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Xu R, Ouyang L, Shaik R, Chen H, Zhang G, Zhe J. Rapid Detection of Microparticles Using a Microfluidic Resistive Pulse Sensor Based on Bipolar Pulse-Width Multiplexing. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:721. [PMID: 37504119 PMCID: PMC10377334 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate analysis of micro/nano bio-objects (e.g., cells, biomolecules) is crucial in clinical diagnostics and drug discovery. While a traditional resistive pulse sensor can provide multiple kinds of information (size, count, surface charge, etc.) about analytes, it has low throughput. We present a unique bipolar pulse-width, multiplexing-based resistive pulse sensor for high-throughput analysis of microparticles. Signal multiplexing is enabled by exposing the central electrode at different locations inside the parallel sensing channels. Together with two common electrodes, the central electrode encodes the electrical signal from each sensing channel, generating specific bipolar template waveforms with different pulse widths. Only one DC source is needed as input, and only one combined electrical output is collected. The combined signal can be demodulated using correlation analysis and a unique iterative cancellation scheme. The accuracy of particle counting and sizing was validated using mixtures of various sized microparticles. Results showed errors of 2.6% and 6.1% in sizing and counting, respectively. We further demonstrated its accuracy for cell analysis using HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiting Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Leixin Ouyang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Rubia Shaik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Heyi Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Jiang Zhe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
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2
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Antaw F, Anderson W, Wuethrich A, Trau M. On the Behavior of Nanoparticles beyond the Nanopore Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:4772-4782. [PMID: 33870692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in solid-state and biological nanopore sensors have produced a deluge of analytical techniques for in situ characterization of bio-nano colloidal dispersions; however, the transport forces governing particle movement into and out of the nanopore are not yet fully understood. Herein, we study the motion of particles outside the smaller opening of an elastomeric size-tunable nanopore and relate this motion to existing transport forces known to act on particles within the pore. Subsequently, we develop a combined optoelectronic approach which allows the comparison of both resistive pulse sensing and single particle tracking-based techniques for particle size characterization and, intriguingly, measurements of the ensemble particle motion induced by a combination of particle electrophoresis as well as pressure-driven and electroosmotic flows through the sensor nanopore. We find evidence suggesting that although bulk fluid flow from the pore tends to drive particle motion, in certain circumstances, electrophoretically driven motion can dominate bulk fluid flow-driven motion even at large distances from the pore opening. By permitting direct observation of the behavior of fluids at the nanopore interface, this approach enables a greater understanding of the transport forces acting on particles as they migrate toward and move through nanopore sensors-with implications for future particle characterization systems and for nanopore methods in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiach Antaw
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Corner of College and Cooper Roads (Building 75), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Will Anderson
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Corner of College and Cooper Roads (Building 75), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alain Wuethrich
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Corner of College and Cooper Roads (Building 75), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Matt Trau
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Corner of College and Cooper Roads (Building 75), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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3
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A novel microfluidic resistive pulse sensor with multiple voltage input channels and a side sensing gate for particle and cell detection. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1052:113-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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4
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Zhao Y, Zhang W. Biophysical measurement of red blood cells by laboratory on print circuit board chip. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:1140-1143. [PMID: 29682769 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidic impedance pulse sensor has emerged as an easily handled and low-cost platform in the electrical analysis of biological cells. In the conventional method, impedance sensor demanded expensive patterning metal electrodes on the substrate, which are directly in touch with electrolytes in order to measure the microfluidic channel impedance change. In this article, a cost-effective microfluidic impedance sensor built upon a dielectric film coated printed circuit board is introduced. Impedance electrodes are protected by a dielectric film layer from electrochemical erosion between electrodes and electrolyte. Human red blood cells from adult and neonatal were utilized to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed device in the electroanalysis of biological cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Wengeng Zhang
- Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
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5
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Qiu X, Yang S, Wu D, Wang D, Qiao S, Ge S, Xia N, Yu D, Qian S. Rapid enumeration of CD4 + T lymphocytes using an integrated microfluidic system based on Chemiluminescence image detection at point-of-care testing. Biomed Microdevices 2018; 20:15. [PMID: 29423764 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-018-0263-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
An integrated microfluidic system has been developed for rapid enumeration of CD4 + T lymphocytes at point-of-care (POC) settings. A concise microfluidic chip, which consists of three separate chambers, respectively, for reaction, detection and waste storage, is developed to automate CD4 detection. To simplify CD4 + T lymphocyte enumeration, a single polycarbonate bead immobilized with CD4 antibody is adopted by the microfluidic chip to capture the CD4 antigen in the lysed testing sample. Desired performance is achieved by actuating the single bead for efficient mixing, as well as transferring it between different reaction chambers to reduce non-specific reaction. A controllable external magnetic field is applied to drive the single bead with a built-in ferrous core for different purposes. Chemiluminescence reaction is implemented in an independent chamber to reduce non-specific binding of enzyme. A simple flow control strategy is adopted to conveniently release the waste reagent into the waste storage chamber by just opening the vent hole without actively pumping. A sensitive CCD camera is used to collect the reaction signal by taking picture from the single bead, and then the signal intensity is further analyzed for CD4 + T lymphocyte enumeration. Experimental results show that rapid, convenient, accurate and low-cost CD4 + T lymphocyte enumeration can be obtained with the developed microfluidic system at POC test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbo Qiu
- Institute of Microfluidic Chip Development in Biomedical Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Shuo Yang
- Institute of Microfluidic Chip Development in Biomedical Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Di Wu
- Institute of Microfluidic Chip Development in Biomedical Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy Enterprise Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shan Qiao
- Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy Enterprise Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Duli Yu
- Institute of Microfluidic Chip Development in Biomedical Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shizhi Qian
- Institute of Micro/Nanotechnology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
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6
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Ahrberg CD, Lee JM, Chung BG. Poisson statistics-mediated particle/cell counting in microwell arrays. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2438. [PMID: 29403088 PMCID: PMC5799205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20913-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise determination of particle or cell numbers is of importance for a wide array of applications in environmental studies, medical and biological applications, or manufacturing and monitoring applications in industrial production processes. A number of techniques ranging from manual counting to sophisticated equipment (e.g., flow cytometry) are available for this task. However, these methods are either labour intensive, prone to error, or require expensive equipment. Here, we present a fast, simple method for determining the number density of cells or microparticles using a microwell array. We analyze the light transmission of the microwells and categorize the microwells into two groups. As particles/cells contained in a microwell locally reduce the light transmission, these wells displayed a lower average transmission compared to unoccupied microwells. The number density of particles/cells can be calculated by Poisson statistics from the ratio of occupied to unoccupied microwells. Following this approach, the number densities of two different types of microparticles, as well as HeLa and E. Coli cells, ranging over four orders of magnitude were determined. Through the microwell array defined by microfabrication, a simple image recognition algorithm can be used with the formation of aggregates or irregular shaped samples providing no additional difficulty to the microwell recognition. Additionally, this method can be carried out using only simple equipment and data analysis automated by a computer program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian D Ahrberg
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Geun Chung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Qiu X, Zhang J, Gong S, Wang D, Qiao S, Ge S, Xia N, Yu D, Qian S. A Single-Bead-Based, Fully Integrated Microfluidic System for High-Throughput CD4+T Lymphocyte Enumeration. SLAS Technol 2017; 23:134-143. [PMID: 29028426 DOI: 10.1177/2472630317737016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A single-bead-based, fully integrated microfluidic system has been developed for high-throughput CD4+T lymphocyte enumeration at point-of-care testing. Instead of directly counting CD4+T lymphocytes, CD4+T lymphocyte enumeration is achieved by quantitatively detecting CD4 antigen from the lysed blood sample with a functionalized polycarbonate single bead based on chemiluminescence. To implement the sandwiched chemiluminescence immunoassay with reduced nonspecific binding, a streamlined microfluidic chip with multiple reaction chambers is developed to allow each reaction step to be completed in an independent chamber where reagent is pre-stored. With simple magnetic control, the single bead with an embedded ferrous core can be consecutively transported between each of two adjacent chambers for different reactions. Meanwhile, enhanced mixing can be achieved by moving the single bead back and forth inside one chamber with magnetic actuation. High-throughput detection can be performed when a linear actuation stage is adopted to introduce synchronous magnetic control to multiple single beads in parallel microfluidic chips. A sensitive charge-coupled device (CCD) camera is adopted for high-throughput chemiluminescence detection from multiple single beads. Experimental results show that with the fully integrated microfluidic system, easy-to-operate, accurate, low-cost, immediate, and high-throughput CD4+T lymphocyte enumeration can be successfully achieved at resource-poor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbo Qiu
- 1 Institute of Microfluidic Chip Development in Biomedical Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Junhui Zhang
- 1 Institute of Microfluidic Chip Development in Biomedical Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shisong Gong
- 1 Institute of Microfluidic Chip Development in Biomedical Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Wang
- 2 Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy Enterprise Co., Beijing, China
| | - Shan Qiao
- 2 Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy Enterprise Co., Beijing, China
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- 3 National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- 3 National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Duli Yu
- 1 Institute of Microfluidic Chip Development in Biomedical Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.,4 Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing, China
| | - Shizhi Qian
- 5 Institute of Micro/Nanotechnology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
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8
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Three-Dimensional–Printed Laboratory-on-a-Chip With Microelectronics and Silicon Integration. POINT OF CARE 2017. [DOI: 10.1097/poc.0000000000000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Peng R, Li D. Detection and sizing of nanoparticles and DNA on PDMS nanofluidic chips based on differential resistive pulse sensing. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:5964-5974. [PMID: 28440838 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00488e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The RPS (Resistive Pulse Sensing) technique is a popular tool for the label-free detection of particles. This paper describes a simple, cost-effective PDMS nanofluidic chip for the detection and characterization of nanoparticles based on the differential RPS technique with high resolution and sensitivity. The chip is composed of two layers of PDMS slabs. Microchannel systems fabricated by the photolithography method on the top layer are used for sample loading and differential signal acquisition, and a straight nanochannel on the bottom layer fabricated by an unconventional approach bridging the gap between the microchannels works as an RPS sensing gate. A single-stage differential amplifier is used to amplify the RPS signals when particles or DNA pass through the sensing gate. It was demonstrated that this nanofluidic RPS chip can detect nanoparticles as small as 23 nm with a high SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio). The experimental results also show that the device is able to distinguish nanoparticles of smaller size differences such as 60 nm and 83 nm with high resolution, showing superior performance in comparison with the results obtained from DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering). This differential nano-RPS chip was also applied to detect the translocation of dsDNA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Peng
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, CanadaN2L 3G1.
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10
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Wang J, Zhao J, Wang Y, Wang W, Gao Y, Xu R, Zhao W. A New Microfluidic Device for Classification of Microalgae Cells Based on Simultaneous Analysis of Chlorophyll Fluorescence, Side Light Scattering, Resistance Pulse Sensing. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:mi7110198. [PMID: 30404370 PMCID: PMC6190122 DOI: 10.3390/mi7110198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fast on-site monitoring of foreign microalgae species carried by ship ballast water has drawn more and more attention. In this paper, we presented a new method and a compact device of classification of microalgae cells by simultaneous detection of three kinds of signals of single microalgae cells in a disposable microfluidic chip. The microfluidic classification device has advantages of fast detection, low cost, and portability. The species of a single microalgae cell can be identified by simultaneous detection of three signals of chlorophyll fluorescence (CF), side light scattering (SLS), and resistance pulse sensing (RPS) of the microalgae cell. These three signals represent the different characteristics of a microalgae cell. A compact device was designed to detect these three signals of a microalgae cell simultaneously. In order to demonstrate the performance of the developed system, the comparison experiments of the mixed samples of three different species of microalgae cells between the developed system and a commercial flow cytometer were conducted. The results show that three kinds of microalgae cells can be distinguished clearly by our developed system and the commercial flow cytometer and both results have good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Wang
- College of Information and Science Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Vessel Pollution Monitoring and Control, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
| | - Jinsong Zhao
- College of Information and Science Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
| | - Yanjuan Wang
- College of Information and Science Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Information and Science Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
| | - Yushu Gao
- College of Information and Science Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
| | - Runze Xu
- College of Information and Science Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
| | - Wenshuang Zhao
- College of Information and Science Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
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11
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Yan CS, Wang YN. Multi-parameter analysis using photovoltaic cell-based optofluidic cytometer. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:3585-3595. [PMID: 27699122 PMCID: PMC5030034 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.003585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A multi-parameter optofluidic cytometer based on two low-cost commercial photovoltaic cells and an avalanche photodetector is proposed. The optofluidic cytometer is fabricated on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate and is capable of detecting side scattered (SSC), extinction (EXT) and fluorescence (FL) signals simultaneously using a free-space light transmission technique without the need for on-chip optical waveguides. The feasibility of the proposed device is demonstrated by detecting fluorescent-labeled polystyrene beads with sizes of 3 μm, 5 μm and 10 μm, respectively, and label-free beads with a size of 7.26 μm. The detection experiments are performed using both single-bead population samples and mixed-bead population samples. The detection results obtained using the SSC/EXT, EXT/FL and SSC/FL signals are compared with those obtained using a commercial flow cytometer. It is shown that the optofluidic cytometer achieves a high detection accuracy for both single-bead population samples and mixed-bead population samples. Consequently, the proposed device provides a versatile, straightforward and low-cost solution for a wide variety of point-of-care (PoC) cytometry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Shun Yan
- Department of Vehicle Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Nan Wang
- Department of Vehicle Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
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12
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Liang L, Zuo YF, Wu W, Zhu XQ, Yang Y. Optofluidic restricted imaging, spectroscopy and counting of nanoparticles by evanescent wave using immiscible liquids. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3007-3014. [PMID: 26984126 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00078a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Conventional flow cytometry (FC) suffers from the diffraction limit for the detection of nanoparticles smaller than 100 nm, whereas traditional total internal reflection (TIR) microscopy can only detect few samples near the solid-liquid interface mostly in static states. Here we demonstrate a novel on-chip optofluidic technique using evanescent wave sensing for single nanoparticle real time detection by combining hydrodynamic focusing and TIR using immiscible flows. The immiscibility of the high-index sheath flow and the low-index core flow naturally generate a smooth, flat and step-index interface that is ideal for the TIR effect, whose evanescent field can penetrate the full width of the core flow. Hydrodynamic focusing can focus on all the nanoparticles in the extreme centre of the core flow with a width smaller than 1 μm. This technique enables us to illuminate every single sample in the running core flow by the evanescent field, leaving none unaffected. Moreover, it works well for samples much smaller than the diffraction limit. We have successfully demonstrated the scattering imaging and counting of 50 nm and 100 nm Au nanoparticles and also the fluorescence imaging and counting of 200 nm beads. The effective counting speeds are estimated as 1500, 2300 and 2000 particles per second for the three types of nanoparticles, respectively. The optical scattering spectra were also measured to determine the size of individual Au nanoparticles. This provides a new technique to detect nanoparticles and we foresee its application in the detection of molecules for biomedical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Liang
- School of Physics & Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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13
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A new hand-held microfluidic cytometer for evaluating irradiation damage by analysis of the damaged cells distribution. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23165. [PMID: 26983800 PMCID: PMC4794725 DOI: 10.1038/srep23165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Space radiation brings uneven damages to cells. The detection of the distribution of cell damage plays a very important role in radiation medicine and the related research. In this paper, a new hand-held microfluidic flow cytometer was developed to evaluate the degree of radiation damage of cells. The device we propose overcomes the shortcomings (e.g., large volume and high cost) of commercial flow cytometers and can evaluate the radiation damage of cells accurately and quickly with potential for onsite applications. The distribution of radiation-damaged cells is analyzed by a simultaneous detection of immunofluorescence intensity of γ-H2AX and resistance pulse sensor (RPS) signal. The γ-H2AX fluorescence intensity provides information of the degree of radiation damage in cells. The ratio of the number of cells with γ-H2AX fluorescence signals to the total numbers of cells detected by RPS indicates the percentage of the cells that are damaged by radiation. The comparison experiment between the developed hand-held microfluidic flow cytometer and a commercial confocal microscope indicates a consistent and comparable detection performance.
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14
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Song Y, Yang J, Pan X, Li D. High-throughput and sensitive particle counting by a novel microfluidic differential resistive pulse sensor with multidetecting channels and a common reference channel. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:495-501. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Song
- Department of Marine Engineering; Dalian Maritime University; Dalian China
| | - Jiandong Yang
- Department of Marine Engineering; Dalian Maritime University; Dalian China
| | - Xinxiang Pan
- Department of Marine Engineering; Dalian Maritime University; Dalian China
| | - Dongqing Li
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering; University of Waterloo; Waterloo Canada
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15
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Chang KT, Chang YJ, Chen CL, Wang YN. Multichannel lens-free CMOS sensors for real-time monitoring of cell growth. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:413-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Tung Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology; Pingtung Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Chang
- Department of Vehicle Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology; Pingtung Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology; Pingtung Taiwan
| | - Yao-Nan Wang
- Department of Vehicle Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology; Pingtung Taiwan
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16
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Effect of induced surface charge of metal particles on particle sizing by resistive pulse sensing technique. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 423:20-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Damhorst GL, Watkins NN, Bashir R. Micro- and nanotechnology for HIV/AIDS diagnostics in resource-limited settings. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2013; 60:715-26. [PMID: 23512111 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2013.2244894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-four million people are living with HIV worldwide, a disproportionate number of whom live in resource-limited settings. Proper clinical management of AIDS, the disease caused by HIV, requires regular monitoring of both the status of the host's immune system and levels of the virus in their blood. Therefore, more accessible technologies capable of performing a CD4+ T cell count and HIV viral load measurement in settings where HIV is most prevalent are desperately needed to enable better treatment strategies and ultimately quell the spread of the virus within populations. This review discusses micro- and nanotechnology solutions to performing these key clinical measurements in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Damhorst
- Department of Bioengineering and the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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18
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Wang J, Sun J, Song Y, Xu Y, Pan X, Sun Y, Li D. A label-free microfluidic biosensor for activity detection of single microalgae cells based on chlorophyll fluorescence. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 13:16075-89. [PMID: 24287532 PMCID: PMC3892884 DOI: 10.3390/s131216075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Detection of living microalgae cells is very important for ballast water treatment and analysis. Chlorophyll fluorescence is an indicator of photosynthetic activity and hence the living status of plant cells. In this paper, we developed a novel microfluidic biosensor system that can quickly and accurately detect the viability of single microalgae cells based on chlorophyll fluorescence. The system is composed of a laser diode as an excitation light source, a photodiode detector, a signal analysis circuit, and a microfluidic chip as a microalgae cell transportation platform. To demonstrate the utility of this system, six different living and dead algae samples (Karenia mikimotoi Hansen, Chlorella vulgaris, Nitzschia closterium, Platymonas subcordiformis, Pyramidomonas delicatula and Dunaliella salina) were tested. The developed biosensor can distinguish clearly between the living microalgae cells and the dead microalgae cells. The smallest microalgae cells that can be detected by using this biosensor are 3 μm ones. Even smaller microalgae cells could be detected by increasing the excitation light power. The developed microfluidic biosensor has great potential for in situ ballast water analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Wang
- College of Information and Science Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; E-Mails: (J.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Jinyang Sun
- College of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; E-Mails: (J.S.); (Y.S.); (X.P.)
| | - Yongxin Song
- College of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; E-Mails: (J.S.); (Y.S.); (X.P.)
| | - Yongyi Xu
- College of Information and Science Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; E-Mails: (J.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xinxiang Pan
- College of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; E-Mails: (J.S.); (Y.S.); (X.P.)
| | - Yeqing Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Dongqing Li
- College of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; E-Mails: (J.S.); (Y.S.); (X.P.)
- Department of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
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19
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Tracking single-particle dynamics via combined optical and electrical sensing. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1855. [PMID: 23685401 PMCID: PMC3657717 DOI: 10.1038/srep01855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While fluorescent imaging has been extensively used for single-particle tracking, temporal and spatial resolution of the wide-field microscopy technology is not satisfactory for investigating fast-moving features. Here we report a method for probing nanometer-scale motion of an individual particle through a microstructured channel at sub-MHz by combining a resistive pulse technique to the optical sensing. We demonstrate unambiguous discriminations of translocation and non-translocation events inferred from spike-like electrical signals by fluorescence images captured synchronously to ionic current measurements. We also find a trajectory-dependent translocation dynamics of voltage-driven single-particles through a microchannel. This electrical/optical approach may find applications in sensor technologies based on micro- and nano-electromechanical systems.
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20
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Chen HT, Fu LM, Huang HH, Shu WE, Wang YN. Particles small angle forward-scattered light measurement based on photovoltaic cell microflow cytometer. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:337-44. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Taw Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; National Cheng-Kung University; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Lung-Ming Fu
- Department of Materials Engineering; National Pingtung University of Science and Technology; Pingtung Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Hui Huang
- Department of Vehicle Engineering; National Pingtung University of Science and Technology; Pingtung Taiwan
| | - Wei-En Shu
- Department of Vehicle Engineering; National Pingtung University of Science and Technology; Pingtung Taiwan
| | - Yao-Nan Wang
- Department of Vehicle Engineering; National Pingtung University of Science and Technology; Pingtung Taiwan
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21
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van der Pol E, Coumans F, Varga Z, Krumrey M, Nieuwland R. Innovation in detection of microparticles and exosomes. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11 Suppl 1:36-45. [PMID: 23809109 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell-derived or extracellular vesicles, including microparticles and exosomes, are abundantly present in body fluids such as blood. Although such vesicles have gained strong clinical and scientific interest, their detection is difficult because many vesicles are extremely small with a diameter of less than 100 nm, and, moreover, these vesicles have a low refractive index and are heterogeneous in both size and composition. In this review, we focus on the relatively high throughput detection of vesicles in suspension by flow cytometry, resistive pulse sensing, and nanoparticle tracking analysis, and we will discuss their applicability and limitations. Finally, we discuss four methods that are not commercially available: Raman microspectroscopy, micro nuclear magnetic resonance, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and anomalous SAXS. These methods are currently being explored to study vesicles and are likely to offer novel information for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E van der Pol
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre of University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Sun J, Kang Y, Boczko EM, Jiang X. A Microfluidic Cell Size/Density Sensor by Resistive Pulse Detection. ELECTROANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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23
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Fu LM, Wang YN. Optical microflow cytometer based on external total reflection. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:3229-35. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lung-Ming Fu
- Department of Materials Engineering; National Pingtung University of Science and Technology; Pingtung; Taiwan
| | - Yao-Nan Wang
- Department of Vehicle Engineering; National Pingtung University of Science and Technology; Pingtung; Taiwan
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24
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Adiguzel Y, Kulah H. CMOS cell sensors for point-of-care diagnostics. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2012; 12:10042-66. [PMID: 23112587 PMCID: PMC3472815 DOI: 10.3390/s120810042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The burden of health-care related services in a global era with continuously increasing population and inefficient dissipation of the resources requires effective solutions. From this perspective, point-of-care diagnostics is a demanded field in clinics. It is also necessary both for prompt diagnosis and for providing health services evenly throughout the population, including the rural districts. The requirements can only be fulfilled by technologies whose productivity has already been proven, such as complementary metal-oxide-semiconductors (CMOS). CMOS-based products can enable clinical tests in a fast, simple, safe, and reliable manner, with improved sensitivities. Portability due to diminished sensor dimensions and compactness of the test set-ups, along with low sample and power consumption, is another vital feature. CMOS-based sensors for cell studies have the potential to become essential counterparts of point-of-care diagnostics technologies. Hence, this review attempts to inform on the sensors fabricated with CMOS technology for point-of-care diagnostic studies, with a focus on CMOS image sensors and capacitance sensors for cell studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yekbun Adiguzel
- METU-MEMS Research and Application Center, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Haluk Kulah
- METU-MEMS Research and Application Center, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; E-Mail:
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25
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Gou HL, Zhang XB, Bao N, Xu JJ, Xia XH, Chen HY. Label-free electrical discrimination of cells at normal, apoptotic and necrotic status with a microfluidic device. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5725-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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26
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Boyle DS, Hawkins KR, Steele MS, Singhal M, Cheng X. Emerging technologies for point-of-care CD4 T-lymphocyte counting. Trends Biotechnol 2011; 30:45-54. [PMID: 21798607 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A CD4 T-lymphocyte count determines eligibility for antiretroviral therapy (ART) in patients recently diagnosed with HIV and also monitors the efficacy of ART treatment thereafter. ART slows the progression of HIV to AIDS. In the developing world, CD4 tests are often performed in centralized laboratories, typically in urban areas. The expansion of ART programs into rural areas has created a need for rapid CD4 counting because logistical barriers can delay the timely dissemination of test results and affect patient care through delay in intervention or loss of follow-up care. CD4 measurement at the point-of-care (POC) in rural areas could help the facilitation of ART and monitoring of treatment. This review highlights recent technology developments with applications towards determining CD4 counts at the POC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Boyle
- Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), Seattle, WA 98121, USA.
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27
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Rosenauer M, Vellekoop MJ. Characterization of a microflow cytometer with an integrated three-dimensional optofluidic lens system. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2010; 4:43005. [PMID: 21267437 PMCID: PMC3026027 DOI: 10.1063/1.3502672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry is a standard analytical method in cell biology and clinical diagnostics and is widely distributed for the experimental investigation of microparticle characteristics. In this work, the design, realization, and measurement results of a novel planar optofluidic flow cytometric device with an integrated three-dimensional (3D) adjustable optofluidic lens system for forward-scattering∕extinction-based biochemical analysis fabricated by silicon micromachining are presented. To our knowledge, this is the first planar cytometric system with the ability to focus light three-dimensionally on cells∕particles by the application of fluidic lenses. The single layer microfluidic platform enables versatile 3D hydrodynamic sample focusing to an arbitrary position in the channel and incorporates integrated fiber grooves for the insertion of glass fibers. To confirm the fluid dynamics and raytracing simulations and to characterize the sensor, different cell lines and sets of microparticles were investigated by detecting the extinction (axial light loss) signal, demonstrating the high sensitivity and sample discrimination capability of this analysis system. The unique features of this planar microdevice enable new biotechnological analysis techniques due to the highly increased sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rosenauer
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, Vienna University of Technology, Gusshausstrasse 27-29/E366, 1040 Vienna, Austria
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28
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Carty A, Yeow J. In It to WIN It. IEEE NANOTECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE 2010. [DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2010.938651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Counting bacteria on a microfluidic chip. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 681:82-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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30
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McPherson AL, Walker GM. A Microfluidic Passive Pumping Coulter Counter. MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 2010; 9:897-904. [PMID: 23930109 PMCID: PMC3735229 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-010-0609-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic device using on-chip passive pumping was characterized for use as a particle counter. Flow occurred due to a Young-Laplace pressure gradient between two 1.2 mm diameter inlets and a 4 mm diameter reservoir when 0.5μ L fluid droplets were applied to the inlets using a micropipette. Polystyrene particles (10μm diameter) were enumerated using the resistive pulse technique. Particle counts using passive pumping were within 13% of counts from a device using syringe pumping. All pumping methods produced particle counts that were within 16% of those obtained with a hemocytometer. The effect of intermediate wash steps on particle counts within the passive pumping device was determined. Zero, one, or two wash droplets were loaded after the first of two sample droplets. No statistical difference was detected in the mean particle counts among the loading patterns (p > 0.05). Hydrodynamic focusing using passive pumping was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. McPherson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh & University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, Tel.: 919-513-8253 Fax: 919-513-3814
| | - Glenn M. Walker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh & University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, Tel.: 919-513-4390 Fax: 919-513-3814
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31
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Joo S, Kim KH, Kim HC, Chung TD. A portable microfluidic flow cytometer based on simultaneous detection of impedance and fluorescence. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 25:1509-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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32
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Mark D, Haeberle S, Roth G, Von Stetten F, Zengerle R. Microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip Platforms: Requirements, Characteristics and Applications. MICROFLUIDICS BASED MICROSYSTEMS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9029-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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33
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Mark D, Haeberle S, Roth G, von Stetten F, Zengerle R. Microfluidic lab-on-a-chip platforms: requirements, characteristics and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:1153-82. [PMID: 20179830 DOI: 10.1039/b820557b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 765] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mark
- HSG-IMIT-Institut für Mikro- und Informationstechnik, Wilhelm-Schickard-Strasse 10, 78052 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
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34
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Watkins N, Venkatesan BM, Toner M, Rodriguez W, Bashir R. A robust electrical microcytometer with 3-dimensional hydrofocusing. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:3177-84. [PMID: 19865723 PMCID: PMC4142320 DOI: 10.1039/b912214a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a device to electrically count blood cell populations using an AC impedance interrogation technique in a microfabricated cytometer (microcytometer). Specifically, we direct our attention to obtaining the concentration of human CD4+ T lymphocytes (helper T cells), which is a necessary method to diagnose patients for HIV/AIDS and to give an accurate prognosis on the effectiveness of ARV (anti-retroviral) drug treatments. We study the effectiveness of a simple-to-fabricate 3-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic focusing mechanism through fluidic simulations and corresponding experiments to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of impedance pulses caused by particle translocation and ensure lower variance in particle translocation height through the electrical sensing region. We found that the optimal 3D sheath flow settings result in a 44.4% increase in impedance pulse signal-to-noise ratio in addition to giving a more accurate representation of particle size distribution. Our microcytometer T cell counts closely with those found using an industry-standard flow cytometer for the concentration range of over three orders of magnitude and using a sample volume approximately the size of a drop of blood (approximately 20 microL). In addition, our device displayed the capability to differentiate between live and dead/dying lymphocyte populations. This microcytometer can be the basis of a portable, rapid, inexpensive solution to obtaining live/dead blood cell counts even in the most resource-poor regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Watkins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Bala Murali Venkatesan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Mehmet Toner
- Surgical Services and Bio MEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shiners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - William Rodriguez
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rashid Bashir
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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35
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Zhang H, Chon CH, Pan X, Li D. Methods for counting particles in microfluidic applications. MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 2009; 7:739. [PMID: 32214956 PMCID: PMC7088397 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-009-0493-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic particle counters are important tools in biomedical diagnostic applications such as flow cytometry analysis. Major methods of counting particles in microfluidic devices are reviewed in this paper. The microfluidic resistive pulse sensor advances in sensitivity over the traditional Coulter counter by improving signal amplification and noise reduction techniques. Nanopore-based methods are used for single DNA molecule analysis and the capacitance counter is useful in liquids of low electrical conductivity and in sensing the changes of cell contents. Light-scattering and light-blocking counters are better for detecting larger particles or concentrated particles. Methods of using fluorescence detection have the capability for differentiating particles of similar sizes but different types that are labeled with different fluorescent dyes. The micro particle image velocimetry method has also been used for detecting and analyzing particles in a flow field. The general limitation of microfluidic particle counters is the low throughput which needs to be improved in the future. The integration of two or more existing microfluidic particle counting techniques is required for many practical on-chip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongpeng Zhang
- Marine Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, 116026 Dalian, China
| | - Chan Hee Chon
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Xinxiang Pan
- Marine Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, 116026 Dalian, China
| | - Dongqing Li
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
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