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Motaleb MA, Attalah KM, Shweeta HA, Ibrahim IT. Synthesis and biological evaluation of [ 131I]iodocarvedilol as a potential radiopharmaceutical for heart imaging. BMC Chem 2023; 17:21. [PMID: 36922888 PMCID: PMC10018969 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-00935-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The optimization of the radiolabeling yield of carvedilol with iodine-131 was described. Dependence of the labeling yield of [131I]iodocarvedilol on the concentration of carvedilol, chloramine-T content, pH of the reaction mixture and reaction time was studied in details. Carvedilol was labeled with iodine-131 at pH 6 with a labeling yield of 92.6 ± 2.77% by using 100 µg carvedilol, 200 µg chloramin-T (CAT) and 30 min reaction time. The formed [131I]iodocarvedilol was nearly stable for a time up to one day. Biodistribution of [131I]iodocarvedilol was investigated in experimental animals. [131/123I]iodocarvedilol was located in the heart with a concentration of 19.6 ± 0.41% of the injected dose at 60 min post injection. It has a high heart uptake and heart to liver ratio, both of which are beneficial for high-quality SPECT (single-photon emission computerized tomography) myocardial imaging. [131/123I]iodocarvedilol solve most the drawbacks of the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approved 99mTc-sestamibi.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Motaleb
- Labeled Compounds Department, Hot Laboratories Centre, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), 13759, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - K M Attalah
- Labeled Compounds Department, Hot Laboratories Centre, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), 13759, Cairo, Egypt
| | - H A Shweeta
- Labeled Compounds Department, Hot Laboratories Centre, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), 13759, Cairo, Egypt
| | - I T Ibrahim
- Labeled Compounds Department, Hot Laboratories Centre, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), 13759, Cairo, Egypt
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Boschi A, Uccelli L, Marvelli L, Cittanti C, Giganti M, Martini P. Technetium-99m Radiopharmaceuticals for Ideal Myocardial Perfusion Imaging: Lost and Found Opportunities. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27041188. [PMID: 35208982 PMCID: PMC8877792 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The favorable nuclear properties in combination with the rich coordination chemistry make technetium-99m the radioisotope of choice for the development of myocardial perfusion tracers. In the early 1980s, [99mTc]Tc-Sestamibi, [99mTc]Tc-Tetrofosmin, and [99mTc]Tc-Teboroxime were approved as commercial radiopharmaceuticals for myocardial perfusion imaging in nuclear cardiology. Despite its peculiar properties, the clinical use of [99mTc]Tc-Teboroxime was quickly abandoned due to its rapid myocardial washout. Despite their widespread clinical applications, both [99mTc]Tc-Sestamibi and [99mTc]Tc-Tetrofosmin do not meet the requirements of an ideal perfusion imaging agent due to their relatively low first-pass extraction fraction and high liver absorption. An ideal radiotracer for myocardial perfusion imaging should have a high myocardial uptake; a high and stable target-to-background ratio with low uptake in the lungs, liver, stomach during the image acquisition period; a high first-pass myocardial extraction fraction and very rapid blood clearance; and a linear relationship between radiotracer myocardial uptake and coronary blood flow. Although it is difficult to reconcile all these properties in a single tracer, scientific research in the field has always channeled its efforts in the development of molecules that are able to meet the characteristics of ideality as much as possible. This short review summarizes the developments in 99mTc myocardial perfusion tracers, which are able to fulfill hitherto unmet medical needs and serve a large population of patients with heart disease, and underlines their strengths and weaknesses, the lost and found opportunities thanks to the developments of the new ultrafast SPECT technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Boschi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46-44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+39-0532-455354
| | - Licia Uccelli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 70 c/o Viale Eliporto, 46-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.U.); (C.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Lorenza Marvelli
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46-44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Corrado Cittanti
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 70 c/o Viale Eliporto, 46-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.U.); (C.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Melchiore Giganti
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 70 c/o Viale Eliporto, 46-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.U.); (C.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Petra Martini
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46-44121 Ferrara, Italy;
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Hu H, Gao Y, Wang T, Sun L, Zhang YF, Li H. Removal of hexavalent chromium, an analogue of pertechnetate, from aqueous solution using bamboo (Acidosasa edulis) shoot shell. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06606-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fang W, Liu S. New 99mTc Radiotracers for Myocardial Perfusion Imaging by SPECT. Curr Radiopharm 2019; 12:171-186. [PMID: 30727939 DOI: 10.2174/1874471012666190206102214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Myocardial Perfusion Imaging (MPI) with radiotracers is an integral component in evaluation of the patients with known or suspected coronary artery diseases (CAD). 99mTc-Sestamibi and 99mTc-Tetrofosmin are commercial radiopharmaceuticals for MPI by single photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT). Despite their widespread clinical applications, they do not meet the requirements of an ideal perfusion imaging agent due to their inability to linearly track the regional myocardial blood flow rate at >2.5 mL/min/g. With tremendous development of CZT-based SPECT cameras over the past several years, the nuclear cardiology community has been calling for better perfusion radiotracers with improved extraction and biodistribution properties. METHODS This review will summarize recent research efforts on new cationic and neutral 99mTc radiotracers for SPECT MPI. The goal of these efforts is to develop a 99mTc radiotracer that can be used to detect perfusion defects at rest or under stress, determine the regional myocardial blood flow, and measure the perfusion and left ventricular function. RESULTS The advantage of cationic radiotracers (e.g. 99mTc-Sestamibi) is their long myocardial retention because of the positive molecular charge and fast liver clearance kinetics. 99mTc-Teboroxime derivatives have a high initial heart uptake (high first-pass extraction fraction) due to their neutrality. 99mTc- 3SPboroxime is the most promising radiotracer for future clinical translation considering its initial heart uptake, myocardial retention time, liver clearance kinetics, heart/liver ratios and SPECT image quality. CONCLUSION 99mTc-3SPboroximine is an excellent example of perfusion radiotracers, the heart uptake of which is largely relies on the regional blood flow. It is possible to use 99mTc-3SPboroximine for detection of perfusion defect(s), accurate quantification and determination of regional blood flow rate. Development of such a 99mTc radiotracer is of great clinical benefit for accurate diagnosis of CAD and assessing the risk of future hard events (e.g. heart attack and sudden death) in cardiac patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, the National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.167 North Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, Beijing, IN 47907, United States
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Ferreira VFC, Oliveira BL, Santos JD, Correia JDG, Farinha CM, Mendes F. Targeting of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) Protein with a Technetium-99m Imaging Probe. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1469-1478. [PMID: 29864241 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the gene that encodes the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. The most common mutation, F508del, leads to almost total absence of CFTR at the plasma membrane, a defect potentially corrected via drug-based therapies. Herein, we report the first proof-of-principle study of a noninvasive imaging probe able to detect CFTR at the plasma membrane. We radiolabeled the CFTR inhibitor, CFTRinh -172a, with technetium-99m via a pyrazolyl-diamine chelating unit, yielding a novel 99m Tc(CO)3 complex. A non-radioactive surrogate showed that the structural modifications introduced in the inhibitor did not affect its activity. The radioactive complex was able to detect plasma membrane CFTR, shown by its significantly higher uptake in wild-type versus mutated cells. Furthermore, assessment of F508del CFTR pharmacological correction in human cells using the radioactive complex revealed differences in corrector versus control uptake, recapitulating the biochemical correction observed for the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera F C Ferreira
- C2TN-Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066, Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Bruno L Oliveira
- C2TN-Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066, Bobadela LRS, Portugal
- Current address: Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - João D Santos
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande C8, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João D G Correia
- C2TN-Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066, Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Carlos M Farinha
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande C8, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipa Mendes
- C2TN-Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066, Bobadela LRS, Portugal
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Wang X, Jaraquemada-Peláez MDG, Cao Y, Pan J, Lin KS, Patrick BO, Orvig C. H2hox: Dual-Channel Oxine-Derived Acyclic Chelating Ligand for 68Ga Radiopharmaceuticals. Inorg Chem 2018; 58:2275-2285. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhu Wang
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - María de Guadalupe Jaraquemada-Peláez
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Yang Cao
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jinhe Pan
- BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Brian O. Patrick
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Silva F, Fernandes C, Campello MPC, Paulo A. Metal complexes of tridentate tripod ligands in medical imaging and therapy. Polyhedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Liu M, Zheng Y, Avcibasi U, Liu S. Novel 99mTc(III)-azide complexes [ 99mTc(N 3)(CDO)(CDOH) 2B-R] (CDOH 2=cyclohexanedione dioxime) as potential radiotracers for heart imaging. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 43:732-741. [PMID: 27632344 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study, novel 99mTc(III)-azide complexes [99mTc(N3)(CDO)(CDOH)2B-R] (99mTc-ISboroxime-N3: R=IS; 99mTc-MPboroxime-N3: R=MP; 99mTc-PAboroxime-N3: R=PA; 99mTc-PYboroxime-N3: R=PY; and 99mTc-Uboroxime-N3: R=5U) were evaluated as heart imaging agents. METHODS Complexes [99mTc(N3)(CDO)(CDOH)2B-R] (R=IS, MP, PA, PY and 5U) were prepared by ligand exchange between NaN3 and [99mTcCl(CDO)(CDOH)2B-R]. Biodistribution and imaging studies were carried out in Sprague-Dawley rats. Image quantification was performed to compare their initial heart uptake and myocardial retention. RESULTS 99mTc-ISboroxime-N3, 99mTc-PYboroxime-N3 and 99mTc-Uboroxime-N3 were prepared with high RCP (93-98%) while the RCP of 99mTc-MPboroxime-N3 and 99mTc-PAboroxime-N3 was 80-85%. The myocardial retention curves of 99mTc-ISboroxime-N3, 99mTc-PYboroxime-N3 and 99mTc-Uboroxime-N3 were best fitted to the bi-exponential decay function. The half-time of the fast component was 1.6±0.4min for 99mTc-ISboroxime-N3, 0.7±0.1min for 99mTc-PYboroxime-N3 and 0.9±0.4min for 99mTc-Uboroxime-N3. The 2-min heart uptake from biodistribution studies followed the ranking order of 99mTc-ISboroxime-N3 (3.60±0.68%ID/g)>99mTc-PYboroxime-N3 (2.35±0.37%ID/g)≫99mTc-Uboroxime-N3 (1.29±0.06%ID/g). 99mTc-ISboroxime-N3 had the highest 2-min heart uptake among 99mTc radiotracers revaluated in SD rats. High quality SPECT images were obtained with the right and left ventricular walls being clearly delineated. The best image acquisition window was 0-5min for 99mTc-ISboroxime-N3. CONCLUSION Both azide coligand and boronate caps had significant impact on the heart uptake and myocardial retention of complexes [99mTc(N3)(CDO)(CDOH)2B-R]. Among the radiotracers evaluated in SD rats, 99mTc-ISboroxime-N3 has the highest initial heart uptake with the heart retention comparable to that of 99mTc-Teboroxime. 99mTc-ISboroxime-N3 is a promising alternative to 99mTc-Teboroxime for SPECT MPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College, Soochow University, China; School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yumin Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Ugur Avcibasi
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, IN, 47907, USA; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Celal Bayar University, 45040, Yunusemre/Manisa, Turkey
| | - Shuang Liu
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, IN, 47907, USA.
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Ramogida CF, Schindler D, Schneider C, Tan YK, Huh S, Ferreira CL, Adam MJ, Orvig C. Synthesis and characterization of lipophilic cationic Ga(iii) complexes based on the H2CHXdedpa and H2dedpa ligands and their 67/68Ga radiolabeling studies. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24070d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel lipophilic H2dedpa or H2CHXdedpa analogues have been synthesized, characterized, and radiolabeled with 67/68Ga3+ in 10 minutes at ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. F. Ramogida
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - D. Schindler
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - C. Schneider
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Y. L. K. Tan
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - S. Huh
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada V6T 1Z1
| | | | - M. J. Adam
- Life Sciences Division
- TRIUMF
- Vancouver
- Canada V6T 2A3
| | - C. Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada V6T 1Z1
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Yang Y, Zheng Y, Tomaselli E, Fang W, Liu S. Impact of Boronate Capping Groups on Biological Characteristics of Novel99mTc(III) Complexes [99mTcCl(CDO)(CDOH)2B-R] (CDOH2= Cyclohexanedione Dioxime). Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:316-28. [PMID: 25585053 DOI: 10.1021/bc500583k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute & Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yumin Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Elena Tomaselli
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute & Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Swidan MM, Sakr TM, Motaleb MA, El-Bary AA, El-Kolaly MT. Radioiodinated acebutolol as a new highly selective radiotracer for myocardial perfusion imaging. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:593-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Swidan
- Labeled Compound Department; Hot Labs Center, Atomic Energy Authority; PO13759 Cairo Egypt
| | - T. M. Sakr
- Radioactive Isotopes and Generator Department; Hot Labs Center, Atomic Energy Authority; PO13759 Cairo Egypt
| | - M. A. Motaleb
- Labeled Compound Department; Hot Labs Center, Atomic Energy Authority; PO13759 Cairo Egypt
| | - A. Abd El-Bary
- Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Department; Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University; PO11562 Cairo Egypt
| | - M. T. El-Kolaly
- Labeled Compound Department; Hot Labs Center, Atomic Energy Authority; PO13759 Cairo Egypt
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Zheng Y, Ji S, Tomaselli E, Liu S. Development of kit formulations for (99m) TcN-MPO: a cationic radiotracer for myocardial perfusion imaging. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:584-92. [PMID: 25070025 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a kit formulation for [(99m) TcN(mpo)(PNP5)](+) (MPO = 2-mercaptopyridine oxide), ((99m) TcN-MPO) to support its clinical evaluations as a SPECT radiotracer. Radiolabeling studies were performed using three different formulations (two-vial formulation and single-vial formulations with/without SnCl2 ) to explore the factors influencing radiochemical purity (RCP) of (99m) TcN-MPO. We found that the most important factor affecting the RCP of (99m) TcN-MPO was the purity of PNP5. (99m) TcN-MPO was prepared >98% RCP (n = 20) using the two-vial formulation. For single-vial formulations with/without SnCl2 , β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) is particularly useful as a stabilizer for PNP5. The RCP of (99m) TcN-MPO was 95-98% using β-CD, but its RCP was only 90-93% with γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD). It seems that PNP5 fits better into the inner cavity of β-CD, which forms more stable inclusion complex than γ-CD in the single-vial formulations. The results from biodistribution and imaging studies in Sprague-Dawley rats clearly demonstrated biological equivalence of three different formulations. Single photon-emission computed tomography data suggested that high quality images could be obtained at 0-30-min post-injection without significant interference from the liver radioactivity. Considering the ease for (99m) Tc-labeling and high RCP of (99m) TcN-MPO, the non-SnCl2 single-vial formulation is an attractive choice for future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Zheng
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Department of Nuclear Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
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Kharissova OV, Méndez-Rojas MA, Kharisov BI, Méndez UO, Martínez PE. Metal complexes containing natural and and artificial radioactive elements and their applications. Molecules 2014; 19:10755-802. [PMID: 25061724 PMCID: PMC6272025 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190810755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances (during the 2007–2014 period) in the coordination and organometallic chemistry of compounds containing natural and artificially prepared radionuclides (actinides and technetium), are reviewed. Radioactive isotopes of naturally stable elements are not included for discussion in this work. Actinide and technetium complexes with O-, N-, N,O, N,S-, P-containing ligands, as well π-organometallics are discussed from the view point of their synthesis, properties, and main applications. On the basis of their properties, several mono-, bi-, tri-, tetra- or polydentate ligands have been designed for specific recognition of some particular radionuclides, and can be used in the processes of nuclear waste remediation, i.e., recycling of nuclear fuel and the separation of actinides and fission products from waste solutions or for analytical determination of actinides in solutions; actinide metal complexes are also usefulas catalysts forcoupling gaseous carbon monoxide, as well as antimicrobial and anti-fungi agents due to their biological activity. Radioactive labeling based on the short-lived metastable nuclide technetium-99m (99mTc) for biomedical use as heart, lung, kidney, bone, brain, liver or cancer imaging agents is also discussed. Finally, the promising applications of technetium labeling of nanomaterials, with potential applications as drug transport and delivery vehicles, radiotherapeutic agents or radiotracers for monitoring metabolic pathways, are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana V Kharissova
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ciudad Universitaria, Monterrey, N.L. C.P. 66450, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Méndez-Rojas
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, Sta. Catarina Mártir, Cholula, Puebla. C.P. 72810, Mexico
| | - Boris I Kharisov
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ciudad Universitaria, Monterrey, N.L. C.P. 66450, Mexico.
| | - Ubaldo Ortiz Méndez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ciudad Universitaria, Monterrey, N.L. C.P. 66450, Mexico
| | - Perla Elizondo Martínez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ciudad Universitaria, Monterrey, N.L. C.P. 66450, Mexico
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Fernandes C, Maria L, Gano L, Santos IC, Santos I, Paulo A. Re(I) and 99mTc(I) tricarbonyl complexes with ether-containing pyrazolyl-based chelators: Chemistry, biodistribution and metabolism. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Oliveira BL, Morais M, Gano L, Santos I, Correia JDG. A99mTc(CO)3-labeled benzylguanidine with persistent heart uptake. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:358-64. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno L. Oliveira
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; Estrada Nacional 10 (ao km 139, 7) 2695-066 Bobadela LRS Portugal
| | - Maurício Morais
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; Estrada Nacional 10 (ao km 139, 7) 2695-066 Bobadela LRS Portugal
| | - Lurdes Gano
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; Estrada Nacional 10 (ao km 139, 7) 2695-066 Bobadela LRS Portugal
| | - Isabel Santos
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; Estrada Nacional 10 (ao km 139, 7) 2695-066 Bobadela LRS Portugal
| | - João D. G. Correia
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; Estrada Nacional 10 (ao km 139, 7) 2695-066 Bobadela LRS Portugal
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Berry DJ, Torres Martin de Rosales R, Charoenphun P, Blower PJ. Dithiocarbamate complexes as radiopharmaceuticals for medical imaging. Mini Rev Med Chem 2013; 12:1174-83. [PMID: 22931590 DOI: 10.2174/138955712802762112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 30 years dithiocarbamate ligands have found application in radiopharmaceutical metal-ligand complexes to image a range of disease states. The vast majority of research and applications, and the widest range of complex structures, have involved radionuclides of technetium and rhenium. Considering the extent of coordination chemistry of dithiocarbamate ligands described elsewhere in this issue, the extent of radiopharmaceutical application with metallic radionuclides is surprisingly narrow. Here we summarise the types of radiopharmaceutical complexes studied and the uses, and potential uses, to which they have been put in nuclear medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Berry
- King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
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Morais GR, Paulo A, Santos I. Organometallic Complexes for SPECT Imaging and/or Radionuclide Therapy. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300501d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Goreti Ribeiro Morais
- Unidade de Ciências
Quı́micas e Radiofarmacêuticas, Instituto
Tecnológico e Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional
10, 2686-953, Sacavém, Portugal
| | - António Paulo
- Unidade de Ciências
Quı́micas e Radiofarmacêuticas, Instituto
Tecnológico e Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional
10, 2686-953, Sacavém, Portugal
| | - Isabel Santos
- Unidade de Ciências
Quı́micas e Radiofarmacêuticas, Instituto
Tecnológico e Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional
10, 2686-953, Sacavém, Portugal
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Carroll V, Demoin DW, Hoffman TJ, Jurisson SS. Inorganic chemistry in nuclear imaging and radiotherapy: current and future directions. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2012; 100:653-667. [PMID: 25382874 PMCID: PMC4221859 DOI: 10.1524/ract.2012.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Radiometals play an important role in diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. This field of radiochemistry is multidisciplinary, involving radiometal production, separation of the radiometal from its target, chelate design for complexing the radiometal in a biologically stable environment, specific targeting of the radiometal to its in vivo site, and nuclear imaging and/or radiotherapy applications of the resultant radiopharmaceutical. The critical importance of inorganic chemistry in the design and application of radiometal-containing imaging and therapy agents is described from a historical perspective to future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Timothy J Hoffman
- Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Tongwen Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Yiyun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory
Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Magnetic
Resonance, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P.R.China
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Is there a path beyond BOLD? Molecular imaging of brain function. Neuroimage 2012; 62:1208-15. [PMID: 22406355 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dependence of BOLD on neuro-vascular coupling leaves it many biological steps removed from direct monitoring of neural function. MRI based approaches have been developed aimed at reporting more directly on brain function. These include: manganese enhanced MRI as a surrogate for calcium ion influx; agents responsive to calcium concentrations; approaches to measure membrane potential; agents to measure neurotransmitters; and strategies to measure gene expression. This work has led to clever design of molecular imaging tools and many contributions to studies of brain function in animal models. However, a robust approach that has potential to get MRI closer to neurons in the human brain has not yet emerged.
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Mendes F, Gano L, Fernandes C, Paulo A, Santos I. Studies of the myocardial uptake and excretion mechanisms of a novel 99mTc heart perfusion agent. Nucl Med Biol 2011; 39:207-13. [PMID: 22079035 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION (99m)Tc-TMEOP is a novel heart perfusion radiotracer exhibiting high initial and persistent heart uptake associated with rapid blood and liver clearance. This study aimed at determining the mechanisms of myocardial localization and fast liver clearance of (99m)Tc-TMEOP. METHODS Subcellular distribution of (99m)Tc-TMEOP was determined in excised rat heart tissue by differential centrifugation. The effect of cyclosporin A on the pharmacokinetic behaviour of (99m)Tc-TMEOP was evaluated by both ex vivo biodistribution and in vivo planar imaging studies. RESULTS Subcellular distribution studies showed that more than 73% of (99m)Tc-TMEOP was associated with the mitochondrial fraction. Comparison with subcellular distribution of (99m)Tc-sestamibi showed no significant difference in the mitochondrial accumulation between the two tracers. Biodistribution studies in the presence of cyclosporin A revealed an increase in kidneys and liver uptake of (99m)Tc-TMEOP, suggesting the involvement of multidrug resistance transporters in determining its pharmacokinetic profile. CONCLUSIONS The heart uptake mechanism of (99m)Tc-TMEOP is similar to that of the other reported monocationic (99m)Tc cardiac agents and is associated with its accumulation in the mitochondria. Cyclosporin A studies indicate that the fast liver and kidney clearance kinetics is mediated by P-glycoprotein (Pgp), supporting the potential interest of this radiotracer for imaging Pgp function associated with multidrug-resistant tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Mendes
- Unidade de Ciências Químicas e Radiofarmacêuticas, Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear, Estrada Nacional 10, 2686-953 Sacavém, Portugal.
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Boros E, Ferreira CL, Patrick BO, Adam MJ, Orvig C. New Ga derivatives of the H2dedpa scaffold with improved clearance and persistent heart uptake. Nucl Med Biol 2011; 38:1165-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Evaluation of (99) (m)TcN-MPO as a new myocardial perfusion imaging agent in normal dogs and in an acute myocardial infarction canine model: comparison with (99) (m)Tc-sestamibi. Mol Imaging Biol 2011; 13:121-7. [PMID: 20458635 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-010-0304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE (99) (m)TcN-MPO ([(99) (m)TcN(mpo)(PNP5)](+): mpo = 2-mercaptopyridine oxide and PNP5 = N-ethoxyethyl-N,N-bis[2-(bis(3-methoxypropyl)phosphino)ethyl]amine) is a cationic (99) (m)Tc-nitrido complex, which has favorable biodistribution and myocardial uptake with rapid liver clearance in Sprague Dawley rats. The objective of this study was to compare the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of (99) (m)TcN-MPO and (99) (m)Tc-Sestamibi in normal dogs, and to evaluate the potential of (99) (m)TcN-MPO as a myocardial perfusion agent in canines with acute myocardial infarction. METHODS Five normal mongrel dogs were injected intravenously with (99) (m)TcN-MPO. Venous blood samples were collected via a femoral vein catheter at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, and 90 min post-injection (p.i.). Anterior-posterior planar images were acquired by γ-camera at 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min p.i. Regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn around the heart, liver, and lungs. The heart/liver and heart/lung ratios were calculated by dividing the mean counts in heart ROI by the mean counts in the liver and lung ROI, respectively. For comparison, (99) (m)Tc-sestamibi was also evaluated in the same five dogs. The interval period between the two examinations was 1 week to eliminate possible interference between these two radiotracers. In addition, single positron emission computed tomography (SPECT) images in the canine infarct model were collected 24 h after myocardial infarction at 30 and 60 min after the administration of (99) (m)TcN-MPO (n = 4) or (99) (m)Tc-Sestamibi (n = 4). RESULTS It was found that (99) (m)TcN-MPO and (99) (m)Tc-Sestamibi displayed very similar blood clearance characteristics during the first 90 min p.i. Both (99) (m)TcN-MPO and (99) (m)Tc-Sestamibi had a rapid blood clearance with less than 50% of initial radioactivity remaining at 1 min and less than 5% at 30 min p.i. (99) (m)TcN-MPO and (99) (m)Tc-Sestamibi both showed good heart/lung contrast. The heart/liver ratio of (99) (m)TcN-MPO increased with time (0.53 ± 0.06 at 10 min, 0.90 ± 0.062 at 30 min, and 1.22 ± 0.06 at 60 min p.i.), whereas the heart/liver ratio of (99) (m)Tc-Sestamibi remained low at all time points (0.50 ± 0.03 at 10 min, 0.64 ± 0.03 at 30 min, and 0.60 ± 0.02 at 60 min p.i.). SPECT imaging studies in canines with acute myocardial infarction indicated that good visualization of the left ventricular wall and perfusion defects could be achieved at 30 min after administration of (99) (m)TcN-MPO but not after (99) (m)Tc-Sestamibi. CONCLUSION The combination of reasonable heart uptake with rapid hepatobiliary excretion makes (99) (m)TcN-MPO a promising new radiotracer for myocardial perfusion imaging.
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Liu S, Chakraborty S. 99mTc-centered one-pot synthesis for preparation of 99mTc radiotracers. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:6077-86. [PMID: 21373664 DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01462a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear medicine relies on two main imaging modalities: single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). Radiopharmaceuticals (or radiotracers) are the blood stream of nuclear medicine for the diagnosis or therapy of diseases. Diagnostic radiotracers that are small molecules labelled with a gamma-emitter for SPECT or positron-emitter for PET provide a non-invasive method to assess the disease or disease states and monitor the therapeutic efficacy of a specific treatment regime. Over the past four decades, radiopharmaceutical research has been practising one-pot synthesis at the tracer level (10(-7)-10(-6) M). Many (99m)Tc radiotracers currently used in nuclear medicine are routinely prepared by following the basic principles of one-pot synthesis. Unlike traditional organic one-pot synthesis, which often involves the formation of multiple C-C and C-heteroatom bonds in a single step, the (99m)Tc-centered one-pot synthesis requires the formation of multiple coordination bonds between Tc and various donor atoms, such as N, O, S and P. This review will illustrate how the (99m)Tc-centered one-pot synthesis is utilized for routine preparations of different (99m)Tc radiotracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Goethals LR, Santos I, Caveliers V, Paulo A, De Geeter F, Lurdes PG, Fernandes C, Lahoutte T. Rapid hepatic clearance of 99mTc-TMEOP: a new candidate for myocardial perfusion imaging. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2010; 6:178-88. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Liu Z, Chen L, Liu S, Barber C, Stevenson GD, Furenlid LR, Barrett HH, Woolfenden JM. Kinetic characterization of a novel cationic (99m)Tc(I)-tricarbonyl complex, (99m)Tc-15C5-PNP, for myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Cardiol 2010; 17:858-67. [PMID: 20669059 PMCID: PMC2940957 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-010-9262-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intense liver uptake of (99m)Tc-sestamibi (MIBI) often interferes with visualization of myocardial perfusion in the inferior wall of the left ventricle. To develop improved myocardial perfusion agents, crown ether-containing dithiocarbamates and bisphosphines have been introduced in recent years. This study was designed to investigate the myocardial imaging properties and in vivo kinetics of a cationic (99m)Tc(I)-tricarbonyl complex, (99m)Tc-15C5-PNP, in comparison with MIBI. METHODS Dynamic cardiac images were acquired for 60 minutes after intravenous tracer injection using a small-animal SPECT system in healthy control rats and rats with myocardial infarcts. Myocardial and liver time-activity curves were generated for radiopharmaceutical kinetic analysis. RESULTS Good visualization of the left ventricular wall and perfusion defects could be achieved 20 minutes after (99m)Tc-15C5-PNP administration. (99m)Tc-15C5-PNP images in all hearts with infarcts showed perfusion defects, which were comparable to MIBI images. The kinetic curves plotted from 1 to 60 minutes demonstrated that (99m)Tc-15C5-PNP has a shorter washout half-life (6.4 ± 3.2 vs 124 ± 30.5 minutes, P < .01) in the liver, lower residual liver activity (14.5 ± 10.2% vs 36.5 ± 28.9%, P < .01), and higher heart/liver ratio than MIBI. CONCLUSIONS (99m)Tc-15C5-PNP has potential for rapid myocardial perfusion imaging with low liver uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglin Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 245067, Tucson, AZ 85724-5067, USA.
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Pimlott SL, Sutherland A. Molecular tracers for the PET and SPECT imaging of disease. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 40:149-62. [PMID: 20818455 DOI: 10.1039/b922628c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging continues to grow due to the ability of these techniques to allow the non-invasive in vivo visualisation of biological processes at the molecular and cellular levels. As well as finding application for the diagnosis of disease, these techniques have also been used in the drug discovery process. Crucial to the growth of these techniques is the continued development of molecular probes that can bind to the target biological receptor with high selectivity. This tutorial review describes the use of PET and SPECT for molecular imaging and highlights key strategies for the development of molecular probes for the imaging of both cancer and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally L Pimlott
- West of Scotland Radionuclide Dispensary, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK
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Kim YS, Wang F, Liu S. Minimizing liver uptake of cationic Tc radiotracers with ether and crown ether functional groups. World J Hepatol 2010; 2:21-31. [PMID: 21160953 PMCID: PMC2999265 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v2.i1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-related diseases, particularly coronary artery disease (CAD), account for the majority of deaths worldwide. Myocardial ischemia is a serious condition and the delay in reperfusion of ischemic tissues can be life-threatening. This is particular true in the aged population. Rapid and accurate early detection of myocardial ischemia is highly desirable so that various therapeutic regiments can be given before irreversible myocardial damage occurs. Myocardial perfusion imaging with radiotracers is an integral component in evaluations of patients with known or suspected CAD. (99m)Tc-Sestamibi and (99m)Tc-Tetrofosmin are commercial radiopharmaceuticals currently available for myocardial perfusion imaging. Despite their widespread clinical applications, both (99m)Tc-Sestamibi and (99m)Tc-Tetrofosmin do not meet the requirements of an ideal perfusion imaging agent, largely due to their high liver uptake. The intense liver uptake makes it difficult to interpret the heart activity in the inferior and left ventricular wall. Photon scattering from the high liver radioactivity accumulation remains a significant challenge for diagnosis of heart diseases. This review will summarize the most recent research efforts to minimize the liver uptake of cationic (99m)Tc radiotracers by using ether and crown ether-containing chelators. Fast liver clearance will shorten the duration of imaging protocols (< 30 min post-injection), and allow for early acquisition of heart images with high quality. Improvement of heart/liver ratio may permit better detection of the presence and extent of coronary artery disease. Identification of such a new radiotracer that allows for the improved noninvasive assessment of myocardial perfusion would be of considerable benefit in treatment of patients with suspected CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Seung Kim
- Young-Seung Kim, Shuang Liu, School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
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Garcia R, Paulo A, Santos I. Rhenium and technetium complexes with anionic or neutral scorpionates: An overview of their relevance in biomedical applications. Inorganica Chim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2009.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kim YS, Shi J, Zhai S, Hou G, Liu S. Mechanism for myocardial localization and rapid liver clearance of Tc-99m-N-MPO: a new perfusion radiotracer for heart imaging. J Nucl Cardiol 2009; 16:571-9. [PMID: 19288164 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-009-9068-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND [Tc-99m-N(mpo)(PNP5)](+) (Tc-99m-N-MPO: Hmpo = 2-mercaptopyridine N-oxide and PNP5 = N-ethoxyethyl-N,N-bis[2-(bis(3-methoxypropyl)phosphino)ethyl]amine) is a new Tc-99m radiotracer useful for myocardial perfusion imaging. The main objective of this study is to elucidate the mechanism for myocardial localization and fast liver clearance of Tc-99m-N-MPO in comparison with Tc-99m-sestamibi ([Tc-99m-(MIBI)(6)](+): MIBI = 2-methoxy-2-methylpropylisonitrile). METHODS AND RESULTS Subcellular distribution of Tc-99m-N-MPO and Tc-99m-sestamibi was examined in the excised Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat myocardium. Biodistribution and planar imaging studies were performed using SD rats in the absence/presence of Cyclosporin-A. Due to negative plasma and mitochondrial potentials, 84.5% +/- 3.2% of Tc-99m-N-MPO was found in the mitochondrial fraction as compared to 88.0% +/- 1.5% of Tc-99m-sestamibi. There was no significant difference in their mitochondrial accumulation. Tc-99m-N-MPO was also able to retain its chemical integrity in rat myocardium. Pre-treatment of SD rats with Cys-A result in significant increase in the kidney and liver uptake of Tc-99m-N-MPO. CONCLUSION Tc-99m-N-MPO and Tc-99m-sestamibi share almost identical subcellular distribution and localization mechanism. The MDR transport function of hepatocytes and renal cells is responsible for the fast clearance kinetics of Tc-99m-N-MPO from liver and kidneys, respectively. Tc-99m-N-MPO is a very promising myocardial perfusion radiotracer with favorable biodistribution properties and rapid liver clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Seung Kim
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Maria L, Fernandes C, Garcia R, Gano L, Paulo A, Santos IC, Santos I. Tris(pyrazolyl)methane99mTc tricarbonyl complexes for myocardial imaging. Dalton Trans 2009:603-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b817451b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bartholomä M, Valliant J, Maresca KP, Babich J, Zubieta J. Single amino acid chelates (SAAC): a strategy for the design of technetium and rhenium radiopharmaceuticals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:493-512. [PMID: 19283279 DOI: 10.1039/b814903h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bartholomä
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
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Evaluation of 99mTcN-15C5 as a new myocardial perfusion imaging agent in normal dogs and canines with coronary stenosis. Nucl Med Commun 2008; 29:775-81. [PMID: 18677204 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0b013e328302ca4a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was designed to evaluate the biodistribution and blood clearance characteristics of 99mTcN-15C5 and its potential as a myocardial perfusion radiotracer. METHODS Five normal mongrel dogs were injected with 99mTcN-15C5 intravenously. Blood samples were collected at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, and 30 min postinjection (p.i.). Anterior planar images were acquired at 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min p.i. Regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn around heart, liver, and lungs. The raw activity in each ROI was expressed as counts/pixel/min. Heart/liver and heart/lung ratios were calculated by dividing the mean counts in heart ROI by the mean counts in liver and lung ROI, respectively. For comparison, 99mTc-sestamibi was also evaluated in the same five dogs. In dogs with coronary stenoses, single photon emission computed tomography images were acquired at 30, 60, and 120 min after administration of 99mTcN-15C5 with/without adenosine. RESULTS 99mTcN-15C5 and 99mTc-sestamibi had very similar blood clearance characteristics during the first 30 min p.i. The heart/liver ratio of 99mTcN-15C5 increased from 0.48+/-0.05 at 5 min p.i. to 1.85+/-0.11 at 120 min p.i., whereas the heart/liver ratio of 99mTc-sestamibi was improved only slightly from 0.45+/-0.04 at 5 min p.i. to 0.74+/-0.15 at 120 min p.i. SPECT imaging studies in canines with coronary stenoses indicated that good visualization of the perfusion defect could be achieved at 30 min after administration of 99mTcN-15C5 with the adenosine stress. CONCLUSION The combination of high heart uptake and rapid liver clearance makes 99mTcN-15C5 a promising new radiotracer for myocardial perfusion imaging.
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Liu S. Bifunctional coupling agents for radiolabeling of biomolecules and target-specific delivery of metallic radionuclides. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:1347-70. [PMID: 18538888 PMCID: PMC2539110 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-based radiopharmaceuticals are of great current interest in molecular imaging and radiotherapy of cancers, and provide a unique tool for target-specific delivery of radionuclides to the diseased tissues. In general, a target-specific radiopharmaceutical can be divided into four parts: targeting biomolecule (BM), pharmacokinetic modifying (PKM) linker, bifunctional coupling or chelating agent (BFC), and radionuclide. The targeting biomolecule serves as a "carrier" for specific delivery of the radionuclide. PKM linkers are used to modify radiotracer excretion kinetics. BFC is needed for radiolabeling of biomolecules with a metallic radionuclide. Different radiometals have significant difference in their coordination chemistry, and require BFCs with different donor atoms and chelator frameworks. Since the radiometal chelate can have a significant impact on physical and biological properties of the target-specific radiopharmaceutical, its excretion kinetics can be altered by modifying the coordination environment with various chelators or coligand, if needed. This review will focus on the design of BFCs and their coordination chemistry with technetium, copper, gallium, indium, yttrium and lanthanide radiometals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA.
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Tc-99m-N-MPO: novel cationic Tc-99m radiotracer for myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Cardiol 2008; 15:535-46. [PMID: 18674722 DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclcard.2008.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Technetium 99m-N-MPO ([Tc-99m-N(mpo)(PNP5)](+)) is a cationic Tc-99m nitrido complex. The objective of this study is to evaluate its potential as a new radiotracer for myocardial perfusion imaging. METHODS AND RESULTS Biodistribution studies were performed in Sprague-Dawley rats and guinea pigs to compare the myocardial uptake and excretion kinetics of Tc-99m-N-MPO from noncardiac organs, such as the liver and lungs, with those of the known cationic Tc-99m radiotracers: Tc-99m-N-DBODC5 and Tc-99m-sestamibi. Planar imaging was performed in Sprague-Dawley rats to evaluate the utility of Tc-99m-N-MPO as a myocardial perfusion imaging agent. Metabolism studies were carried out by use of both Sprague-Dawley rats and guinea pigs. In general, the heart uptake of Tc-99m-N-MPO was between that of Tc-99m-sestamibi and Tc-99m-N-DBODC5 over the 2-hour study period. However, the heart-liver ratio of Tc-99m-N-MPO (12.75 +/- 3.34) at 30 minutes after injection was more than twice that of Tc-99m-N-DBODC5 (6.01 +/- 1.45) and approximately 4 times higher than that of Tc-99m-sestamibi (2.90 +/- 0.22). The heart uptake and heart-liver ratio of Tc-99m-N-MPO and Tc-99m-sestamibi in guinea pigs were significantly lower than those obtained in Sprague-Dawley rats. The metabolism studies demonstrated no detectable Tc-99m-N-MPO metabolites in the urine and feces samples of the Sprague-Dawley rats at 120 minutes after injection. In guinea pigs no Tc-99m-N-MPO metabolites were detected in the urine at 120 minutes, but only approximately 60% of Tc-99m-N-MPO remained intact in the feces samples. In contrast, there was no intact Tc-99m-sestamibi detected in urine samples, and less than 15% of Tc-99m-sestamibi remained intact in the feces samples. Planar imaging studies indicated that clinically useful images of the heart may be obtained as early as 15 minutes after injection of Tc-99m-N-MPO. CONCLUSION The combination of favorable organ biodistribution and myocardial uptake with rapid liver clearance makes Tc-99m-N-MPO a very promising myocardial perfusion radiotracer worthy of further evaluation in various preclinical animal models.
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Maria L, Cunha S, Videira M, Gano L, Paulo A, Santos IC, Santos I. Rhenium and technetium tricarbonyl complexes anchored by pyrazole-based tripods: novel lead structures for the design of myocardial imaging agents. Dalton Trans 2007:3010-9. [PMID: 17622418 DOI: 10.1039/b705226j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the synthesis and biological evaluation of cationic (99m)Tc-tricarbonyl complexes anchored by ether-containing tris(pyrazolyl)methane or bis(pyrazolyl)ethanamine ligands to be applied in the design of radiopharmaceuticals for myocardial imaging: fac-[(99m)Tc(CO)(3){RC(pz)(3)}](+) (R = H (1a), MeOCH(2) (2a), EtOCH(2) (3a), (n)PrOCH(2) (4a)) and fac-[(99m)Tc(CO)(3){RNHCH(2)CH(pz)(2)}](+) (R = H (5a), MeO(CH(2))(2) (6a)) (pz = pyrazolyl). At the no carrier added level, complexes 1a-6a were obtained in high radiochemical yield (> 98%) by reaction of fac-[(99m)Tc(CO)(3)(H(2)O)(3)](+) with the corresponding tripod chelator in aqueous medium. All these complexes display a high in vitro and in vivo stability, except 6a which metabolizes in vivo yielding fac-[(99m)Tc(CO)(3){HO(CH(2))(2)NHCH(2)CH(pz)(2)}](+) (7a). Biological studies in mice have shown that among the radiotracers evaluated in this work, 3a, anchored by a tris(pyrazolyl)methane chelator bearing an ethyl methyl ether substituent, has the highest heart uptake (3.6 +/- 0.5%ID g(-1) at 60 min p.i.). Complex 3a presents also the best heart: blood, heart: liver and heart: lung ratios, appearing as the most promising as a potential myocardial imaging agent. The chemical identity of 1a-7a was ascertained by HPLC comparison with the previously reported fac-[Re(CO)(3){HC(pz)(3)}]Br (1) and with the novel fac-[Re(CO)(3){RC(pz)(3)}]Br (R = MeOCH(2) (2), EtOCH(2) (3), (n)PrOCH(2)(4)) and fac-[Re(CO)(3){RNHCH(2)CH(pz)(2)}]Br (R = H (5), MeO(CH(2))(2) (6) HO(CH(2))(2) (7)). The novel Re(I) tricarbonyl complexes, 2-7, were characterized by the common analytical techniques, including single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The solid state structure confirmed the presence of facial and tridentate (kappa(3)-N(3)) anchor ligands. Solution NMR studies have also shown that this kappa(3)-N(3) coordination mode is retained in solution for all complexes (2-7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Maria
- Departamento de Química, ITN, Estrada Nacional 10, 2686-953, Sacavém, Codex, Portugal
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