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Vicencio JM, Evans R, Green R, An Z, Deng J, Treacy C, Mustapha R, Monypenny J, Costoya C, Lawler K, Ng K, De-Souza K, Coban O, Gomez V, Clancy J, Chen SH, Chalk A, Wong F, Gordon P, Savage C, Gomes C, Pan T, Alfano G, Dolcetti L, Chan JNE, Flores-Borja F, Barber PR, Weitsman G, Sosnowska D, Capone E, Iacobelli S, Hochhauser D, Hartley JA, Parsons M, Arnold JN, Ameer-Beg S, Quezada SA, Yarden Y, Sala G, Ng T. Osimertinib and anti-HER3 combination therapy engages immune dependent tumor toxicity via STING activation in trans. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:274. [PMID: 35347108 PMCID: PMC8960767 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04701-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, immunotherapy delivered novel treatments for many cancer types. However, lung cancer still leads cancer mortality, and non-small-cell lung carcinoma patients with mutant EGFR cannot benefit from checkpoint inhibitors due to toxicity, relying only on palliative chemotherapy and the third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) osimertinib. This new drug extends lifespan by 9-months vs. second-generation TKIs, but unfortunately, cancers relapse due to resistance mechanisms and the lack of antitumor immune responses. Here we explored the combination of osimertinib with anti-HER3 monoclonal antibodies and observed that the immune system contributed to eliminate tumor cells in mice and co-culture experiments using bone marrow-derived macrophages and human PBMCs. Osimertinib led to apoptosis of tumors but simultaneously, it triggered inositol-requiring-enzyme (IRE1α)-dependent HER3 upregulation, increased macrophage infiltration, and activated cGAS in cancer cells to produce cGAMP (detected by a lentivirally transduced STING activity biosensor), transactivating STING in macrophages. We sought to target osimertinib-induced HER3 upregulation with monoclonal antibodies, which engaged Fc receptor-dependent tumor elimination by macrophages, and STING agonists enhanced macrophage-mediated tumor elimination further. Thus, by engaging a tumor non-autonomous mechanism involving cGAS-STING and innate immunity, the combination of osimertinib and anti-HER3 antibodies could improve the limited therapeutic and stratification options for advanced stage lung cancer patients with mutant EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Vicencio
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, UK.
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - R Evans
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R Green
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Z An
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J Deng
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - C Treacy
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R Mustapha
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J Monypenny
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - C Costoya
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - K Lawler
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - K Ng
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, UK
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K De-Souza
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - O Coban
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - V Gomez
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, UK
| | - J Clancy
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, UK
| | - S H Chen
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, UK
| | - A Chalk
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, UK
| | - F Wong
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P Gordon
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - C Savage
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - C Gomes
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, UK
| | - T Pan
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - G Alfano
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - L Dolcetti
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J N E Chan
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - F Flores-Borja
- Centre for Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - P R Barber
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, UK
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - G Weitsman
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - D Sosnowska
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - E Capone
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Chieti, Italy
| | | | - D Hochhauser
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, UK
| | - J A Hartley
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, UK
| | - M Parsons
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J N Arnold
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S Ameer-Beg
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S A Quezada
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Y Yarden
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - G Sala
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Chieti, Italy
| | - T Ng
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, UK.
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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Weitsman G, Mitchell NJ, Evans R, Cheung A, Kalber TL, Bofinger R, Fruhwirth GO, Keppler M, Wright ZVF, Barber PR, Gordon P, de Koning T, Wulaningsih W, Sander K, Vojnovic B, Ameer-Beg S, Lythgoe M, Arnold JN, Årstad E, Festy F, Hailes HC, Tabor AB, Ng T. Detecting intratumoral heterogeneity of EGFR activity by liposome-based in vivo transfection of a fluorescent biosensor. Oncogene 2017; 36:3618-3628. [PMID: 28166195 PMCID: PMC5421598 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of research in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling field, and many targeted anti-cancer drugs that have been tested clinically, the success rate for these agents in the clinic is low, particularly in terms of the improvement of overall survival. Intratumoral heterogeneity is proposed as a major mechanism underlying treatment failure of these molecule-targeted agents. Here we highlight the application of fluorescence lifetime microscopy (FLIM)-based biosensing to demonstrate intratumoral heterogeneity of EGFR activity. For sensing EGFR activity in cells, we used a genetically encoded CrkII-based biosensor which undergoes conformational changes upon tyrosine-221 phosphorylation by EGFR. We transfected this biosensor into EGFR-positive tumour cells using targeted lipopolyplexes bearing EGFR-binding peptides at their surfaces. In a murine model of basal-like breast cancer, we demonstrated a significant degree of intratumoral heterogeneity in EGFR activity, as well as the pharmacodynamic effect of a radionuclide-labeled EGFR inhibitor in situ. Furthermore, a significant correlation between high EGFR activity in tumour cells and macrophage-tumour cell proximity was found to in part account for the intratumoral heterogeneity in EGFR activity observed. The same effect of macrophage infiltrate on EGFR activation was also seen in a colorectal cancer xenograft. In contrast, a non-small cell lung cancer xenograft expressing a constitutively active EGFR conformational mutant exhibited macrophage proximity-independent EGFR activity. Our study validates the use of this methodology to monitor therapeutic response in terms of EGFR activity. In addition, we found iNOS gene induction in macrophages that are cultured in tumour cell-conditioned media as well as an iNOS activity-dependent increase in EGFR activity in tumour cells. These findings point towards an immune microenvironment-mediated regulation that gives rise to the observed intratumoral heterogeneity of EGFR signalling activity in tumour cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Weitsman
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, Kings College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London, UK
| | - N J Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - R Evans
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, Kings College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London, UK
| | - A Cheung
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, Kings College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - T L Kalber
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - R Bofinger
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - G O Fruhwirth
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, Kings College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London, UK
| | - M Keppler
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, Kings College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London, UK
| | - Z V F Wright
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - P R Barber
- Gray Laboratories, Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford, UK
| | - P Gordon
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - T de Koning
- Division of Cancer Studies, Kings College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London, UK
| | - W Wulaningsih
- Cancer Epidemiology Group, Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - K Sander
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - B Vojnovic
- Gray Laboratories, Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford, UK
| | - S Ameer-Beg
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, Kings College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London, UK
| | - M Lythgoe
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - J N Arnold
- Division of Cancer Studies, Kings College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London, UK
| | - E Årstad
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - F Festy
- King’s College London Dental Institute, Tissue Engineering and Biophotonics, Guy’s Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - H C Hailes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - A B Tabor
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - T Ng
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, Kings College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, King’s College London, London, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, University College London, London, UK
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5
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Sheeba I, Kelleher M, Lawler K, Festy F, Barber P, Shamill E, Gargi P, Weitsman G, Barrett J, Fruhwirth G, Huang L, Tullis I, Woodman N, Pinder S, Ofo E, Fernandes L, Beutler M, Ameer-Beg S, Holmberg L, Purushotham A, Fraternali F, Condeelis J, Hanby A, Gillett C, Ellis P, Vojnovic B, Coolen A, Ng T. Abstract P2-10-29: Time dependent breast cancer metastasis prediction using novel biological imaging, clinico-pathological and genomic data combined with Bayesian modeling to reduce over-fitting and improve on inter-cohort reproducibility. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs12-p2-10-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer heterogeneity demands that prognostic models must be biologically driven and recent clinical evidence indicates that future prognostic signatures need evaluation in the context of early versus late metastatic risk prediction. The aim of our work was to identify biologically validated quantitative imaging parameters with improved correlation to clinical outcome, and to address some of the remaining obstacles for a truly robust prognostic model in clinical use.
Method: We identified 4 seed proteins (ezrin/radixin/moesin-cofilin), along with several kinases as biologically relevant subnetwork of proteins that control tumor cell motility and metastasis. Patient-derived breast cancer tumour samples were used to perform a combination of imaging methods such as Fluoresecence lifetime imaging microscopy, automated segmentation and co-localisation intensity analysis. A complexity optimized Bayesian proportional hazard regression model was performed on a total of 419 breast cancer patients to validate time dependent predictions using traditional clinicopathological, genomic and our novel optical imaging-derived parameters. An independent dataset of 300 patient samples from the Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine is currently being evaluated, representing a large cross centre validation of our integrated model.
Results: We demonstrate that the traditional gold standard clinico-pathological variables are poor predictors for patients that survive long periods, and that their predictive significance (in terms of hazard ratios) varies significantly between two temporal cohorts where the adjuvant treatments are vastly different. Moreover, we investigate the predictive accuracy of a combined imaging/clinicopathological model compared with genomic/clinicopathological models. We demonstrate how to reduce over-fitting to help improve the performance of prognostic models. Results of an integrated model combining genomic and imaging parameters are still awaited.
Discussion: We have produced the first optical imaging-derived multivariate tumour metastatic signature, which measures underlying key biological variables involved in regulating cancer cell motility. Using Bayesian proportional hazards regression in a time-dependent manner, we highlight the inadequacies of existing prediction tools and present a model combining the clinicopathological parameters with our imaging-based metastatic signature, as an integrative reproducible prognostic tool across different temporal cohorts.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-10-29.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sheeba
- Kings College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; King's College London, Strand Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - M Kelleher
- Kings College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; King's College London, Strand Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - K Lawler
- Kings College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; King's College London, Strand Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - F Festy
- Kings College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; King's College London, Strand Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - P Barber
- Kings College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; King's College London, Strand Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - E Shamill
- Kings College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; King's College London, Strand Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - P Gargi
- Kings College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; King's College London, Strand Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - G Weitsman
- Kings College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; King's College London, Strand Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - J Barrett
- Kings College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; King's College London, Strand Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - G Fruhwirth
- Kings College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; King's College London, Strand Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - L Huang
- Kings College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; King's College London, Strand Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - I Tullis
- Kings College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; King's College London, Strand Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - N Woodman
- Kings College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; King's College London, Strand Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - S Pinder
- Kings College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; King's College London, Strand Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - E Ofo
- Kings College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; King's College London, Strand Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - L Fernandes
- Kings College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; King's College London, Strand Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - M Beutler
- Kings College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; King's College London, Strand Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - S Ameer-Beg
- Kings College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; King's College London, Strand Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - L Holmberg
- Kings College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; King's College London, Strand Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - A Purushotham
- Kings College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; King's College London, Strand Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - F Fraternali
- Kings College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; King's College London, Strand Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - J Condeelis
- Kings College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; King's College London, Strand Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - A Hanby
- Kings College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; King's College London, Strand Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - C Gillett
- Kings College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; King's College London, Strand Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - P Ellis
- Kings College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; King's College London, Strand Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - B Vojnovic
- Kings College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; King's College London, Strand Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - A Coolen
- Kings College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; King's College London, Strand Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
| | - T Ng
- Kings College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; King's College London, Strand Campus, London, England, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
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