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Kearney SE, Gangano AJ, Barrus DG, Rehrauer KJ, Reid TER, Navaratne PV, Tracy EK, Roitberg A, Ghiviriga I, Cunningham CW, Gamage T, Grenning AJ. Axially Chiral Cannabinoids: Design, Synthesis, and Cannabinoid Receptor Affinity. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:13581-13591. [PMID: 37314891 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The resorcinol-terpene phytocannabinoid template is a privileged scaffold for the development of diverse therapeutics targeting the endocannabinoid system. Axially chiral cannabinols (axCBNs) are unnatural cannabinols (CBNs) that bear an additional C10 substituent, which twists the cannabinol biaryl framework out of planarity creating an axis of chirality. This unique structural modification is hypothesized to enhance both the physical and biological properties of cannabinoid ligands, thus ushering in the next generation of endocannabinoid system chemical probes and cannabinoid-inspired leads for drug development. In this full report, we describe the philosophy guiding the design of axCBNs as well as several synthetic strategies for their construction. We also introduce a second class of axially chiral cannabinoids inspired by cannabidiol (CBD), termed axially chiral cannabidiols (axCBDs). Finally, we provide an analysis of axially chiral cannabinoid (axCannabinoid) atropisomerism, which spans two classes (class 1 and 3 atropisomers), and provide first evidence that axCannabinoids retain─and in some cases, strengthen─affinity and functional activity at cannabinoid receptors. Together, these findings present a promising new direction for the design of novel cannabinoid ligands for drug discovery and exploration of the complex endocannabinoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Kearney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Anghelo J Gangano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel G Barrus
- Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutics, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Kyle J Rehrauer
- Concordia University Wisconsin School of Pharmacy, Mequon, Wisconsin 53097, United States
| | - Terry-Elinor R Reid
- Concordia University Wisconsin School of Pharmacy, Mequon, Wisconsin 53097, United States
| | - Primali V Navaratne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Emily K Tracy
- Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutics, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Adrian Roitberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | | | - Thomas Gamage
- Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutics, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Alexander J Grenning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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Polyfunctionalized biaryls accessed by a one-pot nucleophilic aromatic substitution and sigmatropic rearrangement reaction cascade under mild conditions. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.131966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Theoretical insights into the [4 + 2]/retro [4 + 2] cycloaddition approach to the synthesis of biaryls and polycyclic aromatics. Sci China Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-012-4821-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Specowius V, Bendrath F, Winterberg M, Ayub K, Langer P. Synthesis of Functionalized Indolizines by Lewis Acid-Mediated Cyclocondensation of 3-(Pyridin-2-yl)-propiolates with Enones. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jiang X, Chu L, Qing FL. Copper-catalyzed oxidative trifluoromethylation of terminal alkynes and aryl boronic acids using (trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane. J Org Chem 2012; 77:1251-7. [PMID: 22251059 DOI: 10.1021/jo202566h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Trifluoromethylated acetylenes and arenes are widely applicable in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. In 2010, our group has reported the copper-mediated oxidative trifluomethylation of terminal alkynes and aryl boronic acids. This method allows a wide range of functional group tolerant trifluoromethylated acetylenes and arenes to be easily prepared. After the preliminary mechanistic studies of the oxidative trifluoromethylation of terminal alkyne, an efficient copper-catalyzed oxidative trifluoromethylation of terminal alkynes and aryl boronic acids has been developed. The catalytic protocol is successfully achieved by adding both the substrate and a portion of CF(3)TMS slowly using a syringe pump to the reaction mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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McIntosh ML, Johnston RC, Pattawong O, Ashburn BO, Naffziger MR, Cheong PHY, Carter RG. Synthesis and computational analysis of densely functionalized triazoles using o-nitrophenylalkynes. J Org Chem 2012; 77:1101-12. [PMID: 22263720 DOI: 10.1021/jo202467k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dipolar cylcoadditions with azides using a series of o-nitrophenylethynes and disubstituted alkynes were studied experimentally and computationally. Density functional theory computations reveal the steric and electronic parameters that control the regioselectivity of these cycloadditions. Several new substrates were predicted that would either give enhanced regiocontrol or invert the regiochemical preference. Experimentally, the alkynes were screened in the [3 + 2] cycloaddition with benzyl azide. Of the 11 alkynes screened experimentally, the acetylenes containing halogen substitution directly on the alkyne provided the highest levels of regioselectivity. These haloalkynes were also shown to tolerate variation of the azide moiety with continued good levels of regioselectivity in most cases. Diverse functional groups can be incorporated through the cycloaddition process and their subsequent orthogonal modification was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L McIntosh
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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McIntosh ML, Naffziger MR, Ashburn BO, Zakharov LN, Carter RG. Highly regioselective nitrile oxide dipolar cycloadditions with ortho-nitrophenyl alkynes. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:9204-13. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26267c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Kirk BH, Ess DH. Quantum mechanical inspection of the Diels–Alder approach to biaryls mechanism. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abid OUR, Nawaz M, Ibad MF, Khera RA, Iaroshenko V, Langer P. Synthesis of functionalized arylpyridines and -pyrimidines by domino [4+2]/retro [4+2] cycloadditions of electron-rich dienes with alkynylpyridines and -pyrimidines. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:2185-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00755b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chen Z, Lin L, Chen D, Li J, Liu X, Feng X. Enantioselective aza-Diels–Alder reaction of Brassard’s diene with aldimines catalyzed by chiral N,N′-dioxide–Yb(OTf)3 complex. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Regioselective synthesis of amino- and nitroarenes based on [3+3] cyclocondensations of 1,3-bis(silyloxy)-1,3-butadienes. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ram RN, Kumar N. Synthesis of highly substituted m-chlorophenolic biaryls by chlorine substituent-promoted Diels–Alder reaction of 2-aryl-3-chlorofurans. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ashburn BO, Carter RG, Zakharov LN. Diels−Alder Approach to Biaryls: Elucidation of Competing Tandem [2+2] Cycloaddition/[1,3] Sigmatropic Shift Pathway. J Org Chem 2008; 73:7305-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo801245a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley O. Ashburn
- Department of Chemistry, 153 Gilbert Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Rich G. Carter
- Department of Chemistry, 153 Gilbert Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- Department of Chemistry, 153 Gilbert Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
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Ashburn BO, Rathbone LK, Camp EH, Carter RG. A Diels–Alder approach to biaryls (DAB): synthesis of the western portion of TMC-95. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.10.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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