1
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Li Q, Luo L, Liu R, Li A. The Influence of Concentration on the Morphology of Fibres Self-assembled by Ferrocenyl Surfacant and Methyl Orange. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201400467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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2
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Dube N, Seo JW, Dong H, Shu J, Lund R, Mahakian LM, Ferrara KW, Xu T. Effect of alkyl length of peptide-polymer amphiphile on cargo encapsulation stability and pharmacokinetics of 3-helix micelles. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:2963-70. [PMID: 24988250 PMCID: PMC4130244 DOI: 10.1021/bm5005788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
3-Helix micelles have demonstrated excellent in vitro and in vivo stability. Previous studies showed that the unique design of the peptide-polymer conjugate based on protein tertiary structure as the headgroup is the main design factor to achieve high kinetic stability. In this contribution, using amphiphiles with different alkyl tails, namely, C16 and C18, we quantified the effect of alkyl length on the stability of 3-helix micelles to delineate the contribution of the micellar core and shell on the micelle stability. Both amphiphiles form well-defined micelles, <20 nm in size, and show good stability, which can be attributed to the headgroup design. C18-micelles exhibit slightly higher kinetic stability in the presence of serum proteins at 37 °C, where the rate constant of subunit exchange is 0.20 h(-1) for C18-micelles vs 0.22 h(-1) for C16-micelles. The diffusion constant for drug release from C18-micelles is approximately half of that for C16-micelles. The differences between the two micelles are significantly more pronounced in terms of in vivo stability and extent of tumor accumulation. C18-micelles exhibit significantly longer blood circulation time of 29.5 h, whereas C16-micelles have a circulation time of 16.1 h. The extent of tumor accumulation at 48 h after injection is ∼43% higher for C18-micelles. The present studies underscore the importance of core composition on the biological behavior of 3-helix micelles. The quantification of the effect of this key design parameter on the stability of 3-helix micelles provides important guidelines for carrier selection and use in complex environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Dube
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jai W. Seo
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - He Dong
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jessica
Y. Shu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Reidar Lund
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lisa M. Mahakian
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Katherine W. Ferrara
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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3
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Lee SM, Nguyen ST. Smart Nanoscale Drug Delivery Platforms from Stimuli-Responsive Polymers and Liposomes. Macromolecules 2013; 46:9169-9180. [PMID: 28804160 PMCID: PMC5552073 DOI: 10.1021/ma401529w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the 1960's, stimuli-responsive polymers have been utilized as functional soft materials for biological applications such as the triggered-release delivery of biologically active cargos. Over the same period, liposomes have been explored as an alternative drug delivery system with potentials to decrease the toxic side effects often associated with conventional small-molecule drugs. However, the lack of drug-release triggers and the instability of bare liposomes often limit their practical applications, causing short circulation time and low therapeutic efficacy. This perspective article highlights recent work in integrating these two materials together to achieve a targetable, triggerable nanoscale platform that fulfills all the characteristics of a near-ideal drug delivery system. Through a drop-in, post-synthesis modification strategy, a network of stimuli-responsive polymers can be integrated onto the surface of liposomes to form polymer-caged nanobins, a multifunctional nanoscale delivery platform that allows for multi-drug loading, targeted delivery, triggered drug-release, and theranostic capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 420-743 Korea
| | - SonBinh T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
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4
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Dube N, Shu JY, Dong H, Seo JW, Ingham E, Kheirolomoom A, Chen PY, Forsayeth J, Bankiewicz K, Ferrara KW, Xu T. Evaluation of doxorubicin-loaded 3-helix micelles as nanocarriers. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3697-705. [PMID: 24050265 DOI: 10.1021/bm4010518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Designing stable drug nanocarriers, 10-30 nm in size, would have significant impact on their transport in circulation, tumor penetration, and therapeutic efficacy. In the present study, biological properties of 3-helix micelles loaded with 8 wt % doxorubicin (DOX), ~15 nm in size, were characterized to validate their potential as a nanocarrier platform. DOX-loaded micelles exhibited high stability in terms of size and drug retention in concentrated protein environments similar to conditions after intravenous injections. DOX-loaded micelles were cytotoxic to PPC-1 and 4T1 cancer cells at levels comparable to free DOX. 3-Helix micelles can be disassembled by proteolytic degradation of peptide shell to enable drug release and clearance to minimize long-term accumulation. Local administration to normal rat striatum by convection enhanced delivery (CED) showed greater extent of drug distribution and reduced toxicity relative to free drug. Intravenous administration of DOX-loaded 3-helix micelles demonstrated improved tumor half-life and reduced toxicity to healthy tissues in comparison to free DOX. In vivo delivery of DOX-loaded 3-helix micelles through two different routes clearly indicates the potential of 3-helix micelles as safe and effective nanocarriers for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Dube
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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5
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Feng C, Lu G, Li Y, Huang X. Self-assembly of amphiphilic homopolymers bearing ferrocene and carboxyl functionalities: effect of polymer concentration, β-cyclodextrin, and length of alkyl linker. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:10922-10931. [PMID: 23977901 DOI: 10.1021/la402335d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Three new acrylamide monomers containing ferrocene and tert-butyl ester groups were first synthesized via multistep nucleophilic substitution reaction under mild conditions followed by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) homopolymerization to give well-defined homopolymers with narrow molecular weight distributions (M(w)/M(n) ≤ 1.36). The target amphiphilic homopolymers were obtained by the acidic hydrolysis of tert-butyoxycarbonyls to carboxyls in every repeating unit using CF3COOH. The self-assembly behaviors of these amphiphilic homopolymers bearing both ferrocene and carboxyl moieties in each repeating unit in aqueous media were investigated by transmission emission microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Large compound micelles with different morphologies were formed by these amphiphilic homopolymers, which consist of the corona formed by hydrophilic carboxyls and the core containing numerous reverse micelles with hydrophilic islands of carboxyls in continuous hydrophobic phase of ferrocene-based segments. The morphologies of the formed micelles could be tuned by the concentration of amphiphilic homopolymers, pH value of the solution, the length of -CH2 linker between ferrocene group and carboxyl, and the amount of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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6
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Chang L, Wang W, Huang P, Lv Z, Hu F, Zhang J, Kong D, Deng L, Dong A. Photo-crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ϵ-caprolactone) nanoparticles for controllable paclitaxel release. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2013; 24:1900-21. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2013.808152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Longlong Chang
- a School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin , 300072 , China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- b Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medica College, Institute of Biomedical Engineering , Tianjin , 300072 , China
| | - Pingsheng Huang
- a School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin , 300072 , China
| | - Zesheng Lv
- a School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin , 300072 , China
| | - Fuqiang Hu
- c College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , 310058 , China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- a School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin , 300072 , China
| | - Deling Kong
- b Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medica College, Institute of Biomedical Engineering , Tianjin , 300072 , China
| | - Liandong Deng
- a School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin , 300072 , China
| | - Anjie Dong
- a School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin , 300072 , China
- d Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China , Tianjin , 300072 , China
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7
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Samarajeewa S, Shrestha R, Elsabahy M, Karwa A, Li A, Zentay RP, Kostelc JG, Dorshow RB, Wooley KL. In Vitro Efficacy of Paclitaxel-Loaded Dual-Responsive Shell Cross-Linked Polymer Nanoparticles Having Orthogonally Degradable Disulfide Cross-Linked Corona and Polyester Core Domains. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1092-9. [DOI: 10.1021/mp3005897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandani Samarajeewa
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Ritu Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Mahmoud Elsabahy
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Amolkumar Karwa
- Covidien Pharmaceuticals R&D, Hazelwood, Missouri 63042, United States
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Ryan P. Zentay
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - James G. Kostelc
- Covidien Pharmaceuticals R&D, Hazelwood, Missouri 63042, United States
| | - Richard B. Dorshow
- Covidien Pharmaceuticals R&D, Hazelwood, Missouri 63042, United States
- MediBeacon, LLC, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, United
States
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
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8
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Bag BG, Paul K. Vesicular and Fibrillar Gels by Self-Assembly of Nanosized Oleanolic Acid. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201200032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Master AM, Livingston M, Oleinick NL, Sen Gupta A. Optimization of a nanomedicine-based silicon phthalocyanine 4 photodynamic therapy (Pc 4-PDT) strategy for targeted treatment of EGFR-overexpressing cancers. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:2331-8. [PMID: 22775587 DOI: 10.1021/mp300256e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The current clinical mainstays for cancer treatment, namely, surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, can cause significant trauma, systemic toxicity, and functional/cosmetic debilitation of tissue, especially if repetitive treatment becomes necessary due to tumor recurrence. Hence there is significant clinical interest in alternate treatment strategies like photodynamic therapy (PDT) which can effectively and selectively eradicate tumors and can be safely repeated if needed. We have previously demonstrated that the second-generation photosensitizer Pc 4 (silicon phthalocyanine 4) can be formulated within polymeric micelles, and these micelles can be specifically targeted to EGFR-overexpressing cancer cells using GE11 peptide ligands, to enhance cell-specific Pc 4 delivery and internalization. In the current study, we report on the in vitro optimization of the EGFR-targeting, Pc 4 loading of the micellar nanoformulation, along with optimization of the corresponding photoirradiation conditions to maximize Pc 4 delivery, internalization, and subsequent PDT-induced cytotoxicity in EGFR-overexpressing cells in vitro. In our studies, absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to monitor the cell-specific uptake of the GE11-decorated Pc 4-loaded micelles and the cytotoxic singlet oxygen production from the micelle-encapsulated Pc 4, to determine the optimum ligand density and Pc 4 loading. It was found that the micelle formulations bearing 10 mol % of GE11-modified polymer component resulted in the highest cellular uptake in EGFR-overexpressing A431 cells within the shortest incubation periods. Also, the loading of ∼ 50 μg of Pc 4 per mg of polymer in these micellar formulations resulted in the highest levels of singlet oxygen production. When formulations bearing these optimized parameters were tested in vitro on A431 cells for PDT effect, a formulation dose containing 400 nM Pc 4 and photoirradiation duration of 400 s at a fluence of 200 mJ/cm(2) yielded close to 100% cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Master
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Drive, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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10
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Elsabahy M, Wooley KL. Strategies Toward Well-Defined Polymer Nanoparticles Inspired by Nature: Chemistry versus Versatility. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE. PART A, POLYMER CHEMISTRY 2012; 50:1869-1880. [PMID: 25574072 PMCID: PMC4285366 DOI: 10.1002/pola.25955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric nanoparticles are promising delivery platforms for various biomedical applications. One of the main challenges toward the development of therapeutic nanoparticles is the premature disassembly and release of the encapsulated drug. Among the different strategies to enhance the kinetic stability of polymeric nanoparticles, shell- and core-crosslinking have been shown to provide robust character, while creating a suitable environment for encapsulation of a wide range of therapeutics, including hydrophilic, hydrophobic, metallic, and small and large biomolecules, with gating of their release as well. The versatility of shell- and core-crosslinked nanoparticles is driven from the ease by which the structures of the shell- and core-forming polymers and crosslinkers can be modified. In addition, postmodification with cell-recognition moieties, grafting of antibiofouling polymers, or chemical degradation of the core to yield nanocages allow the use of these robust nanostructures as "smart" nanocarriers. The building principles of these multifunctional nanoparticles borrow analogy from the synthesis, supramolecular assembly, stabilization, and dynamic activity of the naturally driven biological nanoparticles such as proteins, lipoproteins, and viruses. In this review, the chemistry involved during the buildup from small molecules to polymers to covalently stabilized nanoscopic objects is detailed, with contrast of the strategies of the supramolecular assembly of polymer building blocks followed by intramicellar stabilization into shell-, core-, or core-shell-crosslinked knedel-like nanoparticles versus polymerization of polymers into nanoscopic molecular brushes followed by further intramolecular covalent stabilization events. The rational design of shell-crosslinked knedel-like nanoparticles is then elaborated for therapeutic packaging and delivery, with emphasis on the polymer chemistry aspects to accomplish the synthesis of such nanoparticulate systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Elsabahy
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842-3012 ; Department of Chemistry, Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842-3012 ; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Karen L Wooley
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842-3012 ; Department of Chemistry, Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842-3012 ; Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842-3012
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11
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Shrestha R, Shen Y, Pollack KA, Taylor JSA, Wooley KL. Dual peptide nucleic acid- and peptide-functionalized shell cross-linked nanoparticles designed to target mRNA toward the diagnosis and treatment of acute lung injury. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:574-85. [PMID: 22372643 PMCID: PMC3321742 DOI: 10.1021/bc200629f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, multifunctional biosynthetic hybrid nanostructures were prepared and studied for their potential utility in the recognition and inhibition of mRNA sequences for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which are overexpressed at sites of inflammation, such as in cases of acute lung injury. Shell cross-linked knedel-like polymer nanoparticles (SCKs) that present peptide nucleic acids, for binding to complementary mRNAs, and cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), to gain cell entry, along with fluorescent labels and sites for radiolabeling, were prepared by a series of robust, efficient, and versatile synthetic steps that proceeded from monomers to polymers to functional nanoparticles. Amphiphilic block graft copolymers having combinations of methoxy- and thioacetyl-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and DOTA-lysine units grafted from the backbone of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and extending with a backbone segment of poly(octadecyl acrylate-co-decyl acrylate) (P(ODA-co-DA)) were prepared by a combination of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and chemical modification reactions, which were then used as the building blocks for the formation of well-defined SCKs decorated with reactive thiols accessible to the surface. Fluorescent labeling with Alexa Fluor 633 hydrazide was then accomplished by amidation with residual acrylic acid residues within the SCK shells. Finally, the PNAs and CPP units were covalently conjugated to the SCKs via Michael addition of thiols on the SCKs to maleimide units on the termini of PNAs and CPPs. Confirmation of the ability of the PNAs to bind selectively to the target iNOS mRNAs when tethered to the SCK nanoparticles was determined by in vitro competition experiments. When attached to the SCKs having a hydrodynamic diameter of 60 ± 16 nm, the K(d) values of the PNAs were ca. an order of magnitude greater than the free PNAs, while the mismatched PNA showed no significant binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Shrestha
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, USA
| | - Yuefei Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Kevin A. Pollack
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, USA
| | - John-Stephen A. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, USA
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12
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Nyström AM, Wooley KL. The importance of chemistry in creating well-defined nanoscopic embedded therapeutics: devices capable of the dual functions of imaging and therapy. Acc Chem Res 2011; 44:969-78. [PMID: 21675721 PMCID: PMC3196832 DOI: 10.1021/ar200097k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicine is a rapidly evolving field, for which polymer building blocks are proving useful for the construction of sophisticated devices that provide enhanced diagnostic imaging and treatment of disease, known as theranostics. These well-defined nanoscopic objects have high loading capacities, can protect embedded therapeutic cargo, and offer control over the conditions and rates of release. Theranostics also offer external surface area for the conjugation of ligands to impart stealth characteristics and/or direct their interactions with biological receptors and provide a framework for conjugation of imaging agents to track delivery to diseased site(s). The nanoscopic dimensions allow for extensive biological circulation. The incorporation of such multiple functions is complicated, requiring exquisite chemical control during production and rigorous characterization studies to confirm the compositions, structures, properties, and performance. We are particularly interested in the study of nanoscopic objects designed for treatment of lung infections and acute lung injury, urinary tract infections, and cancer. This Account highlights our work over several years to tune the assembly of unique nanostructures. We provide examples of how the composition, structure, dimensions, and morphology of theranostic devices can tune their performance as drug delivery agents for the treatment of infectious diseases and cancer. The evolution of nanostructured materials from relatively simple overall shapes and internal morphologies to those of increasing complexity is driving the development of synthetic methodologies for the preparation of increasingly complex nanomedicine devices. Our nanomedicine devices are derived from macromolecules that have well-defined compositions, structures, and topologies, which provide a framework for their programmed assembly into nanostructures with controlled sizes, shapes, and morphologies. The inclusion of functional units within selective compartments/domains allows us to create (multi)functional materials. We employ combinations of controlled radical and ring-opening polymerizations, chemical transformations, and supramolecular assembly to construct such materials as functional entities. The use of multifunctional monomers with selective polymerization chemistries affords regiochemically functionalized polymers. Further supramolecular assembly processes in water with further chemical transformations provide discrete nanoscopic objects within aqueous solutions. This approach echoes processes in nature, whereby small molecules (amino acids, nucleic acids, saccharides) are linked into polymers (proteins, DNA/RNA, polysaccharides, respectively) and then those polymers fold into three-dimensional conformations that can lead to nanoscopic functional entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M. Nyström
- The Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
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13
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Zhu B, Qian G, Xiao Y, Deng S, Wang M, Hu A. A convergence of photo-bergman cyclization and intramolecular chain collapse towards polymeric nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.25013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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14
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Wu Z, Zeng X, Zhang Y, Feliu N, Lundberg P, Fadeel B, Malkoch M, Nyström AM. Linear-dendritic polymeric amphiphiles as carriers of doxorubicin-In vitro evaluation of biocompatibility and drug delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.25008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Sulistio A, Lowenthal J, Blencowe A, Bongiovanni MN, Ong L, Gras SL, Zhang X, Qiao GG. Folic acid conjugated amino acid-based star polymers for active targeting of cancer cells. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:3469-77. [PMID: 21854075 DOI: 10.1021/bm200604h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid-based core cross-linked star (CCS) polymers (poly(L-lysine)(arm)poly(L-cystine)(core)) with peripheral allyl functionalities were synthesized by sequential ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs) via the arm-first approach, using N-(trimethylsilyl)allylamine as the initiator. Subsequent functionalization with a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-folic acid conjugate via thiol-ene click chemistry afforded poly(PEG-b-L-lysine)(arm)poly(L-cystine)(core) stars with outer PEG coronas decorated with folic acid targeting moieties. Similarly, a control was prepared without folic acid, using just PEG. A fluorophore was used to track both star polymers incubated with breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) in vitro. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry revealed that the stars could be internalized into the cells, and higher cell internalization was observed when folic acid moieties were present. Cytotoxicity studies indicate that both stars are nontoxic to MDA-MB-231 cells at concentrations of up to 50 μg/mL. These results make this amino acid-based star polymer an attractive candidate in targeted drug delivery applications including chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Sulistio
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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16
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Lee NS, Lin LY, Neumann WL, Freskos JN, Karwa A, Shieh JJ, Dorshow RB, Wooley KL. Influence of nanostructure morphology on host capacity and kinetics of guest release. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:1998-2003. [PMID: 21678552 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201100567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nam S Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77842, USA
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17
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Scaffidi JP, Gregas MK, Lauly B, Zhang Y, Vo-Dinh T. Activity of psoralen-functionalized nanoscintillators against cancer cells upon X-ray excitation. ACS NANO 2011; 5:4679-87. [PMID: 21553850 DOI: 10.1021/nn200511m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report development of a nanoparticle-based, X-ray-activated anticancer "nanodrug" composed of yttrium oxide (Y(2)O(3)) nanoscintillators, a fragment of the HIV-1 TAT peptide, and psoralen. In this formulation, X-ray radiation is absorbed by the Y(2)O(3) nanoscintillators, which then emit UVA light. Absorption of UVA photons by nanoparticle-tethered psoralen has the potential to cross-link adenine and thymine residues in DNA. UVA-induced cross-linking by free psoralen upon activation with UVA light has previously been shown to cause apoptosis in vitro and an immunogenic response in vivo. Studies using the PC-3 human prostate cancer cell line demonstrate that X-ray excitation of these psoralen-functionalized Y(2)O(3) nanoscintillators yields concentration-dependent reductions in cell number when compared to control cultures containing psoralen-free Y(2)O(3) nanoscintillators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Scaffidi
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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Lin LY, Lee NS, Zhu J, Nyström AM, Pochan DJ, Dorshow RB, Wooley KL. Tuning core vs. shell dimensions to adjust the performance of nanoscopic containers for the loading and release of doxorubicin. J Control Release 2011; 152:37-48. [PMID: 21241750 PMCID: PMC3119510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Detailed studies were performed to probe the effects of the core and shell dimensions of amphiphilic, shell crosslinked, knedel-like polymer nanoparticles (SCKs) on the loading and release of doxorubicin (DOX), a widely-used chemotherapy agent, in aqueous buffer, as a function of the solution pH. Effects of the nanoparticle composition were held constant, by employing SCKs constructed from a single type of amphiphilic diblock copolymer, poly(acrylic acid)-b-polystyrene (PAA-b-PS). A series of four SCK nanoparticle samples, ranging in number-average hydrodynamic diameter from 14-30 nm, was prepared from four block copolymers having different relative block lengths and absolute degrees of polymerization. The ratios of acrylic acid to styrene block lengths ranged from 0.65 to 3.0, giving SCKs with ratios of shell to core volumes ranging from 0.44 to 2.1. Although the shell thicknesses were calculated to be similar (1.5-3.1 nm by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) calculations and 3.5-4.9 nm by small angle neutron scattering (SANS) analyses), two of the SCK nanoparticles had relatively large core diameters (19±2 and 20±2 nm by TEM; 17.4 and 15.3 nm by SANS), while two had similar, smaller core diameters (11±2 and 13±2 nm by TEM; 9.0 and 8.9 nm by SANS). The SCKs were capable of being loaded with 1500-9700 DOX molecules per each particle, with larger numbers of DOX molecules packaged within the larger core SCKs. Their shell-to-core volume ratio showed impact on the rates and extents of release of DOX, with the volume occupied by the poly(acrylic acid) shell relative to the volume occupied by the polystyrene core correlating inversely with the diffusion-based release of DOX. Given that the same amount of polymer was used to construct each SCK sample, SCKs having smaller cores and higher acrylic acid vs. styrene volume ratios were present at higher concentrations than were the larger core SCKs, and gave lower final extents of release., Higher final extents of release and faster rates of release were observed for all DOX-loaded particle samples at pH 5.0 vs. pH 7.4, respectively, ca. 60% vs. 40% at 60 h, suggesting promise for enhanced delivery within tumors and cells. By fitting the data to the Higuchi model, quantitative determination of the kinetics of release was made, giving rate constants ranging from 0.0431 to 0.0540 h⁻¹/² at pH 7.4 and 0.106 to 0.136 h⁻¹/² at pH 5.0. In comparison, the non-crosslinked polymer micelle analogs exhibited rate constants for release of DOX of 0.245 and 0.278 h⁻¹/² at pH 7.4 and 5.0, respectively. These studies point to future directions to craft sophisticated devices for controlled drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Yun Lin
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77842-3012
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130-4899
| | - Nam S. Lee
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77842-3012
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130-4899
| | - Jiahua Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-3106
| | - Andreas M. Nyström
- Department of Neuroscience and The Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Darrin J. Pochan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-3106
| | | | - Karen L. Wooley
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77842-3012
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Synthesis and self-assembly of a hydrophilic, thermo-responsive poly(ethylene oxide) monomethyl ether-block-poly(acrylic acid)-block-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymer to form micelles for drug delivery. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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20
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Wilmes GM, Arnold DJ, Kawchak KS. Effect of chain rigidity on block copolymer micelle formation and dissolution as observed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-011-9585-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Lundberg P, Walter MV, Montañez MI, Hult D, Hult A, Nyström A, Malkoch M. Linear dendritic polymeric amphiphiles with intrinsic biocompatibility: synthesis and characterization to fabrication of micelles and honeycomb membranes. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00258e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Liu Y, Piñón V, Weck M. Poly(norbornene) block copolymer-based shell cross-linked micelles with Co(iii)–salen cores. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00151e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Lee NS, Sun G, Lin LY, Neumann WL, Freskos JN, Karwa A, Shieh JJ, Dorshow RB, Wooley KL. Tunable dual-emitting shell-crosslinked nano-objects as single-component ratiometric pH-sensing materials. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY 2011; 21:14193-14202. [PMID: 25506129 PMCID: PMC4262927 DOI: 10.1039/c1jm11854d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dual-emitting photonic nano-objects that can sense changes in the environmental pH are designed based on shell-crosslinked micelles assembled from amphiphilic block copolymers and crosslinked with pH-insensitive chromophores. The chromophoric crosslinkers are tetra-functionalized pyrazine molecules that bear a set of terminal aliphatic amine groups and a set of anilino amine groups, which demonstrate morphology-dependent reactivities towards the poly(acrylic acid) shell domain of the nano-objects. The extent to which the anilino amine groups react with the nano-object shell is shown to affect the hypsochromic shift (blue-shift). The ratio of fluorescence intensity at 496 nm over that of 560 nm is dependent upon the solution pH. We report, herein, observations on the pH-sensitive dual-emission photophysical properties of rod-shaped or spherical nano-objects, whose shell domains offer two distinct platforms for amidation reactions to occur-through formation of activated esters upon addition of carbodiimide or pre-installation of activated ester groups. We demonstrate that physical manipulations (changes in morphology or particle dimensions) or chemical manipulations of the crosslinking reaction (the order of installation of activated esters) lead to fine tuning of dual-emission over ca. 60 nm in a physiologically relevant pH range. Rod-shaped shell-crosslinked nanostructures with poly(p-hydroxystyrene) core show blue-shift as a function of increasing pH while spherical shell-crosslinked nanostructures with polystyrene core and poly(ethylene oxide) corona exhibit blue-shift as a function of decreasing pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam S. Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77842, USA. Fax: +1 979-862-1137; Tel: +1 979-845-4077
| | - Guorong Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77842, USA. Fax: +1 979-862-1137; Tel: +1 979-845-4077
| | - Lily Yun Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77842, USA. Fax: +1 979-862-1137; Tel: +1 979-845-4077
| | - William L. Neumann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville School of Pharmacy, Edwardsville, IL, 62026, USA; Fax: +1 618-650-5145; Tel: +1 618-650-5088
| | - John N. Freskos
- Covidien Pharmaceuticals R&D, Hazelwood, MO, 63042, USA; Fax: +1 314-654-8900; Tel: +1 314-654-3396
| | - Amolkumar Karwa
- Covidien Pharmaceuticals R&D, Hazelwood, MO, 63042, USA; Fax: +1 314-654-8900; Tel: +1 314-654-3396
| | - Jeng J. Shieh
- Covidien Pharmaceuticals R&D, Hazelwood, MO, 63042, USA; Fax: +1 314-654-8900; Tel: +1 314-654-3396
| | - Richard B. Dorshow
- Covidien Pharmaceuticals R&D, Hazelwood, MO, 63042, USA; Fax: +1 314-654-8900; Tel: +1 314-654-3396
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77842, USA. Fax: +1 979-862-1137; Tel: +1 979-845-4077
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24
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Zhu B, Ma J, Li Z, Hou J, Cheng X, Qian G, Liu P, Hu A. Formation of polymeric nanoparticles via Bergman cyclization mediated intramolecular chain collapse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm03143g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Wang YC, Li Y, Sun TM, Xiong MH, Wu J, Yang YY, Wang J. Core-Shell-Corona Micelle Stabilized by Reversible Cross-Linkage for Intracellular Drug Delivery. Macromol Rapid Commun 2010; 31:1201-6. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200900863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Huang Y, Li L, Fang Y. Self-assembled particles of N-phthaloylchitosan-g-polycaprolactone molecular bottle brushes as carriers for controlled release of indometacin. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2010; 21:557-565. [PMID: 19784761 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-009-3880-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A series of amphiphilic N-phthaloylchitosan-g-polycaprolactone molecular bottle brushes were prepared by "graft onto" method. The narrow distribution of polycaprolactone macromonomers ensures that the molecular bottle brushes can self-assemble into highly monodisperse particles, which have the ability to get a high loading efficiency of the hydrophobic drug, indometacin (INN). Searching for the effective drug loading ratio, three parameters such as polycaprolactone chain length, the grafting content and concentration of the molecular bottle brushes were tested to entrap INN. These encapsulated drug particles show sustained release of the encapsulated INN, of which 91.7% was released in 22 h at 37 degrees C in phosphate buffered saline. The self-assembled particles of the molecular bottle brushes as carriers for INN can effectively prevent the drug from releasing quickly and prolong the release time, which is a promising candidate for potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youju Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
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27
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Well-defined cationic shell crosslinked nanoparticles for efficient delivery of DNA or peptide nucleic acids. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2009; 6:450-7. [PMID: 19687218 DOI: 10.1513/pats.200902-010aw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This mini-review highlights developments that have been made over the past year to advance the construction of well-defined nanoscale objects to serve as devices for cell transfection. Design of the nanoscale objects originated from biomimicry concepts, using histones as the model, to afford cationic shell crosslinked knedel-like (cSCK) nanoparticles. Packaging and delivery of plasmid DNA, oligonucleotides, and peptide nucleic acids were studied by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, gel electrophoresis, biological activity assays, RT-PCR measurements, flow cytometry, and confocal fluorescence microscopy. With the demonstration of more efficient cell transfection in vitro than that achieved using commercially-available transfection agents, together with the other features offered by the robust nanostructural framework, work continues toward the application of these cSCKs for in vivo molecular recognition of genetic material, for imaging and therapy targeted specifically to pulmonary injury and disease.
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28
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Li Y, Hindi K, Watts KM, Taylor JB, Zhang K, Li Z, Hunstad DA, Cannon CL, Youngs WJ, Wooley KL. Shell crosslinked nanoparticles carrying silver antimicrobials as therapeutics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009; 46:121-3. [PMID: 20024313 DOI: 10.1039/b916559b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic polymer nanoparticles loaded with silver cations or/and N-heterocyclic carbene-silver complexes were assessed as antimicrobial agents against Gram-negative pathogens Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Li
- Department of Chemistry and Radiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA
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29
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Stabilized polymeric micelles by electrostatic interactions for drug delivery system. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 38:341-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Lee SM, Chen H, O'Halloran TV, Nguyen ST. "Clickable" polymer-caged nanobins as a modular drug delivery platform. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:9311-20. [PMID: 19527027 PMCID: PMC3650134 DOI: 10.1021/ja9017336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Modularly clickable polymer-caged nanobins (PCNs) were prepared from liposome templates using a drop-in cholesterol-modified poly(acrylic acid) reagent followed by cross-linking with alkyne-functionalized diamine linker that allows for the conjugation of azide-modified targeting ligands via click ligation. These PCNs possess pH-responsive characteristics that can be used to trigger the release of encapsulated doxorubicin (DXR) payload inside the liposomal core under mild acidic conditions. After click-conjugation with azide-modified folate as an active targeting ligand, the resulting folate-conjugated, DXR-loaded PCNs (f-PCN(DXR)) demonstrated enhanced potency to folate receptor (FR)-positive tumor cells such as KB and OvCa432 over FR-negative MCF7 cells. f-PCN(DXR) can readily discriminate FR-positive tumor cells as a function of the level of cellular FR-expression, showing different degrees of potentiation in each cell. With both targeting functionalities and pH-sensitive drug-releasing triggers, f-PCN(DXR) was fifty-times more potent than the untargeted agent toward cancer cells that overexpress the folate target receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology and the Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Haimei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology and the Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Thomas V. O'Halloran
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology and the Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - SonBinh T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology and the Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
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Nyström AM, Bartels JW, Du W, Wooley KL. Perfluorocarbon-loaded Shell Crosslinked Knedel-like Nanoparticles: Lessons regarding polymer mobility and self assembly. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE. PART A, POLYMER CHEMISTRY 2009; 47:1023-1037. [PMID: 20157345 PMCID: PMC2779516 DOI: 10.1002/pola.23184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization was employed to synthesize a set of copolymers of styrene (PS) and 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorostyrene (PPFS), as well as block copolymers with tert-butyl acrylate (PtBA)-b-PS-co-PPFS, with control over molecular weight and polydispersity. It was found that the copolymerization of styrene and PFS allowed for the preparation of gradient copolymers with opposite levels of monomer consumption, depending on the feed ratio. Conversion to amphiphilic block copolymers, PAA-b-(PS-co-PPFS), by removing the protecting groups was followed by fitting with monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol) chains. Solution-state assembly and intramicellar crosslinking afforded shell crosslinked (SCK) block copolymer nanoparticles. These fluorinated nanoparticles (ca. 20 nm diameters) were studied as potential magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents based on the (19)F-nuclei, however, it was found that packaging of the hydrophobic fluorinated polymers into the core domain restricted the mobility of the chains and prohibited (19)F-NMR spectroscopy when the particles were dispersed in water without an organic cosolvent. Packing of perflouro-15-crown-5-ether (PFCE) into the polymer micelle was demonstrated with good uptake efficiency, however, it was necessary to swell the core with a good solvent (DMSO) to increase the mobility and observe the (19)F-NMR signal of the PFCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M Nyström
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Radiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130-4899 (USA)
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32
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Du W, Xu Z, Nyström AM, Zhang K, Leonard JR, Wooley KL. 19F- and fluorescently labeled micelles as nanoscopic assemblies for chemotherapeutic delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 19:2492-8. [PMID: 19049473 DOI: 10.1021/bc800396h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Micelles from amphiphilic star-block copolymers, having a hydrophobic hyperbranched core and amphiphilic fluoropolymer arms, were constructed as drug delivery agent assemblies. A series of polymer structures was constructed from consecutive copolymerizations of 4-chloromethylstyrene with dodecyl acrylate and then 1,1,1- trifluoroethyl methacrylate with tert-butyl acrylate, followed by acidolysis to release the hydrophilic acrylic acid residues. These structures were labeled with cascade blue as a fluorescence reporter. The series of materials differed primarily in the ratio of 1,1,1-trifluoroethyl methacrylate to acrylic acid units, to give differences in fluorine loading and hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity balance. Doxorubicin (DOX) was used as a therapeutic to study the loading, release, and cytotoxicity of these micellar constructs on an U87-MG-EGFRvIII-CBR cell line. The micelles, with TEM-measured diameters ranging 5-9 nm and DLS-measured hydrodynamic diameters 20-30 nm, had loading capacities of ca. 4 wt % of DOX. The DOX-loaded micelles exhibited potent cytotoxicity with cell viabilities of 60-25% at 1.0 microg/mL effective DOX concentrations, depending upon the polymer composition, as determined by MTT assays. These cell viability values are comparable to that of free DOX, suggesting an effective release of the cargo and delivery to the cell nuclei, which was further confirmed by fluorescence microscopy of the cells. 19F-NMR spectroscopy indicated a partial degradation of the surface-available trifluoroethyl ester linkages of the micelles, which may have accelerated the release of DOX. 19F-NMR spectroscopy was also employed to confirm and to quantify the cell uptake of the micelles. These dual fluorescent- and 19F-labeled and chemically functional micelles may be used potentially in a variety of applications, such as cell labeling, imaging, and therapeutic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Du
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, USA
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