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Wenger LE, Hanusa TP. Synthesis without solvent: consequences for mechanochemical reactivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14210-14222. [PMID: 37953718 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04929a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Solvents are so nearly omnipresent in synthetic chemistry that a classic question for their use has been: "What is the best solvent for this reaction?" The increasing use of mechanochemical approaches to synthesis-by grinding, milling, extrusion, or other means-and usually with no, or only limited, amounts of solvent, has raised an alternative question for the synthetic chemist: "What happens if there is no solvent?" This review focuses on a three-part answer to that question: when there is little change ("solvent-optional" reactions); when solvent needs to be present in some form, even if only in the amounts provided by liquid-assisted (LAG) or solvate-assisted grinding; and those cases in which mechanochemistry allows access to compounds that cannot be obtained from solution-based routes. The emphasis here is on inorganic and organometallic systems, including selected examples of mechanosynthesis and mechanocatalysis. Issues of mechanochemical depictions and the adequacy of LAG descriptions are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, USA.
| | - Timothy P Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, USA.
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2
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Koby RF, Doerr AM, Rightmire NR, Schley ND, Long BK, Hanusa TP. An η
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‐Bound Allyl Ligand on Magnesium in a Mechanochemically Generated Mg/K Allyl Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:9542-9548. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross F. Koby
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - Alicia M. Doerr
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996-1600 USA
| | | | - Nathan D. Schley
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - Brian K. Long
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996-1600 USA
| | - Timothy P. Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
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3
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Koby RF, Doerr AM, Rightmire NR, Schley ND, Long BK, Hanusa TP. An η
3
‐Bound Allyl Ligand on Magnesium in a Mechanochemically Generated Mg/K Allyl Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross F. Koby
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - Alicia M. Doerr
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996-1600 USA
| | | | - Nathan D. Schley
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - Brian K. Long
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996-1600 USA
| | - Timothy P. Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
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4
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Koby RF, Hanusa TP, Schley ND. Mechanochemically Driven Transformations in Organotin Chemistry: Stereochemical Rearrangement, Redox Behavior, and Dispersion-Stabilized Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15934-15942. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross F. Koby
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B #351822, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Timothy P. Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B #351822, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Nathan D. Schley
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B #351822, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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5
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Symmetric Assembly of a Sterically Encumbered Allyl Complex: Mechanochemical and Solution Synthesis of the Tris(allyl)beryllate, K[BeA′3] (A′ = 1,3-(SiMe3)2C3H3). INORGANICS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics5020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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6
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K+···Cπ and K+···F Non-Covalent Interactions in π-Functionalized Potassium Fluoroalkoxides. INORGANICS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics5010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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7
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Rightmire NR, Bruns DL, Hanusa TP, Brennessel WW. Mechanochemical Influence on the Stereoselectivity of Halide Metathesis: Synthesis of Group 15 Tris(allyl) Complexes. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R. Rightmire
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - David L. Bruns
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Timothy P. Hanusa
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - William W. Brennessel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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Krebs KM, Wiederkehr J, Schneider J, Schubert H, Eichele K, Wesemann L. η(3) -Allyl coordination at tin(II)-reactivity towards alkynes and benzonitrile. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:5502-6. [PMID: 25766048 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201500386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We herein report the synthesis and characterization of a terphenyl-substituted Sn(II) allyl compound featuring an η(3) coordination mode in solution and in the solid state. Two examples for the interesting reactivity of the allyl Sn(II) molecule are presented: Reactions with terminal alkynes result in the formation of tricyclic compounds by CC bond formation and the dimerization of two Sn moieties whereas the reaction with benzonitrile leads to a sixteen-membered ring system through CH activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian M Krebs
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen (Germany)
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Krebs KM, Wiederkehr J, Schneider J, Schubert H, Eichele K, Wesemann L. η3-Allylkoordination an Zinn(II) - Reaktivität gegenüber Alkinen und Benzonitril. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201500386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Guillet GL, Gordon JB, Di Francesco GN, Calkins MW, Čižmár E, Abboud KA, Meisel MW, García-Serres R, Murray LJ. A Family of Tri- and Dimetallic Pyridine Dicarboxamide Cryptates: Unusual O,N,O-Coordination and Facile Access to Secondary Coordination Sphere Hydrogen Bonding Interactions. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:2691-704. [DOI: 10.1021/ic502873d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary L. Guillet
- Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Jesse B. Gordon
- Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Gianna N. Di Francesco
- Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Matthew W. Calkins
- Department
of Physics and the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8440, United States
| | - Erik Čižmár
- Institute
of Physics, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, 04154 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Khalil A. Abboud
- Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Mark W. Meisel
- Department
of Physics and the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8440, United States
| | - Ricardo García-Serres
- Laboratoire
de Chimie de Biologie des Métaux, UMR 5249, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble-1, CNRS-CEA, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Leslie J. Murray
- Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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Day BM, McDouall JJW, Clayden J, Layfield RA. Directed Lithiation of Pentadienylsilanes. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/om501144f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Day
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
| | | | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
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12
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Day BM, Clayden J, Layfield RA. Structural Influences in Lithium Pentadienylsilane Complexes. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400596y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Day
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford
Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford
Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Richard A. Layfield
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford
Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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13
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Lichtenberg C, Okuda J. Strukturell definierte Allylverbindungen der Hauptgruppenmetalle: Koordination und Reaktivität. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201208942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Lichtenberg C, Okuda J. Structurally Defined Allyl Compounds of Main Group Metals: Coordination and Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:5228-46. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lichtenberg C, Spaniol TP, Okuda J. Bis(allyl)gallium cation, tris(allyl)gallium, and tetrakis(allyl)gallate: synthesis, characterization, and reactivity. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:2254-62. [PMID: 22268716 DOI: 10.1021/ic202293t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A series of cationic, neutral, and anionic allylgallium complexes has been isolated and fully characterized. It includes neutral [Ga(η(1)-C(3)H(5))(3)(L)] (1, L = THF; 2, L = OPPh(3)), cationic [Ga(η(1)-C(3)H(5))(2)(THF)(2)](+)[A](-) (3, [A](-) = [B(C(6)F(5))(4)](-); 4, [A](-) = [B(C(6)H(3)Cl(2))(4)](-)), as well as anionic [Cat](+)[Ga(η(1)-C(3)H(5))(4)](-) (5, [Cat](+) = K(+); 6, [Cat](+) = [K(dibenzo-18-c-6](+); 7, [Cat](+) = [PPh(4)](+)). Binding modes of the allyl ligand in solution and in the solid state have been studied comparatively. Single crystal X-ray analyses revealed a four-coordinate neutral gallium center in 2, a five-coordinate cationic gallium center in 4 and [4·THF], and a four-coordinate anionic gallium center with a bridging μ(2)-η(1):η(2) coordination mode of the allyl ligand in 6. The reactivity of this series of allylgallium complexes toward benzophenone and N-heteroaromatics has been investigated. Counterion effects have also been studied. Reactions of 1 and 5 with isoquinoline revealed the first examples of organogallium complexes reacting under 1,2-insertion with pyridine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispin Lichtenberg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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Solomon SA, Bickelhaupt FM, Layfield RA, Nilsson M, Poater J, Solà M. A donor-functionalized, silyl-substituted pentadienyllithium: structural insight from experiment and theory. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:6162-4. [PMID: 21519627 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc11697e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia A Solomon
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK M13 9PL
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17
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McMillen CH, Gren CK, Hanusa TP, Rheingold AL. A tetrameric allyl complex of sodium, and computational modeling of the 23Na–allyl chemical shift. Inorganica Chim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2010.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Chmely SC, Hanusa TP. Complexes with Sterically Bulky Allyl Ligands: Insights into Structure and Bonding. Eur J Inorg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200900813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C. Chmely
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37245, USA, Fax: +1‐615‐/343‐1234
| | - Timothy P. Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37245, USA, Fax: +1‐615‐/343‐1234
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Solomon SA, Layfield RA. The coordination chemistry of silyl-substituted allyl ligands. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:2469-83. [DOI: 10.1039/b918619k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Sulway SA, Girshfeld R, Solomon SA, Muryn CA, Poater J, Solà M, Bickelhaupt FM, Layfield RA. Alkali Metal Complexes of Silyl-Substitutedansa-(Tris)allyl Ligands: Metal-, Co-Ligand- and Substituent-Dependent Stereochemistry. Eur J Inorg Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200900618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Solomon SA, Muryn CA, Layfield RA. s-Block metal complexes of a bulky, donor-functionalized allyl ligand. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:3142-4. [DOI: 10.1039/b803364a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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