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Zhu Z, Tang J. Metal–metal bond in lanthanide single-molecule magnets. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9469-9481. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00516f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review surveys recent critical advances in lanthanide SMMs, highlighting the influences of metal–metal bonds on the magnetization dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jinkui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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2
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Freisetzung der Spannung kondensierter Fünfringe des Fullerenkäfigs durch chemische Funktionalisierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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3
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Guan R, Chen M, Jin F, Yang S. Strain Release of Fused Pentagons in Fullerene Cages by Chemical Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1048-1073. [PMID: 30884036 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
According to the isolated pentagon rule (IPR), for stable fullerenes, the 12 pentagons should be isolated from one another by hexagons, otherwise the fused pentagons will result in an increase in the local steric strain of the fullerene cage. However, the successful isolation of more than 100 endohedral and exohedral fullerenes containing fused pentagons over the past 20 years has shown that strain release of fused pentagons in fullerene cages is feasible. Herein, we present a general overview on fused-pentagon-containing (i.e. non-IPR) fullerenes through an exhaustive review of all the types of fused-pentagon-containing fullerenes reported to date. We clarify how the strain of fused pentagons can be released in different manners, and provide an in-depth understanding of the role of fused pentagons in the stability, electronic properties, and chemical reactivity of fullerene cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runnan Guan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Muqing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
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4
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Yang W, Abella L, Wang Y, Li X, Gu J, Poblet JM, Rodríguez-Fortea A, Chen N. Mixed Dimetallic Cluster Fullerenes: ScGdO@C3v(8)-C82 and ScGdC2@C2v(9)-C82. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:11597-11605. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Laura Abella
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Yaofeng Wang
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jiali Gu
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Josep M. Poblet
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Fortea
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ning Chen
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
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Schlesier C, Spree L, Kostanyan A, Westerström R, Brandenburg A, Wolter AUB, Yang S, Greber T, Popov AA. Strong carbon cage influence on the single molecule magnetism in Dy-Sc nitride clusterfullerenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:9730-9733. [PMID: 30079423 PMCID: PMC6837867 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05029e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic properties of endohedral metallofullerenes with nitride clusters DySc2N and Dy2ScN and different carbon cages are studied by SQUID magnetometry. All molecules behave as single molecule magnets (SMMs) and exhibit magnetic hysteresis. It is found that the blocking temperature of magnetization and relaxation times strongly depend on the fullerene cage, with the C80-Ih isomer offering the best SMM properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Schlesier
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW), D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Lukas Spree
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW), D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Aram Kostanyan
- Physik-Institut der Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rasmus Westerström
- Physik-Institut der Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ariane Brandenburg
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW), D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Anja U B Wolter
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW), D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Thomas Greber
- Physik-Institut der Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW), D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
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6
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Yang S, Wei T, Jin F. When metal clusters meet carbon cages: endohedral clusterfullerenes. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:5005-5058. [PMID: 28681052 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00498a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fullerenes have the characteristic of a hollow interior, and this unique feature triggers intuitive inspiration to entrap atoms, ions or clusters inside the carbon cage in the form of endohedral fullerenes. In particular, upon entrapping an otherwise unstable metal cluster into a carbon cage, the so-called endohedral clusterfullerenes fulfil the mutual stabilization of the inner metal cluster and the outer fullerene cage with a specific isomeric structure which is often unstable as an empty fullerene. A variety of metal clusters have been reported to form endohedral clusterfullerenes, including metal nitrides, carbides, oxides, sulfides, cyanides and so on, making endohedral clusterfullerenes the most variable and intriguing branch of endohedral fullerenes. In this review article, we present an exhaustive review on all types of endohedral clusterfullerenes reported to date, including their discoveries, syntheses, separations, molecular structures and properties as well as their potential applications in versatile fields such as biomedicine, energy conversion, and so on. At the end, we present an outlook on the prospect of endohedral clusterfullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China.
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7
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Zhao P, Dang JS, Zhao X. Bingel–Hirsch reaction mechanisms on TiSc2N@Ih-C80: the role of endohedral titanium nitride. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:9709-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00389c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Both singly bonded monoadducts and cycloadducts were considered to investigate Bingel–Hirsch reaction on TiSc2N@C80 by density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-equilibrium Condensed Matter and Quantum Engineering
- School of Science
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Jing-Shuang Dang
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-equilibrium Condensed Matter and Quantum Engineering
- School of Science
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-equilibrium Condensed Matter and Quantum Engineering
- School of Science
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
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8
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Stevenson S, Thompson HR, Arvola KD, Ghiassi KB, Olmstead MM, Balch AL. Isolation of CeLu2N@Ih-C80through a Non-Chromatographic, Two-Step Chemical Process and Crystallographic Characterization of the Pyramidalized CeLu2N within the Icosahedral Cage. Chemistry 2015; 21:10362-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Aihara JI, Nakagami Y, Sekine R. Kinetic Stability of Non-IPR Fullerene Molecular Ions. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:6542-50. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b03468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Aihara
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Oya, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Yuto Nakagami
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Oya, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Rika Sekine
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Oya, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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10
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Wei T, Liu F, Wang S, Zhu X, Popov AA, Yang S. An Expanded Family of Dysprosium-Scandium Mixed-Metal Nitride Clusterfullerenes: The Role of the Lanthanide Metal on the Carbon Cage Size Distribution. Chemistry 2015; 21:5750-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Zhang Y, Popov AA, Dunsch L. Endohedral metal or a fullerene cage based oxidation? Redox duality of nitride clusterfullerenes Ce(x)M(3-x)N@C(78-88) (x = 1, 2; M = Sc and Y) dictated by the encaged metals and the carbon cage size. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:1038-1048. [PMID: 24292599 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05433k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Redox behavior of endohedral metallofullerenes, in particular their oxidation process, can be classified as a fullerene-based or endohedral species-based process according to the mechanism of the electron transfer. Here we report on the phenomenon of the strain-driven electrochemical behavior achieved by encapsulating the cerium-containing clusters into a series of carbon cages ranging from C78 to C88. The Ce-based mixed metal nitride clusterfullerenes CexM3-xN@C2n (x = 1, 2; M = Sc or Y; 2n = 78-88) were synthesized and characterized. The magnitude of the inherent strain caused by the limited inner space of the carbon cage for the relatively large nitride clusters can be varied by choosing different scaffold metals (Sc, Lu, or Y) to tailor the size of the encaged CexM3-xN cluster and by matching the nitride cluster with different fullerene cages in the size range from C78 to C88. The redox properties of CexM3-xN@C2n were investigated by cyclic and square wave voltammetry. The mechanism of the electrochemical oxidation of Ce-based mixed metal nitride clusterfullerenes, in particular whether the fullerene-based oxidation or the Ce(III) → Ce(IV) process is observed, is found to be dependent on the scaffold metal and the size of the fullerene cage. The endohedral oxidation of Ce(III) to Ce(IV) was observed for a number of compounds as revealed by the negative shift of their oxidation potentials with respect to the values measured for the non-Ce analogues. Experimental studies are supported by DFT calculations. We conclude that the prerequisites for the Ce-based endohedral oxidation process are suitable inherent cluster-cage strain and sufficiently high oxidation potential of the fullerene cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Popov
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden , D-01171 Dresden, Germany
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13
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Liu F, Guan J, Wei T, Wang S, Jiao M, Yang S. A Series of Inorganic Solid Nitrogen Sources for the Synthesis of Metal Nitride Clusterfullerenes: The Dependence of Production Yield on the Oxidation State of Nitrogen and Counter Ion. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:3814-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ic302436k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fupin Liu
- Hefei National
Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory
of Materials for Energy Conversion and Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jian Guan
- Hefei National
Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory
of Materials for Energy Conversion and Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Tao Wei
- Hefei National
Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory
of Materials for Energy Conversion and Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Song Wang
- Hefei National
Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory
of Materials for Energy Conversion and Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mingzhi Jiao
- Hefei National
Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory
of Materials for Energy Conversion and Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National
Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory
of Materials for Energy Conversion and Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
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14
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Svitova AL, Popov AA, Dunsch L. Gd-Sc-based mixed-metal nitride cluster fullerenes: mutual influence of the cage and cluster size and the role of scandium in the electronic structure. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:3368-80. [PMID: 23469831 DOI: 10.1021/ic400049k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the cage as well as of the cluster size has been studied in Gd-Sc nitride cluster fullerenes, which have been synthesized and isolated for these studies. A series of carbon cages ranging from C78 to C88 have been synthesized, isolated, and characterized in detail using absorption and vibrational spectroscopy as well as electrochemistry and density functional theory calculations. Gd-Sc mixed-metal cluster fullerenes in carbon cages different from C80 were described for the first time. A review of their structures, properties, and stability is given. The synthesis was performed with melamine as an effective solid source of nitrogen, providing high fullerene yield and suppressing empty fullerene formation. Substitution of gadolinium by scandium imposes a noticeable influence on the electronic structure of nitride cluster fullerenes as revealed by electrochemical, spectroscopic, and computational methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Svitova
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Material Research, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
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15
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Rivera-Nazario DM, Pinzón JR, Stevenson S, Echegoyen LA. Buckyball maracas: exploring the inside and outside properties of endohedral fullerenes. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steven Stevenson
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana-Purdue University at Fort Wayne (IPFW); 2101 E. Coliseum Blvd Fort Wayne IN 46805
| | - Luis A. Echegoyen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at El Paso; El Paso TX 79968 USA
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Zhang Y, Popov AA, Schiemenz S, Dunsch L. Synthesis, isolation, and spectroscopic characterization of holmium-based mixed-metal nitride clusterfullerenes: HoxSc3-xN@C80 (x=1, 2). Chemistry 2012; 18:9691-8. [PMID: 22745152 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, isolation and spectroscopic characterization of holmium-based mixed metal nitride clusterfullerenes Ho(x) Sc(3-x) N@C(80) (x=1, 2) are reported. Two isomers of Ho(x) Sc(3-x) N@C(80) (x=1, 2) were synthesized by the reactive gas atmosphere method and isolated by multistep recycling HPLC. The isomeric structures of Ho(x) Sc(3-x) N@C(80) (x=1, 2) were characterized by laser-desorption time-of-flight (LD-TOF) mass spectrometry and UV/Vis/NIR, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. A comparative study of M(x) Sc(3-x) N@C(80) (M=Gd, Dy, Lu, Ho) demonstrates the dependence of their electronic and vibrational properties on the encaged metal. Despite the distinct perturbation induced by 4f(10) electrons, we report the first paramagnetic (13) C NMR study on Ho(x) Sc(3-x) N@C(80) (I; x=1, 2) and confirm I(h) -symmetric cage structure. A (45) Sc NMR study on HoSc(2) N@C(80) (I, II) revealed a temperature-dependent chemical shift in the temperature range of 268-308 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Group of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden, 101171 Dresden, Germany
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17
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Westerström R, Dreiser J, Piamonteze C, Muntwiler M, Weyeneth S, Brune H, Rusponi S, Nolting F, Popov A, Yang S, Dunsch L, Greber T. An Endohedral Single-Molecule Magnet with Long Relaxation Times: DySc2N@C80. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9840-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja301044p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Westerström
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse
190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jan Dreiser
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Cinthia Piamonteze
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Muntwiler
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Weyeneth
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse
190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Harald Brune
- Institute of Condensed Matter
Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Rusponi
- Institute of Condensed Matter
Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frithjof Nolting
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Alexey Popov
- Department of Electrochemistry
and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Department of Electrochemistry
and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Hefei National Laboratory for
Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Lothar Dunsch
- Department of Electrochemistry
and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Greber
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse
190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Chen C, Liu F, Li S, Wang N, Popov AA, Jiao M, Wei T, Li Q, Dunsch L, Yang S. Titanium/yttrium mixed metal nitride clusterfullerene TiY2N@C80: synthesis, isolation, and effect of the group-III metal. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:3039-45. [PMID: 22324808 DOI: 10.1021/ic202354u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Titanium/yttrium mixed metal nitride clusterfullerene (MMNCF) TiY(2)N@C(80) has been successfully synthesized, representing the first Ti-containing non-scandium MMNCF. TiY(2)N@C(80) has been isolated by multistep HPLC and characterized by various spectroscopies in combination with DFT computations. The electronic absorption property of TiY(2)N@C(80) was characterized by UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, indicating the resemblance to that of TiSc(2)N@C(80) with broad shoulder absorptions. The optical band gap of TiY(2)N@C(80) (1.39 eV) is very close to that of TiSc(2)N@C(80) (1.43 eV) but much smaller than that of Y(3)N@C(80)(I(h), 1.58 eV). Such a resemblance of the overall absorption feature of TiY(2)N@C(80) to TiSc(2)N@C(80) suggests that TiY(2)N@C(80) has a similar electronic configuration to that of TiSc(2)N@C(80), that is, (TiY(2)N)(6+)@C(80)(6-). FTIR spectroscopic study and DFT calculations accomplish the assignment of the C(80):I(h) isomer to the cage structure of TiY(2)N@C(80), with the C(1) conformer being the lowest energy structure, which is different from the C(s) conformer assigned to TiSc(2)N@C(80). The electrochemical properties of TiY(2)N@C(80) were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, revealing the reversible first oxidation and first reduction step with E(1/2) at 0.00 and -1.13 V, respectively, both of which are more negative than those of TiSc(2)N@C(80), while the electrochemical energy gap of TiY(2)N@C(80) (1.11 V) is almost the same as that of TiSc(2)N@C(80) (1.10 V). Contrary to the reversible first reduction step, the second and third reduction steps of TiY(2)N@C(80) are irreversible, and this redox behavior is dramatically different from that of TiSc(2)N@C(80), which shows three reversible reduction steps, indicating the strong influence of the encaged group-III metal (Y or Sc) on the electronic properties of TiM(2)N@C(80) (M = Y, Sc).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbao Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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19
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Jiao M, Zhang W, Xu Y, Wei T, Chen C, Liu F, Yang S. Urea as a New and Cheap Nitrogen Source for the Synthesis of Metal Nitride Clusterfullerenes: The Role of Decomposed Products on the Selectivity of Fullerenes. Chemistry 2012; 18:2666-73. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yang S, Liu F, Chen C, Jiao M, Wei T. Fullerenes encaging metal clusters--clusterfullerenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:11822-39. [PMID: 21720619 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12318a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Clusterfullerenes represent a novel branch of endohedral fullerenes, which are characterized by a robust fullerene cage with metal clusters encaged in its hollow. Since the discovery of nitride clusterfullerenes (NCFs) in 1999, the family of clusterfullerenes has been significantly expanded within the past decade, with new members including carbide clusterfullerenes (CCFs), hydrocarbide clusterfullerenes (HCCFs), oxide clusterfullerenes (OCFs), sulfide clusterfullerenes (SCFs), and carbonitride clusterfullerenes (CNCFs). We first present the classification of clusterfullerenes and list all the clusterfullerenes reported to date. For each type of clusterfullerenes, we review in detail their synthesis, separation, intriguing molecular structures and properties. For NCFs, as the first and most important clusterfullerenes, we point out the significance of their discovery and focus on their new synthesis and separation methods as well as the new advances. Finally the potential applications of clusterfullerenes are addressed. We conclude that clusterfullerenes appear to be the fastest growing family of endohedral fullerenes up to now, and emphasize the importance of exploring new structures and chemical functionalizations of clusterfullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China.
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Yang S, Zhang L, Zhang W, Dunsch L. A Facile Route to Metal Nitride Clusterfullerenes by Using Guanidinium Salts: A Selective Organic Solid as the Nitrogen Source. Chemistry 2010; 16:12398-405. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026 (China), Fax: (+86) 551‐3601750
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz‐Institute for Solid State and Materials, Research (IFW) Dresden, 01171 Dresden (Germany), Fax: (+49) 351‐4659‐811
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz‐Institute for Solid State and Materials, Research (IFW) Dresden, 01171 Dresden (Germany), Fax: (+49) 351‐4659‐811
| | - Wenfeng Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026 (China), Fax: (+86) 551‐3601750
| | - Lothar Dunsch
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz‐Institute for Solid State and Materials, Research (IFW) Dresden, 01171 Dresden (Germany), Fax: (+49) 351‐4659‐811
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Popov AA, Chen C, Yang S, Lipps F, Dunsch L. Spin-flow vibrational spectroscopy of molecules with flexible spin density: electrochemistry, ESR, cluster and spin dynamics, and bonding in TiSc2N@C80. ACS NANO 2010; 4:4857-4871. [PMID: 20731461 DOI: 10.1021/nn101115d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The recently isolated TiSc(2)N@C(80) was used to study the spin state of a Ti(3+) ion in a mixed metal nitride cluster in a fullerene cage. The electronic state of the new clusterfullerene is characterized starting with the redox behavior of this structure. It differs markedly from that of homometallic nitride clusterfullerenes in giving reversible one-electron transfers even on the cathodic scale. Both oxidation and reduction of TiSc(2)N@C(80) occur at the endohedral cluster changing the valence state of Ti from Ti(II) in anion to Ti(IV) in cation. The unpaired electron in TiSc(2)N@C(80) is largely fixed at the Ti ion as shown by low temperature ESR measurements. Isotropic g-factor 1.9454 points to the significant spin-orbit coupling with an unquenched orbital momentum of the 3d electron localized on Ti. Measurements with the frozen solution also point to the strong anisotropy of the g-tensor. DFT computations show that the cluster can adopt several nearly isoenergetic configurations. DFT-based Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD) simulations reveal that, unlike in Sc(3)N@C(80), the cluster dynamics in TiSc(2)N@C(80) cannot be described as a 3D rotation. The cluster rotates around the Ti-N axis, while the Ti atom oscillates in one position around the pentagon/hexagon edge. Evolution of the spin populations along the BOMD trajectory has shown that the spin distribution in the cluster is very flexible, and both an intracluster and cluster-cage spin flows take place. Fourier transformation of the time dependencies of the spin populations results in the spin-flow vibrational spectra, which reveal the major spin-flow channels. It is shown that the cluster-cage spin flow is selectively coupled to one vibrational mode, thus, pointing to the utility of the clusterfullerene for the molecular spin transport. Spin-flow vibrational spectroscopy is thus shown to be a useful method for characterization of the spin dynamics in radicals with flexible spin density distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research IFW, Dresden, D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
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Dunsch L, Yang S, Zhang L, Svitova A, Oswald S, Popov AA. Metal sulfide in a C82 fullerene cage: a new form of endohedral clusterfullerenes. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:5413-21. [PMID: 20345137 DOI: 10.1021/ja909580j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The row of endohedral fullerenes is extended by a new type of sulfur-containing clusterfullerenes: the metal sulfide (M(2)S) has been stabilized within a fullerene cage for the first time. The new sulfur-containing clusterfullerenes M(2)S@C(82)-C(3v)(8) have been isolated for a variety of metals (M = Sc, Y, Dy, and Lu). The UV-vis-NIR, electrochemical, and FTIR spectroscopic characterization and extended DFT calculations point to a close similarity of the M(2)S@C(82) cage isomeric and electronic structure to that of the carbide clusterfullerenes M(2)C(2)@C(2n). The bonding in M(2)S@C(82) is studied in detail by molecular orbital analysis as well as with the use of quantum theory of atom-in-molecules (QTAIM) and electron localization function (ELF) approaches. The metal sulfide cluster formally transfers four electrons to the carbon cage, and metal-sulfur and metal-carbon cage bonds with a high degree of covalency are formed. Molecular dynamics simulations show that Sc(2)S cluster exhibits an almost free rotation around the C(3) axis of the carbon cage, resulting thus in a single line (45)Sc NMR spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Dunsch
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers and Institute of Complex Materials, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
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Xu L, Shao X, Cai W. Electronic structures, stabilities, and spectroscopies of the fullerene derivatives C68X4 (X=H, F, Cl). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zhang L, Popov AA, Yang S, Klod S, Rapta P, Dunsch L. An endohedral redox system in a fullerene cage: the Ce based mixed-metal cluster fullerene Lu2CeN@C80. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:7840-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c002918a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jin P, Zhou Z, Hao C, Gao Z, Tan K, Lu X, Chen Z. NC unit trapped by fullerenes: a density functional theory study on Sc3NC@C2n (2n = 68, 78 and 80). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:12442-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b923106d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yang S, Popov A, Dunsch L. Pyramidalisierung des Kohlenstoffs im Fullerenkäfig durch endohedrale Cluster: heterometallische Metallnitridclusterfullerene ohne Scandium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200802009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Yang S, Popov A, Dunsch L. Carbon Pyramidalization in Fullerene Cages Induced by the Endohedral Cluster: Non-Scandium Mixed Metal Nitride Clusterfullerenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:8196-200. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200802009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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