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Fu C, Wang Z, Zhou X, Hu B, Li C, Yang P. Protein-based bioactive coatings: from nanoarchitectonics to applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1514-1551. [PMID: 38167899 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00786c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Protein-based bioactive coatings have emerged as a versatile and promising strategy for enhancing the performance and biocompatibility of diverse biomedical materials and devices. Through surface modification, these coatings confer novel biofunctional attributes, rendering the material highly bioactive. Their widespread adoption across various domains in recent years underscores their importance. This review systematically elucidates the behavior of protein-based bioactive coatings in organisms and expounds on their underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, it highlights notable advancements in artificial synthesis methodologies and their functional applications in vitro. A focal point is the delineation of assembly strategies employed in crafting protein-based bioactive coatings, which provides a guide for their expansion and sustained implementation. Finally, the current trends, challenges, and future directions of protein-based bioactive coatings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Polymeric Soft Matter, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
- International Joint Research Center on Functional Fiber and Soft Smart Textile, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Zhengge Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Polymeric Soft Matter, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
- International Joint Research Center on Functional Fiber and Soft Smart Textile, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Xingyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Polymeric Soft Matter, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
- International Joint Research Center on Functional Fiber and Soft Smart Textile, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Bowen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Polymeric Soft Matter, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
- International Joint Research Center on Functional Fiber and Soft Smart Textile, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Eastern HuaLan Avenue, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Polymeric Soft Matter, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
- International Joint Research Center on Functional Fiber and Soft Smart Textile, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
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2
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Zhang Y, Shen J, Hu R, Shi X, Hu X, He B, Qin A, Tang BZ. Fast surface immobilization of native proteins through catalyst-free amino-yne click bioconjugation. Chem Sci 2020; 11:3931-3935. [PMID: 34122863 PMCID: PMC8152777 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00062k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface immobilization provides a useful platform for biosensing, drug screening, tissue engineering and other chemical and biological applications. However, some of the used reactions are inefficient and/or complicated, limiting their applications in immobilization. Herein, we use a spontaneous and catalyst-free amino-yne click bioconjugation to generate activated ethynyl group functionalized surfaces for fast immobilization of native proteins and cells. Biomolecules, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), human IgG and a peptide of C(RGDfK), could be covalently immobilized on the surfaces in as short as 30 min. Notably, the bioactivity of the anchored biomolecules remains intact, which is verified by efficiently capturing target antibodies and cells from the bulk solutions. This strategy represents an alternative for highly efficient surface biofunctionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Jianlei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Rong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Xiujuan Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Xianglong Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Benzhao He
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Anjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
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3
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Braun AC, Gutmann M, Lühmann T, Meinel L. Bioorthogonal strategies for site-directed decoration of biomaterials with therapeutic proteins. J Control Release 2018; 273:68-85. [PMID: 29360478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Emerging strategies targeting site-specific protein modifications allow for unprecedented selectivity, fast kinetics and mild reaction conditions with high yield. These advances open exciting novel possibilities for the effective bioorthogonal decoration of biomaterials with therapeutic proteins. Site-specificity is particularly important to the therapeutics' end and translated by targeting specific functional groups or introducing new functional groups into the therapeutic at predefined positions. Biomimetic strategies are designed for modification of therapeutics emulating enzymatic strategies found in Nature. These strategies are suitable for a diverse range of applications - not only for protein-polymer conjugation, particle decoration and surface immobilization, but also for the decoration of complex biomaterials and the synthesis of bioresponsive drug delivery systems. This article reviews latest chemical and enzymatic strategies for the biorthogonal decoration of biomaterials with therapeutic proteins and inter-positioned linker structures. Finally, the numerous reports at the interface of biomaterials, linkers, and therapeutic protein decoration are integrated into practical advice for design considerations intended to support the selection of productive ligation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Braun
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Gutmann
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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4
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Wasserberg D, Cabanas-Danés J, Prangsma J, O’Mahony S, Cazade PA, Tromp E, Blum C, Thompson D, Huskens J, Subramaniam V, Jonkheijm P. Controlling Protein Surface Orientation by Strategic Placement of Oligo-Histidine Tags. ACS NANO 2017; 11:9068-9083. [PMID: 28850777 PMCID: PMC5618149 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report oriented immobilization of proteins using the standard hexahistidine (His6)-Ni2+:NTA (nitrilotriacetic acid) methodology, which we systematically tuned to give control of surface coverage. Fluorescence microscopy and surface plasmon resonance measurements of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of red fluorescent proteins (TagRFP) showed that binding strength increased by 1 order of magnitude for each additional His6-tag on the TagRFP proteins. All TagRFP variants with His6-tags located on only one side of the barrel-shaped protein yielded a 1.5 times higher surface coverage compared to variants with His6-tags on opposite sides of the so-called β-barrel. Time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements supported by polarized infrared spectroscopy verified that the orientation (and thus coverage and functionality) of proteins on surfaces can be controlled by strategic placement of a His6-tag on the protein. Molecular dynamics simulations show how the differently tagged proteins reside at the surface in "end-on" and "side-on" orientations with each His6-tag contributing to binding. Also, not every dihistidine subunit in a given His6-tag forms a full coordination bond with the Ni2+:NTA SAMs, which varied with the position of the His6-tag on the protein. At equal valency but different tag positions on the protein, differences in binding were caused by probing for Ni2+:NTA moieties and by additional electrostatic interactions between different fractions of the β-barrel structure and charged NTA moieties. Potential of mean force calculations indicate there is no specific single-protein interaction mode that provides a clear preferential surface orientation, suggesting that the experimentally measured preference for the end-on orientation is a supra-protein, not a single-protein, effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Wasserberg
- Bioinspired
Molecular Engineering Laboratory, MIRA Biomedical Technology
and Technical Medicine Institute, Molecular nanoFabrication Group, MESA+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, and Nanobiophysics Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
and MIRA Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jordi Cabanas-Danés
- Bioinspired
Molecular Engineering Laboratory, MIRA Biomedical Technology
and Technical Medicine Institute, Molecular nanoFabrication Group, MESA+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, and Nanobiophysics Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
and MIRA Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jord Prangsma
- Bioinspired
Molecular Engineering Laboratory, MIRA Biomedical Technology
and Technical Medicine Institute, Molecular nanoFabrication Group, MESA+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, and Nanobiophysics Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
and MIRA Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Shane O’Mahony
- Department
of Physics, Bernal Institute, University
of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Pierre-Andre Cazade
- Department
of Physics, Bernal Institute, University
of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Eldrich Tromp
- Bioinspired
Molecular Engineering Laboratory, MIRA Biomedical Technology
and Technical Medicine Institute, Molecular nanoFabrication Group, MESA+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, and Nanobiophysics Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
and MIRA Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Blum
- Bioinspired
Molecular Engineering Laboratory, MIRA Biomedical Technology
and Technical Medicine Institute, Molecular nanoFabrication Group, MESA+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, and Nanobiophysics Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
and MIRA Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Damien Thompson
- Department
of Physics, Bernal Institute, University
of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Bioinspired
Molecular Engineering Laboratory, MIRA Biomedical Technology
and Technical Medicine Institute, Molecular nanoFabrication Group, MESA+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, and Nanobiophysics Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
and MIRA Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Vinod Subramaniam
- Bioinspired
Molecular Engineering Laboratory, MIRA Biomedical Technology
and Technical Medicine Institute, Molecular nanoFabrication Group, MESA+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, and Nanobiophysics Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
and MIRA Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Free
University of Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Jonkheijm
- Bioinspired
Molecular Engineering Laboratory, MIRA Biomedical Technology
and Technical Medicine Institute, Molecular nanoFabrication Group, MESA+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, and Nanobiophysics Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
and MIRA Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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5
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Desmet C, Marquette CA. Surface Functionalization for Immobilization of Probes on Microarrays. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1368:7-23. [PMID: 26614065 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3136-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The microarray technology has been a tremendous advance in molecular-based testing methods for biochemical and biomedical applications. As a result, the immobilization techniques and grafting chemistries of biochemical molecules have experienced great progress. The particularities of the grafting techniques adapted to the microarray development will be presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Desmet
- Equipe Génie Enzymatique, Membranes Biomimétiques et Assemblages Supramoléculaires, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Université Lyon 1 - CNRS 5246 ICBMS, Bâtiment CPE 43, bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - C A Marquette
- Equipe Génie Enzymatique, Membranes Biomimétiques et Assemblages Supramoléculaires, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Université Lyon 1 - CNRS 5246 ICBMS, Bâtiment CPE 43, bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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6
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Shetty D, Khedkar JK, Park KM, Kim K. Can we beat the biotin-avidin pair?: cucurbit[7]uril-based ultrahigh affinity host-guest complexes and their applications. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:8747-61. [PMID: 26434388 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00631g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The design of synthetic, monovalent host-guest molecular recognition pairs is still challenging and of particular interest to inquire into the limits of the affinity that can be achieved with designed systems. In this regard, cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]), an important member of the host family cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n], n = 5-8, 10, 14), has attracted much attention because of its ability to form ultra-stable complexes with multiple guests. The strong hydrophobic effect between the host cavity and guests, ion-dipole and dipole-dipole interactions of guests with CB portals helps in cooperative and multiple noncovalent interactions that are essential for realizing such strong complexations. These highly selective, strong yet dynamic interactions can be exploited in many applications including affinity chromatography, biomolecule immobilization, protein isolation, biological catalysis, and sensor technologies. In this review, we summarize the progress in the development of high affinity guests for CB[7], factors affecting the stability of complexes, theoretical insights, and the utility of these high affinity pairs in different challenging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Shetty
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Escorihuela J, González-Martínez MÁ, López-Paz JL, Puchades R, Maquieira Á, Gimenez-Romero D. Dual-Polarization Interferometry: A Novel Technique To Light up the Nanomolecular World. Chem Rev 2014; 115:265-94. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5002063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Escorihuela
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Recognition and Technological
Development, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino
de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel González-Martínez
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Recognition and Technological
Development, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino
de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
| | - José Luis López-Paz
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Recognition and Technological
Development, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino
de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
| | - Rosa Puchades
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Recognition and Technological
Development, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino
de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
| | - Ángel Maquieira
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Recognition and Technological
Development, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino
de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
| | - David Gimenez-Romero
- Physical
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de València, Avenida Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
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8
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Arraying the post-translational glycoproteome (PTG). Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 18:62-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Tolstyka ZP, Richardson W, Bat E, Stevens CJ, Parra DP, Dozier JK, Distefano MD, Dunn B, Maynard HD. Chemoselective immobilization of proteins by microcontact printing and bio-orthogonal click reactions. Chembiochem 2013; 14:2464-71. [PMID: 24166802 PMCID: PMC3962834 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a combination of microcontact printing of functionalized alkanethiols and site-specific modification of proteins is utilized to chemoselectively immobilize proteins onto gold surfaces, either by oxime- or copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide click chemistry. Two molecules capable of click reactions were synthesized, an aminooxy-functionalized alkanethiol and an azide-functionalized alkanethiol, and self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formation on gold was confirmed by IR spectroscopy. The alkanethiols were then individually patterned onto gold surfaces by microcontact printing. Site-specifically modified proteins-horse heart myoglobin (HHMb) containing an N-terminal α-oxoamide and a red fluorescent protein (mCherry-CVIA) with a C-terminal alkyne-were immobilized by incubation onto respective stamped functionalized alkanethiol patterns. Pattern formation was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary P. Tolstyka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Wade Richardson
- California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Erhan Bat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Caitlin J. Stevens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Dayanara P. Parra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jonathan K. Dozier
- Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant Street S. E. Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mark D. Distefano
- Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant Street S. E. Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bruce Dunn
- California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Heather D. Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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10
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Sapsford KE, Algar WR, Berti L, Gemmill KB, Casey BJ, Oh E, Stewart MH, Medintz IL. Functionalizing nanoparticles with biological molecules: developing chemistries that facilitate nanotechnology. Chem Rev 2013; 113:1904-2074. [PMID: 23432378 DOI: 10.1021/cr300143v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 824] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim E Sapsford
- Division of Biology, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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11
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Wasserberg D, Nicosia C, Tromp EE, Subramaniam V, Huskens J, Jonkheijm P. Oriented Protein Immobilization using Covalent and Noncovalent Chemistry on a Thiol-Reactive Self-Reporting Surface. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:3104-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3102133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Wasserberg
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Science
and Technology, University of Twente, 7500
AE, Enschede, Netherlands
- Nanobiophysics Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
and MIRA Institute for Biomedical
Technology and Technical Medicine, Department of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Carlo Nicosia
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Science
and Technology, University of Twente, 7500
AE, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Eldrich E. Tromp
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Science
and Technology, University of Twente, 7500
AE, Enschede, Netherlands
- Nanobiophysics Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
and MIRA Institute for Biomedical
Technology and Technical Medicine, Department of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Vinod Subramaniam
- Nanobiophysics Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
and MIRA Institute for Biomedical
Technology and Technical Medicine, Department of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Science
and Technology, University of Twente, 7500
AE, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Pascal Jonkheijm
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Science
and Technology, University of Twente, 7500
AE, Enschede, Netherlands
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12
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Trilling AK, Beekwilder J, Zuilhof H. Antibody orientation on biosensor surfaces: a minireview. Analyst 2013; 138:1619-27. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an36787d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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González-Campo A, Brasch M, Uhlenheuer DA, Gómez-Casado A, Yang L, Brunsveld L, Huskens J, Jonkheijm P. Supramolecularly oriented immobilization of proteins using cucurbit[8]uril. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:16364-16371. [PMID: 23134267 DOI: 10.1021/la303987c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A supramolecular strategy is used for oriented positioning of proteins on surfaces. A viologen-based guest molecule is attached to the surface, while a naphthol guest moiety is chemoselectively ligated to a yellow fluorescent protein. Cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) is used to link the proteins onto surfaces through specific charge-transfer interactions between naphthol and viologen inside the CB cavity. The assembly process is characterized using fluorescence and atomic force microscopy, surface plasmon resonance, IR-reflective absorption, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. Two different immobilization routes are followed to form patterns of the protein ternary complexes on the surfaces. Each immobilization route consists of three steps: (i) attaching the viologen to the glass using microcontact chemistry, (ii) blocking, and (iii) either incubation or microcontact printing of CB[8] and naphthol guests. In both cases uniform and stable fluorescent patterns are fabricated with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Control experiments confirm that CB[8] serves as a selective linking unit to form stable and homogeneous ternary surface-bound complexes as envisioned. The attachment of the yellow fluorescent protein complexes is shown to be reversible and reusable for assembly as studied using fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arántzazu González-Campo
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, Department of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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14
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Yang L, Gomez-Casado A, Young JF, Nguyen HD, Cabanas-Danés J, Huskens J, Brunsveld L, Jonkheijm P. Reversible and oriented immobilization of ferrocene-modified proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:19199-206. [PMID: 23126430 DOI: 10.1021/ja308450n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Adopting supramolecular chemistry for immobilization of proteins is an attractive strategy that entails reversibility and responsiveness to stimuli. The reversible and oriented immobilization and micropatterning of ferrocene-tagged yellow fluorescent proteins (Fc-YFPs) onto β-cyclodextrin (βCD) molecular printboards was characterized using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy in combination with electrochemistry. The proteins were assembled on the surface through the specific supramolecular host-guest interaction between βCD and ferrocene. Application of a dynamic covalent disulfide lock between two YFP proteins resulted in a switch from monovalent to divalent ferrocene interactions with the βCD surface, yielding a more stable protein immobilization. The SPR titration data for the protein immobilization were fitted to a 1:1 Langmuir-type model, yielding K(LM) = 2.5 × 10(5) M(-1) and K(i,s) = 1.2 × 10(3) M(-1), which compares favorably to the intrinsic binding constant presented in the literature for the monovalent interaction of ferrocene with βCD self-assembled monolayers. In addition, the SPR binding experiments were qualitatively simulated, confirming the binding of Fc-YFP in both divalent and monovalent fashion to the βCD monolayers. The Fc-YFPs could be patterned on βCD surfaces in uniform monolayers, as revealed using fluorescence microscopy and atomic force microscopy measurements. Both fluorescence microscopy imaging and SPR measurements were carried out with the in situ capability to perform cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. These studies emphasize the repetitive desorption and adsorption of the ferrocene-tagged proteins from the βCD surface upon electrochemical oxidation and reduction, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanti Yang
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, Department of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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15
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Abstract
Enzymes are key molecules in signal-transduction pathways. However, only a small fraction of more than 500 human kinases, 300 human proteases and 200 human phosphatases is characterised so far. Peptide microarray based technologies for extremely efficient profiling of enzyme substrate specificity emerged in the last years. This technology reduces set-up time for HTS assays and allows the identification of downstream targets. Moreover, peptide microarrays enable optimisation of enzyme substrates. Focus of this review is on assay principles for measuring activities of kinases, phosphatases or proteases and on substrate identification/optimisation for kinases. Additionally, several examples for reliable identification of substrates for lysine methyl-transferases, histone deacetylases and SUMO-transferases are given. Finally, use of high-density peptide microarrays for the simultaneous profiling of kinase activities in complex biological samples like cell lysates or lysates of complete organisms is described. All published examples of peptide arrays used for enzyme profiling are summarised comprehensively.
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Yi L, Chen YX, Lin PC, Schröder H, Niemeyer CM, Wu YW, Goody RS, Triola G, Waldmann H. Direct immobilization of oxyamine-modified proteins from cell lysates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:10829-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35237k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Chen YX, Triola G, Waldmann H. Bioorthogonal chemistry for site-specific labeling and surface immobilization of proteins. Acc Chem Res 2011; 44:762-73. [PMID: 21648407 DOI: 10.1021/ar200046h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding protein structure and function is essential for uncovering the secrets of biology, but it remains extremely challenging because of the high complexity of protein networks and their wiring. The daunting task of elucidating these interconnections requires the concerted application of methods emerging from different disciplines. Chemical biology integrates chemistry, biology, and pharmacology and has provided novel techniques and approaches to the investigation of biological processes. Among these, site-specific protein labeling with functional groups such as fluorophors, spin probes, and affinity tags has greatly facilitated both in vitro and in vivo studies of protein structure and function. Bioorthogonal chemical reactions, which enable chemo- and regioselective attachment of small-molecule probes to proteins, are particularly attractive and relevant for site-specific protein labeling. The introduction of powerful labeling techniques also has inspired the development of novel strategies for surface immobilization of proteins to create protein biochips for in vitro characterization of biochemical activities or interactions between proteins. Because this process requires the efficient immobilization of proteins on surfaces while maintaining structure and activity, tailored methods for protein immobilization based on bioorthogonal chemical reactions are in high demand. In this Account, we summarize recent developments and applications of site-specific protein labeling and surface immobilization of proteins, with a special focus on our contributions to these fields. We begin with the Staudinger ligation, which involves the formation of a stable amide bond after the reaction of a preinstalled azide with a triaryl phosphine reagent. We then examine the Diels-Alder reaction, which requires the protein of interest to be functionalized with a diene, enabling conjugation to a variety of dienophiles under physiological conditions. In the oxime ligation, an oxyamine is condensed with either an aldehyde or a ketone to form an oxime; we successfully pursued the inverse of the standard technique by attaching the oxyamine, rather than the aldehyde, to the protein. The click sulfonamide reaction, which involves the Cu(I)-catalyzed reaction of sulfonylazides with terminal alkynes, is then discussed. Finally, we consider in detail the photochemical thiol-ene reaction, in which a thiol adds to an ene group after free radical initiation. Each of these methods has been successfully developed as a bioorthogonal transformation for oriented protein immobilization on chips and for site-specific protein labeling under physiological conditions. Despite the tremendous progress in developing such transformations over the past decade, however, the demand for new bioorthogonal methods with improved kinetics and selectivities remains high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xiang Chen
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Fakultät Chemie, Lehrbereich Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gemma Triola
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Fakultät Chemie, Lehrbereich Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Fakultät Chemie, Lehrbereich Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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18
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Steinhagen M, Holland-Nell K, Meldal M, Beck-Sickinger AG. Simultaneous “One Pot” Expressed Protein Ligation and CuI-Catalyzed Azide/Alkyne Cycloaddition for Protein Immobilization. Chembiochem 2011; 12:2426-30. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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19
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Samanta D, Sarkar A. Immobilization of bio-macromolecules on self-assembled monolayers: methods and sensor applications. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:2567-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00056f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Immobilization of carbohydrate epitopes for surface plasmon resonance using the Staudinger ligation. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:2641-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Berrade L, Garcia AE, Camarero JA. Protein microarrays: novel developments and applications. Pharm Res 2010; 28:1480-99. [PMID: 21116694 PMCID: PMC3137928 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein microarray technology possesses some of the greatest potential for providing direct information on protein function and potential drug targets. For example, functional protein microarrays are ideal tools suited for the mapping of biological pathways. They can be used to study most major types of interactions and enzymatic activities that take place in biochemical pathways and have been used for the analysis of simultaneous multiple biomolecular interactions involving protein-protein, protein-lipid, protein-DNA and protein-small molecule interactions. Because of this unique ability to analyze many kinds of molecular interactions en masse, the requirement of very small sample amount and the potential to be miniaturized and automated, protein microarrays are extremely well suited for protein profiling, drug discovery, drug target identification and clinical prognosis and diagnosis. The aim of this review is to summarize the most recent developments in the production, applications and analysis of protein microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Berrade
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, PSC 616, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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22
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Haensch C, Hoeppener S, Schubert US. Chemical modification of self-assembled silane based monolayers by surface reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:2323-34. [DOI: 10.1039/b920491a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Lin PC, Weinrich D, Waldmann H. Protein Biochips: Oriented Surface Immobilization of Proteins. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200900539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Berrade L, Camarero JA. Expressed protein ligation: a resourceful tool to study protein structure and function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:3909-22. [PMID: 19685006 PMCID: PMC3806878 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This review outlines the use of expressed protein ligation (EPL) to study protein structure, function and stability. EPL is a chemoselective ligation method that allows the selective ligation of unprotected polypeptides from synthetic and recombinant origin for the production of semi-synthetic protein samples of well-defined and homogeneous chemical composition. This method has been extensively used for the site-specific introduction of biophysical probes, unnatural amino acids, and increasingly complex post-translational modifications. Since it was introduced 10 years ago, EPL applications have grown increasingly more sophisticated in order to address even more complex biological questions. In this review, we highlight how this powerful technology combined with standard biochemical analysis techniques has been used to improve our ability to understand protein structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Berrade
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, PSC 616, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Julio A. Camarero
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, PSC 616, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
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25
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Westerlind U, Schröder H, Hobel A, Gaidzik N, Kaiser A, Niemeyer C, Schmitt E, Waldmann H, Kunz H. Tumor-Associated MUC1 Tandem-Repeat Glycopeptide Microarrays to Evaluate Serum- and Monoclonal-Antibody Specificity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200902963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Westerlind U, Schröder H, Hobel A, Gaidzik N, Kaiser A, Niemeyer C, Schmitt E, Waldmann H, Kunz H. Tumor-Associated MUC1 Tandem-Repeat Glycopeptide Microarrays to Evaluate Serum- and Monoclonal-Antibody Specificity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:8263-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200902963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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27
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Sejwal P, Narasimhan SK, Prashar D, Bandyopadhyay D, Luk YY. Selective Immobilization of Peptides Exclusively via N-Terminus Cysteines by Water-Driven Reactions on Surfaces. J Org Chem 2009; 74:6843-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo901085u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Sejwal
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
| | - Sri Kamesh Narasimhan
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
| | - Deepali Prashar
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
| | - Debjyoti Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
| | - Yan-Yeung Luk
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
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28
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Barner-Kowollik C, Inglis AJ. Has Click Chemistry
Lead to a Paradigm Shift in Polymer Material Design? MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200900139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Santos CM, Kumar A, Zhang W, Cai C. Functionalization of fluorous thin films via“click” chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:2854-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b821148e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Haque AMJ, Kwon SR, Park H, Kim TH, Oh YS, Choi SY, Hong JD, Kim K. Use of 1,3-dithiane combined with aryldiazonium cation for immobilization of biomolecules based on electrochemical addressing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:4865-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b909244g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Iliashevsky O, Amir L, Glaser R, Marks RS, Lemcoff NG. Synthesis, characterization and protein binding properties of supported dendrons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b908014g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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32
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Jonkheijm P, Weinrich D, Schröder H, Niemeyer CM, Waldmann H. Chemical strategies for generating protein biochips. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:9618-47. [PMID: 19025742 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein biochips are at the heart of many medical and bioanalytical applications. Increasing interest has been focused on surface activation and subsequent functionalization strategies for immobilizing these biomolecules. Different approaches using covalent and noncovalent chemistry are reviewed; particular emphasis is placed on the chemical specificity of protein attachment and on retention of protein function. Strategies for creating protein patterns (as opposed to protein arrays) are also outlined. An outlook on promising and challenging future directions for protein biochip research and applications is also offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Jonkheijm
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology and Faculty of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Technical University of Dortmund, Otto Hahn Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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33
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Jonkheijm P, Weinrich D, Schröder H, Niemeyer C, Waldmann H. Chemische Verfahren zur Herstellung von Proteinbiochips. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200801711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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