Jandl
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Andreas Zech
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Germany
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9
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Tian L, Krauss IJ. Stereoselective Homocrotylation of Aldehydes: Enantioselective Synthesis of Allylic-Substituted Z/ E-Alkenes. Org Lett 2018; 20:6730-6735. [PMID: 30350633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclopropanated allyl- and crotylboron reagents participate in homoallylation and homocrotylation reactions that enable enantioselective access to motifs that otherwise require many steps to synthesize. In this study, we investigated the effect of substituents α- to boron, predicted either to counteract or reinforce the 1,3- selectivity of the parent reagents. We then investigated the transformation of the substituted homocrotylation products in intramolecular photocycloadditions to produce stereochemically complex natural-product-like scaffolds, finding that flow conditions enhanced the regioselectivity and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiming Tian
- Department of Chemistry , Brandeis University , MS 015 , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454-9110 , United States
| | - Isaac J Krauss
- Department of Chemistry , Brandeis University , MS 015 , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454-9110 , United States
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10
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Green approach to synthesis of novel and broad-range diversity of 4-(aryl)-3-(phenylsulfonyl)-4H-benzo[h]chromen-2-amine derivatives. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-018-3552-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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11
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Zech A, Bach T. Photochemical Reaction Cascade from O-Pent-4-enyl-Substituted Salicylates to Complex Multifunctional Scaffolds. J Org Chem 2018; 83:3069-3077. [PMID: 29478316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The arene ring of the title compounds is cleaved by a reaction cascade which is initiated by an intramolecular ortho photocycloaddition reaction. Tricyclic products were obtained in a highly regio- and diastereoselective fashion via a cyclooctatriene intermediate. The facial diastereoselectivity exerted by a stereogenic center in the tether is moderate to good (dr = 65/35 to 82/18). Yields were acceptable (44-87%) except for a single substrate which had a geminal dimethyl substitution in the tether and which gave the respective product in only 14% yield. The reaction is stereoconvergent with regard to the olefin configuration ( E or Z) in agreement with a triplet mechanism of the ortho photocycloaddition step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zech
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , 85747 Garching , Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , 85747 Garching , Germany
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12
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Perez-Hernandez N, Gordillo-Roman B, Arrieta-Baez D, Cerda-Garcia-Rojas CM, Joseph-Nathan P. Complete 1 H NMR assignment of cedranolides. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2017; 55:169-176. [PMID: 26132551 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Complete and unambiguous 1 H NMR chemical shift assignment of α-cedrene (2) and cedrol (9), as well as for α-pipitzol (1), isocedrol (10), and the six related compounds 3-8 has been established by iterative full spin analysis using the PERCH NMR software (PERCH Solutions Ltd., Kuopio, Finland). The total sets of coupling constants are described and correlated with the conformational equilibria of the five-membered ring of 1-10, which were calculated using the complete basis set method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nury Perez-Hernandez
- Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Guillermo Massieu Helguera 239, México, D. F., 07320, Mexico
| | - Barbara Gordillo-Roman
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Apartado 14-740, México, D. F., 07000, Mexico
| | - Daniel Arrieta-Baez
- Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, D. F., 07738, Mexico
| | - Carlos M Cerda-Garcia-Rojas
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Apartado 14-740, México, D. F., 07000, Mexico
| | - Pedro Joseph-Nathan
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Apartado 14-740, México, D. F., 07000, Mexico
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13
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Kärkäs M, Porco JA, Stephenson CRJ. Photochemical Approaches to Complex Chemotypes: Applications in Natural Product Synthesis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9683-747. [PMID: 27120289 PMCID: PMC5025835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 666] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of photochemical transformations is a powerful strategy that allows for the formation of a high degree of molecular complexity from relatively simple building blocks in a single step. A central feature of all light-promoted transformations is the involvement of electronically excited states, generated upon absorption of photons. This produces transient reactive intermediates and significantly alters the reactivity of a chemical compound. The input of energy provided by light thus offers a means to produce strained and unique target compounds that cannot be assembled using thermal protocols. This review aims at highlighting photochemical transformations as a tool for rapidly accessing structurally and stereochemically diverse scaffolds. Synthetic designs based on photochemical transformations have the potential to afford complex polycyclic carbon skeletons with impressive efficiency, which are of high value in total synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus
D. Kärkäs
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - John A. Porco
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Corey R. J. Stephenson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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14
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Maeda H, Matsuda S, Mizuno K. Intramolecular Photocycloaddition Reactions of Arylcyclopropane Tethered 1-Cyanonaphthalenes. J Org Chem 2016; 81:8544-51. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Maeda
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Shoji Matsuda
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Mizuno
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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15
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Das D, Chakraborty TK. An overview of the recent synthetic studies toward penifulvins and other fenestranes. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Cycloadditions are among the most efficient chemical processes, combining atom economy, stereospecificity, and the ability to generate molecular complexity in a single step. Aromatic rings would in principle be ideal reaction partners, as they contain, at least from the topological point of view, both olefinic and diene subunits; however, the stability of the conjugated aromatic system would be broken by cycloaddition reactions, which are therefore rarely applied, because kinetics and thermodynamics hinder the process. From that aspect, photochemical activation opens interesting perspectives, as one can selectively provide excess energy to one of the reactants but not to the product, thus preventing thermal back reaction. Indeed, aromatic rings show a rich photochemistry, ranging from isomerizations, substitutions, and additions to cycloadditions. In this review, we will focus on cycloadditions, covering literature from early observations up to the present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Remy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg , Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christian G Bochet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg , Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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17
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Kuznetsov DM, Mukhina OA, Kutateladze AG. Photoassisted Synthesis of Complex Molecular Architectures: Dearomatization of Benzenoid Arenes with Aza-o-xylylenes via an Unprecedented [2+4] Reaction Topology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:6988-91. [PMID: 27097759 PMCID: PMC4943229 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A new method was developed for the photoinduced dearomatization of arenes through an intramolecular cycloaddition with aza-o-xylylenes generated by excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) in the readily available photoprecursors. The [2+4] topology of this cycloaddition is unprecedented for photo-dearomatizations of benzenoid aromatic carbocycles. It provides rapid access to novel heterocycles, cyclohexadieno-oxazolidino-quinolinols, as valuable synthons for a broad range of post-photochemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry M Kuznetsov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, 2190 E. Iliff Ave., Denver, CO, 80208, USA
| | - Olga A Mukhina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, 2190 E. Iliff Ave., Denver, CO, 80208, USA
| | - Andrei G Kutateladze
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, 2190 E. Iliff Ave., Denver, CO, 80208, USA.
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18
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Kuznetsov DM, Mukhina OA, Kutateladze AG. Photoassisted Synthesis of Complex Molecular Architectures: Dearomatization of Benzenoid Arenes with Aza-o-xylylenes via an Unprecedented [2+4] Reaction Topology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry M. Kuznetsov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Denver; 2190 E. Iliff Ave. Denver CO 80208 USA
| | - Olga A. Mukhina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Denver; 2190 E. Iliff Ave. Denver CO 80208 USA
| | - Andrei G. Kutateladze
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Denver; 2190 E. Iliff Ave. Denver CO 80208 USA
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19
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Khatri BB, Vrubliauskas D, Sieburth SM. Photo-[4+4]-cycloaddition (para) of meta-substituted benzenes with 2-pyridones. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.05.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Shi H, De S, Wang Q, Gao S, Wang X, Chen C. Construction of the 5,6,7-tricyclic skeleton of lancifodilactone F. Tetrahedron Lett 2015; 56:3225-3227. [PMID: 26097263 PMCID: PMC4472376 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the synthesis of a fully functionalized B,C,D-ring system of lancifodilactone F. The key transformations involve an arene-olefin meta-photocycloaddition reaction and a palladium-catalyzed oxidative C-C cleavage reaction to establish its B,C-rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, United States
| | - Saptarshi De
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, United States
| | - Qiaoling Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, United States
| | - Shuanhu Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, United States
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, United States
| | - Chuo Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, United States
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Wegmann M, Bach T. Influence of the −CH2X Substituent on the Regioselectivity of Intramolecular meta-Photocycloaddition Reactions. J Org Chem 2015; 80:2017-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5028613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Wegmann
- Lehrstuhl für Organische
Chemie I, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr.
4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Lehrstuhl für Organische
Chemie I, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr.
4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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22
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Wender PA. Toward the ideal synthesis and molecular function through synthesis-informed design. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:433-40. [PMID: 24589860 DOI: 10.1039/c4np00013g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This Highlight describes factors that contribute to an ideal synthesis, including economies (step, time, atom, solvent, energy) and orientations (target, diversity, safety, function), and the role of synthesis-informed design directed at function in advancing synthesis and its impact on science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA.
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Wender PA. Toward the Ideal Synthesis and Transformative Therapies: The Roles of Step Economy and Function Oriented Synthesis. Tetrahedron 2013; 69:7529-7550. [PMID: 23956471 PMCID: PMC3743450 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
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24
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Hoffmann N. Photochemical reactions of aromatic compounds and the concept of the photon as a traceless reagent. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 11:1613-41. [PMID: 22732723 DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25074h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Electronic excitation significantly changes the reactivity of chemical compounds. Compared to ground state reactions, photochemical reactions considerably enlarge the application spectrum of a particular functional group in organic synthesis. Multistep syntheses may be simplified and perspectives for target oriented synthesis (TOS) and diversity oriented synthesis (DOS) are developed. New compound families become available or may be obtained more easily. In contrast to common chemical reagents, photons don't generate side products resulting from the transformation of a chemical reagent. Therefore, they are considered as a traceless reagent. Consequently, photochemical reactions play a central role in the methodology of sustainable chemistry. This aspect has been recognized since the beginning of the 20th century. As with many other photochemical transformations, photochemical reactions of aromatic, benzene-like compounds illustrate well the advantages in this context. Photochemical cycloadditions of aromatic compounds have been investigated for a long time. Currently, they are applied in various fields of organic synthesis. They are also studied in supramolecular structures. The phenomena of reactivity and stereoselectivity are investigated. During recent years, photochemical electron transfer mediated reactions are particularly focused. Such transformations have likewise been performed with aromatic compounds. Reactivity and selectivity as well as application to organic synthesis are studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Hoffmann
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 7312 CNRS et Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Equipe de Photochimie, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, F-51687 Reims, cedex 02, France.
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Maskill KG, Knowles JP, Elliott LD, Alder RW, Booker-Milburn KI. Complexity from Simplicity: Tricyclic Aziridines from the Rearrangement of Pyrroles by Batch and Flow Photochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201208892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Maskill KG, Knowles JP, Elliott LD, Alder RW, Booker-Milburn KI. Complexity from simplicity: tricyclic aziridines from the rearrangement of pyrroles by batch and flow photochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:1499-502. [PMID: 23307403 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katie G Maskill
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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Penkett CS, Brann PJ, Woolford JA, Kahan RJ. Confirming the existence of π-allyl-palladium intermediates during the reaction of meta photocycloadducts with palladium(ii) compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:1106-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc37708j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Penkett CS, Woolford JA. Investigating the Photochemical Properties of an Arenyl Dienol. Org Lett 2012; 14:5704-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol302718p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Streit U, Bochet CG. The arene-alkene photocycloaddition. Beilstein J Org Chem 2011; 7:525-42. [PMID: 21647263 PMCID: PMC3107530 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.7.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the presence of an alkene, three different modes of photocycloaddition with benzene derivatives can occur; the [2 + 2] or ortho, the [3 + 2] or meta, and the [4 + 2] or para photocycloaddition. This short review aims to demonstrate the synthetic power of these photocycloadditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Streit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Roche SP, Porco JA. Dearomatization strategies in the synthesis of complex natural products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:4068-93. [PMID: 21506209 PMCID: PMC4136767 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 997] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Evolution in the field of the total synthesis of natural products has led to exciting developments over the last decade. Numerous chemoselective and enantioselective methodologies have emerged from total syntheses, resulting in efficient access to many important natural product targets. This Review highlights recent developments concerning dearomatization, a powerful strategy for the total synthesis of architecturally complex natural products wherein planar, aromatic scaffolds are converted to three-dimensional molecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane P. Roche
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 (USA)
| | - John A. Porco
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 (USA)
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Roche SP, Porco JA. Desaromatisierungsstrategien in der Synthese strukturell komplexer Naturstoffe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Penkett CS, Woolford JA, Read TW, Kahan RJ. Investigating the arenyl-diene double [3 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction. J Org Chem 2011; 76:1295-304. [PMID: 21294518 DOI: 10.1021/jo101927a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The double [3 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction involving arenyl-dienes has been used to assemble seven separate [5.5.5.5] fenestrane structures that include ether and aza variants. The primary photolysis step was a meta photocycloaddition reaction, while a secondary photocycloaddition step formed the fenestrane structure. Investigations involving the insertion of an additional methylene group into the basic arenyl-diene skeleton failed to afford the desired [5.5.5.6] fenestrane structure. The presence of an oxime moiety in the aromatic photosubstrate allowed the primary photolysis step to take place; however, an attempted secondary photocycloaddition reaction involving the oxime did not provide the intended polyheterocyclic fenestrane. An alternative strategy to form various "criss-cross" double meta photocycloadducts was investigated and led to the discovery of a Paterno-Büchi cycloaddition reaction between acetone and an angular meta photocycloadduct. Other novel thermally and photochemically mediated skeletal rearrangement reactions were also recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive S Penkett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK.
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Bach T, Hehn JP. Photochemical reactions as key steps in natural product synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:1000-45. [PMID: 21246702 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201002845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 589] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical reactions contribute in a significant way to the existing repertoire of carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions by allowing access to exceptional molecular structures that cannot be obtained by conventional means. In this Review, the most important photochemical transformations that have been employed in natural product synthesis are presented. Selected total syntheses are discussed as examples, with particular attention given to the photochemical key step and its stereoselectivity. The structural relationship between the photochemically generated molecule and the natural product is shown, and, where necessary, the consecutive reactions in the synthesis are illustrated and classified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Bach
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany.
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Bach T, Hehn JP. Photochemische Reaktionen als Schlüsselschritte in der Naturstoffsynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201002845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Wang L, Huang YC, Liu Y, Fun HK, Zhang Y, Xu JH. Photoinduced [4 + 4], [4 + 2], and [2 + 2] Cycloadditions of o-Quinones with Oxazoles: Chemo-, Regio-, and Diastereoselectivity. J Org Chem 2010; 75:7757-68. [PMID: 21028907 DOI: 10.1021/jo101764f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Cheng Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Hoong-Kun Fun
- X-ray Crystallography Unit, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Penang, Malaysia
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hua Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
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Ando Y. Photochemical Reactions in Natural Product Synthesis. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2010. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.68.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Penkett CS, Woolford JA, Day IJ, Coles MP. The Double [3 + 2] Photocycloaddition Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 132:4-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja906163s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clive S. Penkett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Jason A. Woolford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Iain J. Day
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Martyn P. Coles
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
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Gaich T, Mulzer J. From Silphinenes to Penifulvins: A Biomimetic Approach to Penifulvins B and C. Org Lett 2009; 12:272-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol902594b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Gaich
- University of Vienna, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Währingerstrasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Mulzer
- University of Vienna, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Währingerstrasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Hulot C, Amiri S, Blond G, Schreiner PR, Suffert J. Understanding the Torquoselectivity in 8π-Electrocyclic Cascade Reactions: Synthesis of Fenestradienes versus Cyclooctatrienes. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:13387-98. [DOI: 10.1021/ja903914r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Hulot
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg (UMR 7200 CNRS/UDS), 74 Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch/Strasbourg, France, and Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Shadi Amiri
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg (UMR 7200 CNRS/UDS), 74 Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch/Strasbourg, France, and Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gaëlle Blond
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg (UMR 7200 CNRS/UDS), 74 Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch/Strasbourg, France, and Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg (UMR 7200 CNRS/UDS), 74 Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch/Strasbourg, France, and Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jean Suffert
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg (UMR 7200 CNRS/UDS), 74 Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch/Strasbourg, France, and Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Abstract
Driven by remarkable advances in the understanding of structure and reaction mechanisms, organic synthesis will be increasingly directed to producing bioinspired and newly designed molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Wender
- Chemistry Department and, by courtesy, the Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA
| | - Benjamin L. Miller
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 697, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Gaich T, Mulzer J. Total Synthesis of (−)-Penifulvin A, an Insecticide with a Dioxafenestrane Skeleton. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 131:452-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja8083048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Gaich
- University of Vienna, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Johann Mulzer
- University of Vienna, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Wien, Austria
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Hoffmann
- Laboratoire des Réactions Sélectives et Applications, UMR 6519 CNRS et Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, F-51687 Reims, Cedex 02, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Jone Iriondo‐Alberdi
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Rd, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, UK, Fax: +44‐131‐650‐4743
| | - Michael F. Greaney
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Rd, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, UK, Fax: +44‐131‐650‐4743
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