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Munteanu AC, Uivarosi V. Ruthenium Complexes in the Fight against Pathogenic Microorganisms. An Extensive Review. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:874. [PMID: 34199283 PMCID: PMC8232020 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of drug-resistant populations of microorganisms. Clearly, one can see the need to develop new, more effective, antimicrobial agents that go beyond the explored 'chemical space'. In this regard, their unique modes of action (e.g., reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, redox activation, ligand exchange, depletion of substrates involved in vital cellular processes) render metal complexes as promising drug candidates. Several Ru (II/III) complexes have been included in, or are currently undergoing, clinical trials as anticancer agents. Based on the in-depth knowledge of their chemical properties and biological behavior, the interest in developing new ruthenium compounds as antibiotic, antifungal, antiparasitic, or antiviral drugs has risen. This review will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Ru (II/III) frameworks as antimicrobial agents. Some aspects regarding the relationship between their chemical structure and mechanism of action, cellular localization, and/or metabolism of the ruthenium complexes in bacterial and eukaryotic cells are discussed as well. Regarding the antiviral activity, in light of current events related to the Covid-19 pandemic, the Ru (II/III) compounds used against SARS-CoV-2 (e.g., BOLD-100) are also reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra-Cristina Munteanu
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valentina Uivarosi
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
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2
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Dayanidhi PD, Vaidyanathan VG. Structural insights into the recognition of DNA defects by small molecules. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:5691-5712. [PMID: 33949406 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt04289g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the binding interaction of small molecules and nucleic acids have been explored for their biological applications. With excellent photophysical/chemical properties, numerous metal complexes have been studied as structural probes for nucleic acids. The recognition of DNA defects is of high importance due to their association with various types of cancers. Small molecules that target DNA defects in a specific and selective manner offer a new avenue for developing novel drugs and diagnostic tools. Transition metal complexes have been studied as probes for abasic sites and DNA/RNA mismatches. By changing the ligand structure or metal center, the probing efficiency of the metal complexes varies towards the defects. In this perspective, we have discussed mainly the structural requirement of metal complexes as probes for abasic sites, mismatches, and covalent DNA adducts, followed by the challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P David Dayanidhi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India. and Advanced Materials Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
| | - V G Vaidyanathan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India. and Advanced Materials Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
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3
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Saeed HK, Sreedharan S, Jarman PJ, Archer SA, Fairbanks SD, Foxon SP, Auty AJ, Chekulaev D, Keane T, Meijer AJHM, Weinstein JA, Smythe CGW, Bernardino de la Serna J, Thomas JA. Making the Right Link to Theranostics: The Photophysical and Biological Properties of Dinuclear Ru II-Re I dppz Complexes Depend on Their Tether. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1101-1111. [PMID: 31846306 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of new dinuclear complexes containing linked RuII(dppz) and ReI(dppz) moieties is reported. The photophysical and biological properties of the new complex, which incorporates a N,N'-bis(4-pyridylmethyl)-1,6-hexanediamine tether ligand, are compared to a previously reported RuII/ReI complex linked by a simple dipyridyl alkane ligand. Although both complexes bind to DNA with similar affinities, steady-state and time-resolved photophysical studies reveal that the nature of the linker affects the excited state dynamics of the complexes and their DNA photocleavage properties. Quantum-based DFT calculations on these systems offer insights into these effects. While both complexes are live cells permeant, their intracellular localizations are significantly affected by the nature of the linker. Notably, one of the complexes displayed concentration-dependent localization and possesses photophysical properties that are compatible with SIM and STED nanoscopy. This allowed the dynamics of its intracellular localization to be tracked at super resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Simon P Foxon
- ZapGo, Limited , Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell , Oxford OX11 0FA , United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jorge Bernardino de la Serna
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council , Harwell-Oxford , Didcot OX11 0QX , United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
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4
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Smitten KL, Fairbanks SD, Robertson CC, Bernardino de la Serna J, Foster SJ, Thomas JA. Ruthenium based antimicrobial theranostics - using nanoscopy to identify therapeutic targets and resistance mechanisms in Staphylococcus aureus. Chem Sci 2020; 11:70-79. [PMID: 32110358 PMCID: PMC7012045 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04710g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies we reported that specific dinuclear RuII complexes are particularly active against pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria and, unusually for this class of compounds, appeared to display lowered activity against Gram-positive bacteria. With the aim of identifying resistance mechanisms specific to Gram-positive bacteria, the uptake and antimicrobial activity of the lead complex against Staphylococcus aureus SH1000 and other isolates, including MRSA was investigated. This revealed differential, strain specific, sensitivity to the complex. Exploiting the inherent luminescent properties of the RuII complex, super-resolution STED nanoscopy was used to image its initial interaction with S. aureus and confirm its cellular internalization. Membrane damage assays and transmission electron microscopy confirm that the complex disrupts the bacterial membrane structure before internalization, which ultimately results in a small amount of DNA damage. A known resistance mechanism against cationic antimicrobials in Gram-positive bacteria involves increased expression of the mprF gene as this results in an accumulation of positively charged lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol on the outer leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane that electrostatically repel cationic species. Consistent with this model, it was found that an mprF deficient strain was particularly susceptible to treatment with the lead complex. More detailed co-staining studies also revealed that the complex was more active in S. aureus strains missing, or with altered, wall teichoic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty L Smitten
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Sheffield S10 2TN , UK . ;
- The Florey Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , University of Sheffield , S10 2TN , UK
| | - Simon D Fairbanks
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Sheffield S10 2TN , UK . ;
| | - Craig C Robertson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Sheffield S10 2TN , UK . ;
| | - Jorge Bernardino de la Serna
- National Heart and Lung Institute , Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London SW7 2AZ , UK
- Research Complex at Harwell , Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Central Laser Facility , United Kingdom Research and Innovation , OX11 0FA , UK
| | - Simon J Foster
- The Florey Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , University of Sheffield , S10 2TN , UK
| | - Jim A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Sheffield S10 2TN , UK . ;
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5
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Li X, Gorle AK, Sundaraneedi MK, Keene FR, Collins JG. Kinetically-inert polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes as therapeutic agents. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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6
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Saeed HK, Saeed IQ, Buurma NJ, Thomas JA. The Structure of Linkers Affects the DNA Binding Properties of Tethered Dinuclear Ruthenium(II) Metallo-Intercalators. Chemistry 2017; 23:5467-5477. [PMID: 28072487 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the long-term aim of enhancing the binding properties of dinuclear RuII -based DNA light-switch complexes, a series of eight structurally related mono- and dinuclear systems are reported in which the linker of the bridging ligand has been modulated. These tethered systems have been designed to explore issues of steric demand at the binding site and the thermodynamic cost of entropy loss upon binding. Detailed spectroscopic and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) studies on the new complexes reveal that one of the linkers produces a dinuclear system that binds to duplex DNA with an affinity (Kb >107 m-1 ) that is higher than its corresponding monometallic complex and is the highest affinity for a non-threading bis-intercalating metal complex. These studies confirm that the tether has a major effect on the binding properties of dinuclear complexes containing intercalating units and establishes key design rules for the construction of dinuclear complexes with enhanced DNA binding characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiwa K Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Ibrahim Q Saeed
- Physical Organic Chemistry Centre, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Niklaas J Buurma
- Physical Organic Chemistry Centre, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Jim A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
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Abstract
Ruthenium is seldom mentioned in microbiology texts, due to the fact that this metal has no known, essential roles in biological systems, nor is it generally considered toxic. Since the fortuitous discovery of cisplatin, first as an antimicrobial agent and then later employed widely as an anticancer agent, complexes of other platinum group metals, such as ruthenium, have attracted interest for their medicinal properties. Here, we review at length how ruthenium complexes have been investigated as potential antimicrobial, antiparasitic and chemotherapeutic agents, in addition to their long and well-established roles as biological stains and inhibitors of calcium channels. Ruthenium complexes are also employed in a surprising number of biotechnological roles. It is in the employment of ruthenium complexes as antimicrobial agents and alternatives or adjuvants to more traditional antibiotics, that we expect to see the most striking developments in the future. Such novel contributions from organometallic chemistry are undoubtedly sorely needed to address the antimicrobial resistance crisis and the slow appearance on the market of new antibiotics.
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Weber DK, Sani MA, Downton MT, Separovic F, Keene FR, Collins JG. Membrane Insertion of a Dinuclear Polypyridylruthenium(II) Complex Revealed by Solid-State NMR and Molecular Dynamics Simulation: Implications for Selective Antibacterial Activity. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15267-15277. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Weber
- Computational
Biophysics, IBM Research Australia, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- School
of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Marc-Antoine Sani
- School
of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew T. Downton
- Computational
Biophysics, IBM Research Australia, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- School
of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- School
of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - F. Richard Keene
- School
of Physical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Centre for Biodiscovery & Molecular Development of Therapeutics, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - J. Grant Collins
- School
of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
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9
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Li X, Heimann K, Li F, Warner JM, Richard Keene F, Grant Collins J. Dinuclear ruthenium(ii) complexes containing one inert metal centre and one coordinatively-labile metal centre: syntheses and biological activities. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:4017-29. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt04885k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dinuclear ruthenium(ii) complexes containing one inert and one labile metal centre have been synthesised and their biological properties examined in bacterial and eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Australian Defence Force Academy
- Canberra
| | - Kirsten Heimann
- College of Marine & Environmental Sciences
- James Cook University
- Townsville
- Australia
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics
| | - Fangfei Li
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Australian Defence Force Academy
- Canberra
| | - Jeffrey M. Warner
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics
- James Cook University
- Townsville
- Australia
- College of Public Health
| | - F. Richard Keene
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics
- James Cook University
- Townsville
- Australia
- College of Science
| | - J. Grant Collins
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Australian Defence Force Academy
- Canberra
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Abstract
One of the major advances in medical science has been the development of antimicrobials; however, a consequence of their widespread use has been the emergence of drug-resistant populations of microorganisms. There is clearly a need for the development of new antimicrobials--but more importantly, there is the need for the development of new classes of antimicrobials, rather than drugs based upon analogues of known scaffolds. Due to the success of the platinum anticancer agents, there has been considerable interest in the development of therapeutic agents based upon other transition metals--and in particular ruthenium(II/III) complexes, due to their well known interaction with DNA. There have been many studies of the anticancer properties and cellular localisation of a range of ruthenium complexes in eukaryotic cells over the last decade. However, only very recently has there been significant interest in their antimicrobial properties. This review highlights the types of ruthenium complexes that have exhibited significant antimicrobial activity and discusses the relationship between chemical structure and biological processing--including site(s) of intracellular accumulation--of the ruthenium complexes in both bacterial and eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfei Li
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
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11
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Synthesis, DNA binding and photocleavage, and cellular uptake of an alkyl chain-linked dinuclear ruthenium(II) complex. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 143:89-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Li X, Gorle AK, Ainsworth TD, Heimann K, Woodward CE, Grant Collins J, Richard Keene F. RNA and DNA binding of inert oligonuclear ruthenium(ii) complexes in live eukaryotic cells. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:3594-603. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02575j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Oligonuclear polypyridylruthenium(ii) complexes show selectivity for the nucleus of eukaryotic cells with a considerable preference for the RNA-rich nucleolus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Australian Defence Force Academy
- Canberra
| | - Anil K. Gorle
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Australian Defence Force Academy
- Canberra
| | - Tracy D. Ainsworth
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies
- James Cook University
- Townsville
- Australia
| | - Kirsten Heimann
- College of Marine & Environmental Sciences
- James Cook University
- Townsville
- Australia
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics
| | - Clifford E. Woodward
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Australian Defence Force Academy
- Canberra
| | - J. Grant Collins
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Australian Defence Force Academy
- Canberra
| | - F. Richard Keene
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics
- James Cook University
- Townsville
- Australia
- Department of Matter & Materials
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Gorle AK, Feterl M, Warner JM, Wallace L, Keene FR, Collins JG. Tri- and tetra-nuclear polypyridyl ruthenium(ii) complexes as antimicrobial agents. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:16713-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02139h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tri- and tetra-nuclear polypyridylruthenium(ii) complexes have been synthesised which exhibit high levels of antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K. Gorle
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Australian Defence Force Academy
- Canberra, Australia
| | - Marshall Feterl
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences
- James Cook University
- Townsville, Australia
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics
- James Cook University
| | - Jeffrey M. Warner
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences
- James Cook University
- Townsville, Australia
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics
- James Cook University
| | - Lynne Wallace
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Australian Defence Force Academy
- Canberra, Australia
| | - F. Richard Keene
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics
- James Cook University
- Townsville, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences
- James Cook University
| | - J. Grant Collins
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Australian Defence Force Academy
- Canberra, Australia
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Pandrala M, Li F, Feterl M, Mulyana Y, Warner JM, Wallace L, Keene FR, Collins JG. Chlorido-containing ruthenium(ii) and iridium(iii) complexes as antimicrobial agents. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:4686-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt32775b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Li F, Weber DK, Morgan JL, Collins JG, Keene FR. An approach to therapeutic agents through selective targeting of destabilised nucleic acid duplex sequences. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:6528-35. [PMID: 22311066 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt12146h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The binding of ΔΔ/ΛΛ-[{Ru(phen)(2)}(2)(μ-bb(n))](4+) {where phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, bb(n) = 1,n-bis[4(4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridyl)]-alkane (ΔΔ/ΛΛ-Rubb(n))} to the non-self complementary oligonucleotide 5'-d(CGCGATAAGCCGC·5'-GCGGCATTACGCG) (3-DB) has been examined using a 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) displacement assay. The 3-DB oligonucleotide contains two single adenine bulge nucleotides that are separated by three base pairs. (1)H NMR spectroscopy data demonstrated that the adenine bases are intra-helical and that the segment containing the two bulge nucleotides and the three A·T base pairs between the bulges forms a destabilised segment within the stable duplex oligonucleotide. The DAPI displacement assay demonstrated that ΔΔ-Rubb(7)-bound 3-DB with higher affinity than the other members of the ΔΔ/ΛΛ-Rubb(n) series. Molecular models suggested that the seven-carbon chain length in ΔΔ-Rubb(7) was ideal to span the distance between the two bulge sites. The binding of ΔΔ-Rubb(7) to 3-DB was also studied by (1)H NMR spectroscopy and molecular modelling. The selective changes in chemical shifts for the resonances from 3-DB upon addition of ΔΔ-Rubb(7) suggested that the metal complex specifically bound at the destabilised segment between A(5) and A(19). Observation in NOESY spectra of NOE cross peaks between 3-DB and ΔΔ-Rubb(7) confirmed that one of the ruthenium centres bound at the A(5) bulge site, with the other metal centre positioned at the A(19) bulge. In addition, ΔΔ-Rubb(7) was found to bind chromosomal DNA extracted from a suspension of Staphylococcus aureus that had been incubated with the ruthenium(ii) complex. As inert dinuclear ruthenium(ii) complexes are capable of being transported into a bacterial cell and bind chromosomal DNA, it is possible that they could be developed into anti-microbial agents that specifically target destabilised segments of DNA that are recognised by essential DNA-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfei Li
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
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Mulyana Y, Collins G, Keene R. Synthesis, nucleic acid binding and cytotoxicity of oligonuclear ruthenium complexes containing labile ligands. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-011-0036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Pisani MJ, Fromm PD, Mulyana Y, Clarke RJ, Körner H, Heimann K, Collins JG, Keene FR. Mechanism of cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of lipophilic inert dinuclear polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:848-58. [PMID: 21472992 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation, uptake mechanism, cytotoxicity, cellular localisation of-and mode of cell death induced by-dinuclear ruthenium(II) complexes ΔΔ/ΛΛ-[{Ru(phen)(2) }(2) {μ-bb(n) }](4+) (Rubb(n)), where phen is 1,10-phenanthroline, bb(n) is bis[4(4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridyl)]-1,n-alkane (n=2, 5, 7, 10, 12 or 16), and the corresponding mononuclear complexes containing the bb(n) ligands, were studied in L1210 murine leukaemia cells. Cytotoxicity increased with linker chain length, and the ΔΔ-Rubb(16) complex displayed the highest cytotoxicity of the series, with an IC(50) value of 5 μM, similar to that of carboplatin in the L1210 murine leukaemia cell line. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry studies indicated that the complexes accumulate in the mitochondria of L1210 cells, with the magnitude of cellular uptake and accumulation increasing with linking chain length in the bb(n) bridge of the metal complex. ΔΔ-Rubb(16) entered the L1210 cells by passive diffusion (with a minor contribution from protein-mediated active transport), inducing cell death via apoptosis. Additionally, metal-complex uptake in leukaemia cells was approximately 16-times that observed in healthy B cells highlighting that the bb(n) series of complexes may have potential as selective anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Pisani
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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18
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Ju CC, Zhang AG, Yuan CL, Zhao XL, Wang KZ. The interesting DNA-binding properties of three novel dinuclear Ru(II) complexes with varied lengths of flexible bridges. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:435-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2010] [Revised: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ghosh A, Das P, Gill MR, Kar P, Walker MG, Thomas JA, Das A. Photoactive RuII-Polypyridyl Complexes that Display Sequence Selectivity and High-Affinity Binding to Duplex DNA through Groove Binding. Chemistry 2011; 17:2089-98. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Mulyana Y, Weber DK, Buck DP, Motti CA, Collins JG, Keene FR. Oligonuclear polypyridylruthenium(ii) complexes incorporating flexible polar and non-polar bridges: synthesis, DNA-binding and cytotoxicity. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:1510-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01250e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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22
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Foxon SP, Alamiry MAH, Walker MG, Meijer AJHM, Sazanovich IV, Weinstein JA, Thomas JA. Photophysical properties and singlet oxygen production by ruthenium(II) complexes of benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine: spectroscopic and TD-DFT study. J Phys Chem A 2010; 113:12754-62. [PMID: 19791785 DOI: 10.1021/jp906716g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of a series of Ru(II) complexes containing benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppn) as a ligand are reported. Transient absorption spectroscopy studies indicate that, in contrast to related Ru(dppz) complexes (dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine), the excited state of all the dppn systems is a long-lived pipi* triplet state. Computational studies (DFT and TD-DFT) confirm that the excited state is based on the dppn ligand. Near-infrared luminescence studies reveal that the complexes are efficient singlet oxygen sensitizers with yields of 70-83%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Foxon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
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Pisani MJ, Zhao Y, Wallace L, Woodward CE, Keene FR, Day AI, Collins JG. Cucurbit[10]uril binding of dinuclear platinum(II) and ruthenium(II) complexes: association/dissociation rates from seconds to hours. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:2078-86. [DOI: 10.1039/b921172a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Pisani MJ, Weber DK, Heimann K, Collins JG, Keene FR. Selective mitochondrial accumulation of cytotoxic dinuclear polypyridyl ruthenium(ii) complexes. Metallomics 2010; 2:393-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c004922k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Buck DP, Paul JA, Pisani MJ, Collins JG, Keene FR. Binding of a Flexibly-linked Dinuclear Ruthenium(II) Complex to Adenine-bulged DNA Duplexes. Aust J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/ch10065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Using 1H NMR spectroscopy and molecular modelling, the DNA binding of a chiral dinuclear ruthenium(ii) complex {Δ,Δ-[{Ru(phen)2}2(μ-bb7)]4+; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, bb7 = 1,7-bis[4(4′-methyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)]-heptane} involving a bridging ligand containing a flexible aliphatic chain has been studied. The binding of the ruthenium(ii) complex was examined with the non-self-complementary duplexes d(CCGAGAATCGGCC):d(GGCCGATTCCGG) (containing a single adenine bulge: designated SB) and d(CCGAGCCGTGCC):d(GGCACGAGCCGG) (containing two adenine bulge sites separated by two base-pairs: designated DB). The NMR data indicated that the ruthenium(ii) complex bound at the bulge site of SB, with one ruthenium centre located at the bulge site with the second metal centre binding with lower affinity and selectivity in the duplex region adjacent to the bulge site. Less specific binding is inferred from chemical shift changes of nucleotide protons two to five base pairs from the single adenine bulge. The ruthenium(ii) complex selectively bound the DB duplex with one metal centre located at each bulge site. The NMR results also suggested that the metal complex binding induced greater changes to the structure of the SB duplex, compared with the DB duplex. Modelling indicates the bridging ligand allowed each ruthenium(ii) metal centre to bind one adenine bulge of the doubly-bulged duplex without disrupting the DNA structure, using the additional torsional flexibility conferred by the aliphatic bridging ligand. However, the second ruthenium(ii) metal centre is not able to bind in the minor groove of the singly-bulged duplex without disrupting the structure, as the metal centre is too bulky. The results of this study suggest dinuclear ruthenium(ii) complexes have considerable potential as probes for DNA and RNA sequences that contain two bulge sites separated by a small number of base-pairs.
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Keene FR, Smith JA, Collins JG. Metal complexes as structure-selective binding agents for nucleic acids. Coord Chem Rev 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Glasson CRK, Meehan GV, Clegg JK, Lindoy LF, Smith JA, Keene FR, Motti C. Microwave synthesis of a rare [Ru(2)L(3)](4+) triple helicate and its interaction with DNA. Chemistry 2008; 14:10535-8. [PMID: 18972465 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R K Glasson
- School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences, James Cook, University, Townsville 4811, Australia
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Gonzalez V, Wilson T, Kurihara I, Imai A, Thomas JA, Otsuki J. A dinuclear ruthenium(ii) complex that functions as a label-free colorimetric sensor for DNA. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:1868-70. [DOI: 10.1039/b802073f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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