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Bofinger R, Weitsman G, Evans R, Glaser M, Sander K, Allan H, Hochhauser D, Kalber TL, Årstad E, Hailes HC, Ng T, Tabor AB. Drug delivery, biodistribution and anti-EGFR activity: theragnostic nanoparticles for simultaneous in vivo delivery of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and kinase activity biosensors. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:18520-18535. [PMID: 34730152 PMCID: PMC8601123 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02770k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In vivo delivery of small molecule therapeutics to cancer cells, assessment of the selectivity of administration, and measuring the efficacity of the drug in question at the molecule level, are important ongoing challenges in developing new classes of cancer chemotherapeutics. One approach that has the potential to provide targeted delivery, tracking of biodistribution and readout of efficacy, is to use multimodal theragnostic nanoparticles to deliver the small molecule therapeutic. In this paper, we report the development of targeted theragnostic lipid/peptide/DNA lipopolyplexes. These simultaneously deliver an inhibitor of the EGFR tyrosine kinase, and plasmid DNA coding for a Crk-based biosensor, Picchu-X, which when expressed in the target cells can be used to quantify the inhibition of EGFR in vivo in a mouse colorectal cancer xenograft model. Reversible bioconjugation of a known analogue of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor Mo-IPQA to a cationic peptide, and co-formulation with peptides containing both EGFR-binding and cationic sequences, allowed for good levels of inhibitor encapsulation with targeted delivery to LIM1215 colon cancer cells. Furthermore, high levels of expression of the Picchu-X biosensor in the LIM1215 cells in vivo allowed us to demonstrate, using fluorescence lifetime microscopy (FLIM)-based biosensing, that EGFR activity can be successfully suppressed by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, released from the lipopolyplexes. Finally, we measured the biodistribution of lipopolyplexes containing 125I-labelled inhibitors and were able to demonstrate that the lipopolyplexes gave significantly higher drug delivery to the tumors compared with free drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Bofinger
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Gregory Weitsman
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Rachel Evans
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Matthias Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
- Centre for Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kathleen Lonsdale Building, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, UK
| | - Kerstin Sander
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
- Centre for Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kathleen Lonsdale Building, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, UK
| | - Helen Allan
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Daniel Hochhauser
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Tammy L Kalber
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Erik Årstad
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
- Centre for Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kathleen Lonsdale Building, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, UK
| | - Helen C Hailes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Tony Ng
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Alethea B Tabor
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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2
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Assembly strategy of liposome and polymer systems for siRNA delivery. Int J Pharm 2021; 592:120033. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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3
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Mohammadi A, Kudsiova L, Mustapa MFM, Campbell F, Vlaho D, Welser K, Story H, Tagalakis AD, Hart SL, Barlow DJ, Tabor AB, Lawrence MJ, Hailes HC. The discovery and enhanced properties of trichain lipids in lipopolyplex gene delivery systems. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:945-957. [PMID: 30629080 PMCID: PMC6350505 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02374c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Novel trichain lipids have been identified with enhanced transfection properties in lipopolyplexes.
The formation of a novel trichain (TC) lipid was discovered when a cationic lipid possessing a terminal hydroxyl group and the helper lipid dioleoyl l-α-phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) were formulated as vesicles and stored. Importantly, the transfection efficacies of lipopolyplexes comprised of the TC lipid, a targeting peptide and DNA (LPDs) were found to be higher than when the corresponding dichain (DC) lipid was used. To explore this interesting discovery and determine if this concept can be more generally applied to improve gene delivery efficiencies, the design and synthesis of a series of novel TC cationic lipids and the corresponding DC lipids was undertaken. Transfection efficacies of the LPDs were found to be higher when using the TC lipids compared to the DC analogues, so experiments were carried out to investigate the reasons for this enhancement. Sizing experiments and transmission electron microscopy indicated that there were no major differences in the size and shape of the LPDs prepared using the TC and DC lipids, while circular dichroism spectroscopy showed that the presence of the third acyl chain did not influence the conformation of the DNA within the LPD. In contrast, small angle neutron scattering studies showed a considerable re-arrangement of lipid conformation upon formulation as LPDs, particularly of the TC lipids, while gel electrophoresis studies revealed that the use of a TC lipid in the LPD formulation resulted in enhanced DNA protection properties. Thus, the major enhancement in transfection performance of these novel TC lipids can be attributed to their ability to protect and subsequently release DNA. Importantly, the TC lipids described here highlight a valuable structural template for the generation of gene delivery vectors, based on the use of lipids with three hydrophobic chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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4
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Kudsiova L, Mohammadi A, Mustapa MFM, Campbell F, Welser K, Vlaho D, Story H, Barlow DJ, Tabor AB, Hailes HC, Lawrence MJ. Trichain cationic lipids: the potential of their lipoplexes for gene delivery. Biomater Sci 2018; 7:149-158. [PMID: 30357152 PMCID: PMC6336150 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm00965a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipoplexes (LDs) have been prepared from DNA and positively charged vesicles composed of the helper lipid, dioleoyl l-α-phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) and either a dichain (DC) oxyethylated cationic lipid or their corresponding novel trichain (TC) counterpart. This is the first study using the TC lipids for the preparation of LDs and their application. Here the results of biophysical experiments characterising the LDs have been correlated with the in vitro transfection activity of the complexes. Photon correlation spectroscopy, zeta potential measurements and transmission electron microscopy studies indicated that, regardless of the presence of a third chain, there were little differences between the size and charge of the TC and DC containing LDs. Small angle neutron scattering studies established however that there was a significant conformational re-arrangement of the lipid bilayer when in the form of a LD complex as opposed to the parent vesicles. This re-arrangement was particularly noticeable in LDs containing TC lipids possessing a third chain of C12 or a longer chain. These results suggested that the presence of a third hydrophobic chain had a significant effect on lipid packing in the presence of DNA. Picogreen fluorescence and gel electrophoresis studies showed that the TC lipids containing a third acyl chain of at least C12 were most effective at complexing DNA while the TC lipids containing an octanoyl chain and the DC lipids were least effective. The transfection efficacies of the TC lipids in the form of LDs were found to be higher than for the DC analogues, particularly when the third acyl chain was an octanoyl or oleoyl moeity. Little or no increase in transfection efficiency was observed when the third chain was a methyl, acetyl or dodecanoyl group. The large enhancement in transfection performance of the TC lipids can be attributed to their ability to complex their DNA payload. These studies indicate that presence of a medium or long third acyl chain was especially beneficial for transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Kudsiova
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Atefeh Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - M Firouz Mohd Mustapa
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Frederick Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Katharina Welser
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Danielle Vlaho
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Harriet Story
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - David J Barlow
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Alethea B Tabor
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Helen C Hailes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - M Jayne Lawrence
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK and Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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5
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Bofinger R, Zaw‐Thin M, Mitchell NJ, Patrick PS, Stowe C, Gomez‐Ramirez A, Hailes HC, Kalber TL, Tabor AB. Development of lipopolyplexes for gene delivery: A comparison of the effects of differing modes of targeting peptide display on the structure and transfection activities of lipopolyplexes. J Pept Sci 2018; 24:e3131. [PMID: 30325562 PMCID: PMC6282963 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis and formulation of non-viral gene delivery vectors is an area of renewed research interest. Amongst the most efficient non-viral gene delivery systems are lipopolyplexes, in which cationic peptides are co-formulated with plasmid DNA and lipids. One advantage of lipopolyplex vectors is that they have the potential to be targeted to specific cell types by attaching peptide targeting ligands on the surface, thus increasing both the transfection efficiency and selectivity for disease targets such as cancer cells. In this paper, we have investigated two different modes of displaying cell-specific peptide targeting ligands at the surface of lipopolyplexes. Lipopolyplexes formulated with bimodal peptides, with both receptor binding and DNA condensing sequences, were compared with lipopolyplexes with the peptide targeting ligand directly conjugated to one of the lipids. Three EGFR targeting peptide sequences were studied, together with a range of lipid formulations and maleimide lipid structures. The biophysical properties of the lipopolyplexes and their transfection efficiencies in a basal-like breast cancer cell line were investigated using plasmid DNA bearing genes for the expression of firefly luciferase and green fluorescent protein. Fluorescence quenching experiments were also used to probe the macromolecular organisation of the peptide and pDNA components of the lipopolyplexes. We demonstrated that both approaches to lipopolyplex targeting give reasonable transfection efficiencies, and the transfection efficiency of each lipopolyplex formulation is highly dependent on the sequence of the targeting peptide. To achieve maximum therapeutic efficiency, different peptide targeting sequences and lipopolyplex architectures should be investigated for each target cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Bofinger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London20, Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - May Zaw‐Thin
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6DDUK
| | - Nicholas J. Mitchell
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London20, Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - P. Stephen Patrick
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6DDUK
| | - Cassandra Stowe
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6DDUK
| | - Ana Gomez‐Ramirez
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6DDUK
| | - Helen C. Hailes
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London20, Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Tammy L. Kalber
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6DDUK
| | - Alethea B. Tabor
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London20, Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
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6
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Alazzo A, Lovato T, Collins H, Taresco V, Stolnik S, Soliman M, Spriggs K, Alexander C. Structural variations in hyperbranched polymers prepared via thermal polycondensation of lysine and histidine and their effects on DNA delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jin2.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alazzo
- School of Pharmacy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
- Department of Pharmaceutics; University of Mosul; Mosul Iraq
| | - Tatiana Lovato
- School of Pharmacy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Hilary Collins
- School of Pharmacy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Vincenzo Taresco
- School of Pharmacy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Snjezana Stolnik
- School of Pharmacy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Mahmoud Soliman
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Ain Shams University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Keith Spriggs
- School of Pharmacy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
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7
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Weitsman G, Mitchell NJ, Evans R, Cheung A, Kalber TL, Bofinger R, Fruhwirth GO, Keppler M, Wright ZVF, Barber PR, Gordon P, de Koning T, Wulaningsih W, Sander K, Vojnovic B, Ameer-Beg S, Lythgoe M, Arnold JN, Årstad E, Festy F, Hailes HC, Tabor AB, Ng T. Detecting intratumoral heterogeneity of EGFR activity by liposome-based in vivo transfection of a fluorescent biosensor. Oncogene 2017; 36:3618-3628. [PMID: 28166195 PMCID: PMC5421598 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of research in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling field, and many targeted anti-cancer drugs that have been tested clinically, the success rate for these agents in the clinic is low, particularly in terms of the improvement of overall survival. Intratumoral heterogeneity is proposed as a major mechanism underlying treatment failure of these molecule-targeted agents. Here we highlight the application of fluorescence lifetime microscopy (FLIM)-based biosensing to demonstrate intratumoral heterogeneity of EGFR activity. For sensing EGFR activity in cells, we used a genetically encoded CrkII-based biosensor which undergoes conformational changes upon tyrosine-221 phosphorylation by EGFR. We transfected this biosensor into EGFR-positive tumour cells using targeted lipopolyplexes bearing EGFR-binding peptides at their surfaces. In a murine model of basal-like breast cancer, we demonstrated a significant degree of intratumoral heterogeneity in EGFR activity, as well as the pharmacodynamic effect of a radionuclide-labeled EGFR inhibitor in situ. Furthermore, a significant correlation between high EGFR activity in tumour cells and macrophage-tumour cell proximity was found to in part account for the intratumoral heterogeneity in EGFR activity observed. The same effect of macrophage infiltrate on EGFR activation was also seen in a colorectal cancer xenograft. In contrast, a non-small cell lung cancer xenograft expressing a constitutively active EGFR conformational mutant exhibited macrophage proximity-independent EGFR activity. Our study validates the use of this methodology to monitor therapeutic response in terms of EGFR activity. In addition, we found iNOS gene induction in macrophages that are cultured in tumour cell-conditioned media as well as an iNOS activity-dependent increase in EGFR activity in tumour cells. These findings point towards an immune microenvironment-mediated regulation that gives rise to the observed intratumoral heterogeneity of EGFR signalling activity in tumour cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Weitsman
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, Kings College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London, UK
| | - N J Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - R Evans
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, Kings College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London, UK
| | - A Cheung
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, Kings College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - T L Kalber
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - R Bofinger
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - G O Fruhwirth
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, Kings College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London, UK
| | - M Keppler
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, Kings College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London, UK
| | - Z V F Wright
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - P R Barber
- Gray Laboratories, Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford, UK
| | - P Gordon
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - T de Koning
- Division of Cancer Studies, Kings College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London, UK
| | - W Wulaningsih
- Cancer Epidemiology Group, Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - K Sander
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - B Vojnovic
- Gray Laboratories, Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford, UK
| | - S Ameer-Beg
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, Kings College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London, UK
| | - M Lythgoe
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - J N Arnold
- Division of Cancer Studies, Kings College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London, UK
| | - E Årstad
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - F Festy
- King’s College London Dental Institute, Tissue Engineering and Biophotonics, Guy’s Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - H C Hailes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - A B Tabor
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - T Ng
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, Kings College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, King’s College London, London, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, University College London, London, UK
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8
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9
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Rezaee M, Oskuee RK, Nassirli H, Malaekeh-Nikouei B. Progress in the development of lipopolyplexes as efficient non-viral gene delivery systems. J Control Release 2016; 236:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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10
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Kudsiova L, Welser K, Campbell F, Mohammadi A, Dawson N, Cui L, Hailes HC, Lawrence MJ, Tabor AB. Delivery of siRNA using ternary complexes containing branched cationic peptides: the role of peptide sequence, branching and targeting. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:934-51. [PMID: 26794416 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00754b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ternary nanocomplexes, composed of bifunctional cationic peptides, lipids and siRNA, as delivery vehicles for siRNA have been investigated. The study is the first to determine the optimal sequence and architecture of the bifunctional cationic peptide used for siRNA packaging and delivery using lipopolyplexes. Specifically three series of cationic peptides of differing sequence, degrees of branching and cell-targeting sequences were co-formulated with siRNA and vesicles prepared from a 1 : 1 molar ratio of the cationic lipid DOTMA and the helper lipid, DOPE. The level of siRNA knockdown achieved in the human alveolar cell line, A549-luc cells, in both reduced serum and in serum supplemented media was evaluated, and the results correlated to the nanocomplex structure (established using a range of physico-chemical tools, namely small angle neutron scattering, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurement); the conformational properties of each component (circular dichroism); the degree of protection of the siRNA in the lipopolyplex (using gel shift assays) and to the cellular uptake, localisation and toxicity of the nanocomplexes (confocal microscopy). Although the size, charge, structure and stability of the various lipopolyplexes were broadly similar, it was clear that lipopolyplexes formulated from branched peptides containing His-Lys sequences perform best as siRNA delivery agents in serum, with protection of the siRNA in serum balanced against efficient release of the siRNA into the cytoplasm of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Kudsiova
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Katharina Welser
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Frederick Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Atefeh Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Natalie Dawson
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Lili Cui
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Helen C Hailes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - M Jayne Lawrence
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Alethea B Tabor
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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11
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Draghici B, Ilies MA. Synthetic Nucleic Acid Delivery Systems: Present and Perspectives. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4091-130. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500330k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Draghici
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Marc A. Ilies
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
- Temple Materials Institute, 1803 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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12
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Tian H, Chen J, Chen X. Nanoparticles for gene delivery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:2034-2044. [PMID: 23630123 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201202485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nanocarriers are a new type of nonviral gene carriers, many of which have demonstrated a broad range of pharmacological and biological properties, such as being biodegradable in the body, stimulus-responsive towards the surrounding environment, and an ability to specifically targeting certain disease sites. By summarizing some main types of nanocarriers, this Concept considers the current status and possible future directions of the potential clinical applications of multifunctional nanocarriers, with primary attention on the combination of such properties as biodegradability, targetability, transfection ability, and stimuli sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
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13
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Mitchell N, Kalber TL, Cooper MS, Sunassee K, Chalker SL, Shaw KP, Ordidge KL, Badar A, Janes SM, Blower PJ, Lythgoe MF, Hailes HC, Tabor AB. Incorporation of paramagnetic, fluorescent and PET/SPECT contrast agents into liposomes for multimodal imaging. Biomaterials 2013; 34:1179-92. [PMID: 23131536 PMCID: PMC3520009 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of metal-chelating lipid conjugates has been designed and synthesized. Each member of the series bears a 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) macrocycle attached to the lipid head group, using short n-ethylene glycol (n-EG) spacers of varying length. Liposomes incorporating these lipids, chelated to Gd(3+), (64)Cu(2+), or (111)In(3+), and also incorporating fluorescent lipids, have been prepared, and their application in optical, magnetic resonance (MR) and single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) imaging of cellular uptake and distribution investigated in vitro and in vivo. We have shown that these multimodal liposomes can be used as functional MR contrast agents as well as radionuclide tracers for SPECT, and that they can be optimized for each application. When shielded liposomes were formulated incorporating 50% of a lipid with a short n-EG spacer, to give nanoparticles with a shallow but even coverage of n-EG, they showed good cellular internalization in a range of tumour cells, compared to the limited cellular uptake of conventional shielded liposomes formulated with 7% 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[carboxy(polyethyleneglycol)(2000)] (DSPE-PEG2000). Moreover, by matching the depth of n-EG coverage to the length of the n-EG spacers of the DOTA lipids, we have shown that similar distributions and blood half lives to DSPE-PEG2000-stabilized liposomes can be achieved. The ability to tune the imaging properties and distribution of these liposomes allows for the future development of a flexible tri-modal imaging agent.
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Key Words
- dota-lipid
- liposome
- mri (magnetic resonance imaging)
- peg (poly(ethylene)glycol)
- spect (single-photon emission tomography)
- dcc, n,n-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
- deg1sl, dioleylethyleneglycol-1-succidimidyl linker
- deg3sl, dioleylethyleneglycol-3-succidimidyl linker
- deg6sl, dioleylethyleneglycol-6-succidimidyl linker
- dodeg4, dioleyldimethyl ethylene glycol 4
- dope, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine
- dota, 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid
- dotma, n-[1-(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl]-n,n,n-trimethylammonium chloride
- dspe-peg2000, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-n-[carboxy(polyethyleneglycol)2000]
- dtpa, diethylenetriamine pentacetic acid
- n-eg, n-ethylene glycol
- epr, enhanced permeability and retention effect
- fl-dhpe, n-(fluorescein-5-thiocarbamoyl)-1,2-dihexa-decanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine
- hbtu, o-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-n,n,n′,n′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate
- itlc, instant thin layer chromatography
- mr, magnetic resonance
- peg, polyethylene glycol
- pet, positron emission tomography
- res, reticuloendothelial system
- spect, single-photon emission tomography
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon St, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Tammy L. Kalber
- Centre of Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine and Institute of Child Health, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, WC1E 6DD, UK
- Centre for Respiratory Research, University College London, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Margaret S. Cooper
- King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Kavitha Sunassee
- King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Samantha L. Chalker
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon St, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
- Royal Institution of Great Britain, Davy Faraday Research Laboratories, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, UK
| | - Karen P. Shaw
- Centre for Respiratory Research, University College London, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Katherine L. Ordidge
- Centre of Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine and Institute of Child Health, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, WC1E 6DD, UK
- Centre for Respiratory Research, University College London, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Adam Badar
- Centre of Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine and Institute of Child Health, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Samuel M. Janes
- Centre for Respiratory Research, University College London, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Philip J. Blower
- King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
- King's College London, Division of Chemistry, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Mark F. Lythgoe
- Centre of Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine and Institute of Child Health, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Helen C. Hailes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon St, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Alethea B. Tabor
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon St, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
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14
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Welser K, Campbell F, Kudsiova L, Mohammadi A, Dawson N, Hart SL, Barlow DJ, Hailes HC, Lawrence MJ, Tabor AB. Gene Delivery Using Ternary Lipopolyplexes Incorporating Branched Cationic Peptides: The Role of Peptide Sequence and Branching. Mol Pharm 2012; 10:127-41. [DOI: 10.1021/mp300187t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Welser
- Department of Chemistry, University
College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street,
London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Frederick Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University
College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street,
London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Laila Kudsiova
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical
Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building,
150 Stamford Street, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Atefeh Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, University
College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street,
London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Natalie Dawson
- Department of Chemistry, University
College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street,
London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Stephen L. Hart
- Wolfson Centre for Gene Therapy
of Childhood Disease, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street,
London WC1N 1EH, U.K
| | - David J. Barlow
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical
Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building,
150 Stamford Street, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Helen C. Hailes
- Department of Chemistry, University
College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street,
London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - M. Jayne Lawrence
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical
Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building,
150 Stamford Street, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Alethea B. Tabor
- Department of Chemistry, University
College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street,
London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
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15
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Barnard A, Calderon M, Tschiche A, Haag R, Smith DK. Effects of a PEG additive on the biomolecular interactions of self-assembled dendron nanostructures. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:8403-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26584b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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16
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Kudsiova L, Fridrich B, Ho J, Mustapa MFM, Campbell F, Welser K, Keppler M, Ng T, Barlow DJ, Tabor AB, Hailes HC, Lawrence MJ. Lipopolyplex Ternary Delivery Systems Incorporating C14 Glycerol-Based Lipids. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1831-47. [DOI: 10.1021/mp2001796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laila Kudsiova
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Barbara Fridrich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Jimmy Ho
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - M. Firouz Mohd Mustapa
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Frederick Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Katharina Welser
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Melanie Keppler
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, Henriette Raphael Building, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Tony Ng
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, Henriette Raphael Building, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - David J. Barlow
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Alethea B. Tabor
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Helen C. Hailes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - M. Jayne Lawrence
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, U.K
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17
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Kudsiova L, Ho J, Fridrich B, Harvey R, Keppler M, Ng T, Hart SL, Tabor AB, Hailes HC, Lawrence* MJ. Lipid chain geometry of C14 glycerol-based lipids: effect on lipoplex structure and transfection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 7:422-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00149j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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18
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Grosse SM, Tagalakis AD, Mustapa MFM, Elbs M, Meng Q, Mohammadi A, Tabor AB, Hailes HC, Hart SL. Tumor‐specific gene transfer with receptor‐mediated nanocomplexes modified by polyethylene glycol shielding and endosomally cleavable lipid and peptide linkers. FASEB J 2010; 24:2301-13. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-144220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Grosse
- Molecular Immunology UnitInstitute of Child HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | | | - Martin Elbs
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Qing‐Hai Meng
- Molecular Immunology UnitInstitute of Child HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | | | | | - Stephen L. Hart
- Molecular Immunology UnitInstitute of Child HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Genex Biosystems LtdLondonUK
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19
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Hart SL. Multifunctional nanocomplexes for gene transfer and gene therapy. Cell Biol Toxicol 2010; 26:69-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-009-9141-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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20
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Mustapa MFM, Grosse SM, Kudsiova L, Elbs M, Raiber EA, Wong JB, Brain APR, Armer HEJ, Warley A, Keppler M, Ng T, Lawrence MJ, Hart SL, Hailes HC, Tabor AB. Stabilized Integrin-Targeting Ternary LPD (Lipopolyplex) Vectors for Gene Delivery Designed To Disassemble Within the Target Cell. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:518-32. [DOI: 10.1021/bc800450r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Firouz Mohd Mustapa
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, Wolfson Centre for Gene Therapy of Childhood Disease, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, Centre for Ultrastructure Imaging, King’s College London, New Hunt’s House,
| | - Stephanie M. Grosse
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, Wolfson Centre for Gene Therapy of Childhood Disease, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, Centre for Ultrastructure Imaging, King’s College London, New Hunt’s House,
| | - Laila Kudsiova
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, Wolfson Centre for Gene Therapy of Childhood Disease, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, Centre for Ultrastructure Imaging, King’s College London, New Hunt’s House,
| | - Martin Elbs
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, Wolfson Centre for Gene Therapy of Childhood Disease, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, Centre for Ultrastructure Imaging, King’s College London, New Hunt’s House,
| | - Eun-Ang Raiber
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, Wolfson Centre for Gene Therapy of Childhood Disease, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, Centre for Ultrastructure Imaging, King’s College London, New Hunt’s House,
| | - John B. Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, Wolfson Centre for Gene Therapy of Childhood Disease, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, Centre for Ultrastructure Imaging, King’s College London, New Hunt’s House,
| | - Anthony P. R. Brain
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, Wolfson Centre for Gene Therapy of Childhood Disease, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, Centre for Ultrastructure Imaging, King’s College London, New Hunt’s House,
| | - Hannah E. J. Armer
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, Wolfson Centre for Gene Therapy of Childhood Disease, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, Centre for Ultrastructure Imaging, King’s College London, New Hunt’s House,
| | - Alice Warley
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, Wolfson Centre for Gene Therapy of Childhood Disease, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, Centre for Ultrastructure Imaging, King’s College London, New Hunt’s House,
| | - Melanie Keppler
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, Wolfson Centre for Gene Therapy of Childhood Disease, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, Centre for Ultrastructure Imaging, King’s College London, New Hunt’s House,
| | - Tony Ng
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, Wolfson Centre for Gene Therapy of Childhood Disease, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, Centre for Ultrastructure Imaging, King’s College London, New Hunt’s House,
| | - M. Jayne Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, Wolfson Centre for Gene Therapy of Childhood Disease, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, Centre for Ultrastructure Imaging, King’s College London, New Hunt’s House,
| | - Stephen L. Hart
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, Wolfson Centre for Gene Therapy of Childhood Disease, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, Centre for Ultrastructure Imaging, King’s College London, New Hunt’s House,
| | - Helen C. Hailes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, Wolfson Centre for Gene Therapy of Childhood Disease, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, Centre for Ultrastructure Imaging, King’s College London, New Hunt’s House,
| | - Alethea B. Tabor
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, Wolfson Centre for Gene Therapy of Childhood Disease, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, Centre for Ultrastructure Imaging, King’s College London, New Hunt’s House,
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