1
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Exploring electronic structure, and substituent effect of some biologically active benzimidazole derivatives: Experimental insights and DFT calculations. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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2
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N-heterocyclic carbene-metal complexes as bio-organometallic antimicrobial and anticancer drugs, an update (2015–2020). Future Med Chem 2020; 12:2239-2275. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are organic compounds that typically mimic the chemical properties of phosphines. NHCs have made a significant impact on the field of coordination and organometallic chemistry because they are easy to prepare and handle and because of their versatility and stability. Importantly, the physicochemical properties of NHCs can be easily fine-tuned by simple variation of substituents on the nitrogen atoms. Over the past few years, various NHC–metal complexes have been extensively used as metal-based drug candidates and catalysts (homogeneous or heterogeneous) for various applications. To help assist future work with these compounds, this review provides a thorough review on the latest information involving some biomedical applications of NHC–metal complexes. Specifically, this article focuses on recent advances in the design, synthesis, characterization and biomedical applications (e.g., antimicrobial and anticancer activity) of various NHC–metal complexes (metal: silver, gold, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and platinum) covering work published from 2015 to 2020. It is hoped that the promising discoveries to date will help accelerate studies on the encouraging potential of NHC–metal complexes as a class of effective therapeutic agents.
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3
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Seifert TP, Naina VR, Feuerstein TJ, Knöfel ND, Roesky PW. Molecular gold strings: aurophilicity, luminescence and structure-property correlations. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:20065-20088. [PMID: 33001101 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04748a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the compound class of one-dimensional gold strings. These compounds feature a formally infinite repetition of gold complexes as monomers/repeating units that are held together by aurophilic interactions, i.e. direct gold-gold contacts. Their molecular structures are primarily determined in the solid state using single crystal X-ray diffraction. The chemical composition of the employed gold complexes is diverse and furthermore plays a key role in terms of structure characteristics and the resulting properties. One of the most common features of gold strings is their photoluminescence upon UV excitation. The emission energy is often dependent on the distance of adjacent gold ions and the electronic structure of the whole string. In terms of gold strings, these parameters can be fine-tuned by external stimuli such as solvent, pH value, pressure or mechanical stress. This leads to direct structure-property correlations, not only with regard to the photophysical properties, but also electric conductivity for potential application in nanoelectronics. Concerning these correlations, gold strings, consisting of self-assembled individual complexes as building blocks, are the ideal compound class to look at, as perturbations by an inhomogeneity in the ligand sphere (such as the end of a molecule) can be neglected. Therefore, the aim of this review is to shed light on the past achievements and current developments in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim P Seifert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Vanitha R Naina
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Thomas J Feuerstein
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Nicolai D Knöfel
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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4
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Arabinogalactan propargyl ethers: Au-catalysed hydroamination by imidazols. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 246:116638. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Albayer
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason L. Dutton
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Smith CA, Narouz MR, Lummis PA, Singh I, Nazemi A, Li CH, Crudden CM. N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Materials Chemistry. Chem Rev 2019; 119:4986-5056. [PMID: 30938514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have become one of the most widely studied class of ligands in molecular chemistry and have found applications in fields as varied as catalysis, the stabilization of reactive molecular fragments, and biochemistry. More recently, NHCs have found applications in materials chemistry and have allowed for the functionalization of surfaces, polymers, nanoparticles, and discrete, well-defined clusters. In this review, we provide an in-depth look at recent advances in the use of NHCs for the development of functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christene A Smith
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Mina R Narouz
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Paul A Lummis
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Ishwar Singh
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Ali Nazemi
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Chien-Hung Li
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, ITbM-WPI , Nagoya University , Nagoya , Chikusa 464-8601 , Japan
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7
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de Oliveira AH, Silva WP, da Silva JK, Freitas J, de Souza MA, Cristiano R, Menezes FG. Non-symmetrical three and two-core ring mesogens based on quinoxaline and benzimidazole derivatives: Supramolecular layers through amphoteric donating/accepting H-bonds. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Al-Karawi AJM, Kased AFH, Awad AA, Bariz OmarAli AA, Al-Qaisi ZHJ. Designing of some photo-luminescent materials based on a new mesogenic asymmetrical azine series. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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Albayer M, Corbo R, Dutton JL. Well defined difluorogold(iii) complexes supported by N-ligands. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6832-6834. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02535e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rare difluorogold(iii) complexes supported by N-ligands can be synthesized simply either from Au(i) precursors using XeF2 or Au(iii) using KF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Albayer
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Robert Corbo
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Jason L. Dutton
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University
- Melbourne
- Australia
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10
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Murthy PK, Smitha M, Sheena Mary Y, Armaković S, Armaković SJ, Rao RS, Suchetan P, Giri L, Pavithran R, Van Alsenoy C. Supramolecular architecture of 5-bromo-7-methoxy-1-methyl-1 H -benzoimidazole.3H 2 O: Synthesis, spectroscopic investigations, DFT computation, MD simulations and docking studies. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Synthesis, characterization and liquid crystalline properties of novel benzimidazol-8-hydroxyquinoline complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Huang RT, Rondla R, Wang WJ, Lin IJ. Gemini imidazolium salts comprising Cl − , BF 4 − , PF 6 − , AuCl 4 − counterions: Synthesis, thermotropic liquid crystal study and use of AuCl 4 − salt precursor to AuNPs. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Syu HJH, Chiou JYZ, Wang JC, Lin IJB. Photoluminescence of self-assembled Ag(i) and Au(i) N-heterocyclic carbene complexes. Interplay the aurophilic, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28294f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of a 2-hydroxyl group at the long alkyl chain of NHC increases the hydrogen bonding interactions and thus induces the liquid crystal phase formation for the tetra nuclear Ag–NHC complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ju-Chun Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Soochow University
- Taipei 111
- Taiwan
| | - Ivan J. B. Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- Soochow University
- Taipei 111
- Taiwan
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Young AJ, Serpell CJ, Chin JM, Reithofer MR. Optically active histidin-2-ylidene stabilised gold nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:12426-12429. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc07602a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of histidine-derived NHC-stabilised chiroptical gold nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Young
- Gray Centre for Advanced Materials
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences
- University of Hull
- Hull
- UK
| | | | - Jia Min Chin
- Gray Centre for Advanced Materials
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences
- University of Hull
- Hull
- UK
| | - Michael R. Reithofer
- Gray Centre for Advanced Materials
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences
- University of Hull
- Hull
- UK
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15
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Mansour AM, Bakry EME, Abdel-Ghani NT. Flubendazole Pd(II) complexes: structural studies, cytotoxicity, and quantum chemical calculations. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-016-0858-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Surfactant Crystals: Structural Aspects and Functions. CRYSTALS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst6030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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18
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Ai P, Danopoulos AA, Braunstein P, Monakhov KY. A novel, rigid diphosphine with an active NHC spacer; di- and trinuclear complexes of d10coinage metals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:103-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47370h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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19
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Mansour AM. What happens when (1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl amine is added to copper(II) acetate? Spectroscopic, magnetic, and DFT studies. Inorganica Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2013.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Tuchscherer A, Schaarschmidt D, Schulze S, Hietschold M, Lang H. Gold nanoparticles generated by thermolysis of "all-in-one" gold(I) carboxylate complexes. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:2738-46. [PMID: 22246421 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt11748g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Consecutive synthesis methodologies for the preparation of the gold(I) carboxylates [(Ph(3)P)AuO(2)CCH(2)(OCH(2)CH(2))(n)OCH(3)] (n = 0-6) (6a-g) are reported, whereby selective mono-alkylation of diols HO(CH(2)CH(2)O)(n)H (n = 0-6), Williamson ether synthesis and metal carboxylate (Ag, Au) formation are the key steps. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies of 6a (n = 0) and 6b (n = 1) were carried out showing that the P-Au-O unit is essentially linear. These compounds were applied in the formation of gold nanoparticles (NP) by a thermally induced decomposition process and hence the addition of any further stabilizing and reducing reagents, respectively, is not required. The ethylene glycol functionalities, providing multiple donating capabilities, are able to stabilise the encapsulated gold colloids. The dependency of concentration, generation time and ethylene glycol chain lengths on the NP size and size distribution is discussed. Characterisation of the gold colloids was performed by TEM, UV/Vis spectroscopy and electron diffraction studies revealing that Au NP are formed with a size of 3.3 (±0.6) to 6.5 (±0.9) nm in p-xylene with a sharp size distribution. Additionally, a decomposition mechanism determined by TG-MS coupling experiments of the gold(i) precursors is reported showing that 1(st) decarboxylation occurs followed by the cleavage of the Au-PPh(3) bond and finally release of ethylene glycol fragments to give Au-NP and the appropriate organics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tuchscherer
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
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21
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Abdel Ghani NT, Mansour AM. 2-[(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)-amino]-benzoic acid methyl ester: crystal structure, DFT calculations and biological activity evaluation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 81:754-763. [PMID: 21795112 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, structural properties of 2-[(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)-amino]-benzoic acid methyl ester have been studied extensively by spectral methods and X-ray crystallography. Quantum mechanical calculations of energies, geometries, vibrational wavenumbers, NMR and electronic transitions were carried out by DFT using B3LYP functional combined with 6-31G(d) basis set. Natural bond orbitals (NBO) analysis and frontier molecular orbitals were performed at the same level of theory. DFT calculations showed good agreement between the theoretical and experimental values of optimized and X-ray structure as well as between the vibrational and NMR spectroscopy. The title compound was screened for its antibacterial activity referring to Tetracycline as standard antibacterial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour T Abdel Ghani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamaa Street, Giza 12613, Egypt.
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22
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Sinha AK, Basu M, Sarkar S, Pradhan M, Pal T. Electrostatic field force directed gold nanowires from anion exchange resin. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:17419-17426. [PMID: 20873846 DOI: 10.1021/la102387x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a polarization-induced growth process to synthesize gram quantity of gold nanowire (Au NW) on the outer surface of an anion exchange resin matrix. This new, simple, modified hydrothermolysis (MHT) procedure involving resin-bound HAuCl(4) produced micrometer long Au nanowire on resin surface. The charged resin matrix responsibly imposes electrostatic field effect (EFF) for 1D growth of Au NWs in the presence of different amines or derivatives of amines. The Au nanowire is separated from resin by sonication. Again, the synthesis of MnO(2) nanowire with resin support through similar MHT strengthens the 1D growth proposition, that is, EFF-induced polarization effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721302, India
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23
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Strasser CE, Dobrzańska L, Schmidbaur H, Cronje S, Raubenheimer HG. Solvent and counter ion effects in bis(imidazole) dinuclear heterometallacyclic complexes of gold(I): Some considerations of porosity. J Mol Struct 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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24
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Hsu SJ, Su PYS, Jian LY, Chang AHH, Lin IJB. Vertex and Edge Truncated Octahedron Gold Crystals. N-alkylimidazole and Silver(I) Ion Controlled Morphology Transformation. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:4149-55. [DOI: 10.1021/ic902201u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. J. Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Nanotechnology Research Center, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Padi Y. S. Su
- Department of Chemistry and Nanotechnology Research Center, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - L. Y. Jian
- Department of Chemistry and Nanotechnology Research Center, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - A. H. H. Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Nanotechnology Research Center, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Ivan J. B. Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Nanotechnology Research Center, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
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bis-(1H-Benzimidazol-2-yl)-methanone: New preparation method, crystal structure, vibrational spectroscopy and DFT calculations. J Mol Struct 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2009.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Vignolle J, Tilley TD. N-heterocyclic carbene-stabilized gold nanoparticles and their assembly into 3D superlattices. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:7230-2. [PMID: 19921039 DOI: 10.1039/b913884f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The facile one-phase synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene-stabilized gold nanoparticles (NHC-AuNP) by reduction of NHC-gold(I) complexes and their self-assembly into 3D superlattices is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Vignolle
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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27
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Huang RTW, Wang WC, Yang RY, Lu JT, Lin IJB. Liquid crystals of gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene complexes. Dalton Trans 2009:7121-31. [DOI: 10.1039/b907171g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Lu X, Yavuz MS, Tuan HY, Korgel BA, Xia Y. Ultrathin Gold Nanowires Can Be Obtained by Reducing Polymeric Strands of Oleylamine−AuCl Complexes Formed via Aurophilic Interaction. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:8900-1. [DOI: 10.1021/ja803343m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianmao Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Materials Institute and Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Mustafa S. Yavuz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Materials Institute and Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Hsing-Yu Tuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Materials Institute and Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Brian A. Korgel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Materials Institute and Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Younan Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Materials Institute and Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
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