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Wong JYF, Thomson CG, Vilela F, Barker G. Flash chemistry enables high productivity metalation-substitution of 5-alkyltetrazoles. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13413-13424. [PMID: 34777760 PMCID: PMC8528014 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04176b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrazoles play a prominent role in medicinal chemistry due to their role as carboxylate bioisosteres but have largely been overlooked as C-H functionalisation substrates. We herein report the development of a high-yielding and general procedure for the heterobenzylic C-H functionalisation of 5-alkyltetrazoles in up to 97% yield under batch conditions using a metalation/electrophilic trapping strategy. Through the use of thermal imaging to identify potentially unsafe exotherms, a continuous flow procedure using a flash chemistry strategy has also been developed, allowing products to be accessed in up to 95% yield. This enabled an extremely high productivity rate of 141 g h-1 to be achieved on an entry-level flow system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Y F Wong
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Christopher G Thomson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Filipe Vilela
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
- Continuum Flow Lab, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Graeme Barker
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
- Continuum Flow Lab, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
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Lumbroso A, Beaudet I, Quintard J, Fraisse C, Galland N, Toupet L, Le Grognec E. Sn−Li Transmetalation of α‐Aminoorganostannanes for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Substituted Dehydropiperidines and Dehydroazepanes. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabelle Beaudet
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230 F-44000 Nantes France
| | | | - Cécile Fraisse
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230 F-44000 Nantes France
| | - Nicolas Galland
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230 F-44000 Nantes France
| | - Loïc Toupet
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS UMR 6251Institut de Physique de Rennes Campus de Beaulieu 35042 Rennes France
| | - Erwan Le Grognec
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230 F-44000 Nantes France
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Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Piperidines: Functionalization of Preexisting Ring Systems. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Liu Y, Xiao S, Qi Y, Du F. Reductive Homocoupling of Organohalides Using Nickel(II) Chloride and Samarium Metal. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:673-678. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-chemical Engineering; Key Laboratory of Sensor Analysis of Tumor Marker; Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Shuhuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-chemical Engineering; Key Laboratory of Sensor Analysis of Tumor Marker; Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Yan Qi
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-chemical Engineering; Key Laboratory of Sensor Analysis of Tumor Marker; Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Feng Du
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-chemical Engineering; Key Laboratory of Sensor Analysis of Tumor Marker; Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
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Gooch LM, Rossington SB, Wilkinson JA. Asymmetric synthesis of diarylmethane derivatives by dynamic kinetic resolution. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Li X, Leonori D, Sheikh NS, Coldham I. Synthesis of 1-Substituted Tetrahydroisoquinolines by Lithiation and Electrophilic Quenching Guided by In Situ IR and NMR Spectroscopy and Application to the Synthesis of Salsolidine, Carnegine and Laudanosine. Chemistry 2013; 19:7724-30. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Mitchell EA, Peschiulli A, Lefevre N, Meerpoel L, Maes BUW. Direct α-Functionalization of Saturated Cyclic Amines. Chemistry 2012; 18:10092-142. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ince HH, Dedeoglu B, Gul S, Aviyente V, Coldham I. Selectivity in the aggregates of the chiral organolithiumN-Boc-2-lithiopiperidine with a chiral ligand: a DFT study. Mol Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2011.647103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Coldham I, Leonori D. Regioselective and stereoselective copper(I)-promoted allylation and conjugate addition of N-Boc-2-lithiopyrrolidine and N-Boc-2-lithiopiperidine. J Org Chem 2010; 75:4069-77. [PMID: 20469892 DOI: 10.1021/jo100415x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Copper salts have been screened for transmetalation and electrophilic quench of N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-2-lithiopyrrolidine (N-Boc-2-lithiopyrrolidine) and N-Boc-2-lithiopiperidine, formed by deprotonation of N-Boc-pyrrolidine and N-Boc-piperidine, respectively. Transmetalation with zinc chloride then (lithium chloride solubilized) copper cyanide followed by allylation typically gives mixtures of regioisomers (S(N)2 and S(N)2' products), whereas transmetalation with copper iodide.TMEDA then allylation occurs regioselectively (S(N)2 mechanism). Addition to an enone or alpha,beta-unsaturated ester occurs by 1,4-addition. Asymmetric deprotonation of N-Boc-pyrrolidine or dynamic resolution in the presence of a chiral ligand of N-Boc-2-lithiopiperidine followed by the zinc/copper chemistry was successful and gave the allylated pyrrolidine and piperidine products with good enantioselectivity, although use of the copper iodide chemistry resulted in some loss of enantiopurity. The chemistry provides formal syntheses of (+)-allosedridine, (+)-lasubine II, and (+)-pseudohygroline and has been used for the synthesis of (+)-coniine, (-)-pelletierine, (+)-coniceine, (-)-norhygrine, and the ant extract alkaloids cis- and trans-2-butyl-5-propylpyrrolidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Coldham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK.
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Coldham I, Raimbault S, Whittaker DTE, Chovatia PT, Leonori D, Patel JJ, Sheikh NS. Asymmetric substitutions of 2-lithiated N-boc-piperidine and N-Boc-azepine by dynamic resolution. Chemistry 2010; 16:4082-90. [PMID: 20175161 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Proton abstraction of N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-piperidine (N-Boc-piperidine) with sBuLi and TMEDA provides a racemic organolithium that can be resolved using a chiral ligand. The enantiomeric organolithiums can interconvert so that a dynamic resolution occurs. Two mechanisms for promoting enantioselectivity in the products are possible. Slow addition of an electrophile such as trimethylsilyl chloride allows dynamic resolution under kinetic control (DKR). This process occurs with high enantioselectivity and is successful by catalysis with substoichiometric chiral ligand (catalytic dynamic kinetic resolution). Alternatively, the two enantiomers of this organolithium can be resolved under thermodynamic control with good enantioselectivity (dynamic thermodynamic resolution, DTR). The best ligands found are based on chiral diamino-alkoxides. Using DTR, a variety of electrophiles can be used to provide an asymmetric synthesis of enantiomerically enriched 2-substituted piperidines, including (after Boc deprotection) the alkaloid (+)-beta-conhydrine. The chemistry was extended, albeit with lower yields, to the corresponding 2-substituted seven-membered azepine ring derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Coldham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK.
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Schipper D, Rousseaux S, Fagnou K. Kinetic Resolution of Quaternary and Tertiary β-Hydroxy Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:8343-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200902373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Schipper D, Rousseaux S, Fagnou K. Kinetic Resolution of Quaternary and Tertiary β-Hydroxy Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200902373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Coldham I, Leonori D, Beng TK, Gawley RE. The barrier to enantiomerization and dynamic resolution of N-Boc-2-lithiopiperidine and the effect of TMEDA. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:5239-41. [PMID: 19707632 DOI: 10.1039/b911024k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of enantiomerization and dynamic thermodynamic resolution (DTR) of N-Boc-2-lithiopiperidine have been measured, revealing significant differences in enthalpy and entropy for these processes and a role for the achiral ligand TMEDA; the racemization and the DTR are catalytic and first order in [TMEDA], and this has implications for asymmetric synthesis with chiral organolithiums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Coldham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UKS3 7HF.
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Coldham I, Leonori D. Synthesis of 2-Arylpiperidines by Palladium Couplings of Aryl Bromides with Organozinc Species Derived from Deprotonation of N-Boc-Piperidine. Org Lett 2008; 10:3923-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol801579r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iain Coldham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
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Coldham I, Raimbault S, Chovatia PT, Patel JJ, Leonori D, Sheikh NS, Whittaker DTE. Dynamic resolution of N-Boc-2-lithiopiperidine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:4174-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b810988e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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