1
|
Si C, Wang T, Xu Y, Lin D, Sun D, Zysman-Colman E. A temperature sensor with a wide spectral range based on a dual-emissive TADF dendrimer system. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7439. [PMID: 39198389 PMCID: PMC11358277 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51231-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Dual emission from thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters is often difficult to observe, especially in solution, limited by Kasha's rule. Two TADF dendrimers containing N-doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as acceptors are designed and synthesized. Compound 2GCzBPN, having a strongly twisted geometry, exhibits TADF, while 2GCzBPPZ, possessing a less twisted geometry, shows dual emission associated with the monomer and aggregate that is TADF. The demonstration reveals that 2GCzBPPZ can serve as a temperature sensor with excellent temperature sensitivity and remarkably wide emission color response in solution. By embedding 2GCzBPPZ in paraffin we demonstrate a spatial-temperature sensor that shows a noticeable emission shift from yellow to green and ultimately to blue as the temperature increases from 20 to 200 °C. We finally demonstrate the utility of these TADF dendrimers in solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changfeng Si
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Tao Wang
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Yan Xu
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Dongqing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
| | - Dianming Sun
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sajwan RK, Solanki PR. Gold@Carbon Quantum Dots Nanocomposites Based Two-In-One Sensor: A Novel Approach for Sensitive Detection of Aminoglycosides Antibiotics in Food Samples. Food Chem 2023; 415:135590. [PMID: 36870212 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are life-saving drugs for humans, but their unwanted use leads to antibacterial resistance (ABR) and causes serious health problems. The excess of these antibiotics entered to the food chain and caused food contamination. Here, Au@CQDs nanocomposites (NCs) was used as a two-in-one sensor to detect two antibiotics. The color change of AuNCs and fluorescence resonance energy transfer are two distance-dependent phenomena used as sensing mechanisms. In the sensing process, Au@CQDs NCs change their color, enhancing the fluorescence intensity of NCs in the presence of Gentamicin (GENTA) and Kanamycin (KMC) antibiotics. The limit of detection of 116 nM and 133 nM for GENTA and 195 nM and 120 nM for KMC have been achieved with colorimetric and fluorimetric readout, respectively. The practicality of the reported sensor was evaluated in real spiked samples and showed excellent recovery efficiency. Therefore this two-in-one sensor can be used for the food monitoring system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reena K Sajwan
- Nano-bio Laboratory, Special Center for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Pratima R Solanki
- Nano-bio Laboratory, Special Center for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pedersen CM, Su H. Ring-System-Based Conformational Switches and their Applications in Sensing and Liposomal Drug Delivery. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1720045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn the past decades, a great number of stimuli-responsive systems have been developed to be used as drug-delivery systems with high sensitivity and selectivity in targeted therapy. Despite promising results, the current stimuli-responsive systems suffer from the complexity of preparation, as most novel stimuli-responsive systems are based on polymers. Small molecules have often been neglected as candidates for application for stimuli-responsive systems. Recently, structures based on six-membered ring molecules or bicyclic molecules have been developed into conformational switches working through conformational interconversion. These single conformational switches have significantly reduced the complexity of material preparation compared to polymers or copolymers. In this review, we focus on ring-system-based conformational switches that are involved in sensors and smart drug-delivery systems. We hope that this review will shed light on ring-system-based single conformational switches for use in the development of stimuli-responsive systems.1 Introduction2 Conformation Switches Based On Bispidine Derivatives3 Conformation Switches Based On Cycloalkanes4 Conformation Switches Based On Carbohydrates5 Conclusion
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hang Su
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen
- Practice Innovations Center, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lal S, Snape TJ. Aromatic amides and ureas as novel molecular probes for diagnosing disease. Med Hypotheses 2014; 83:751-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
5
|
Goswami S, Aich K, Das AK, Manna A, Das S. A naphthalimide–quinoline based probe for selective, fluorescence ratiometric sensing of trivalent ions. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra22624c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
6
|
Li L, He F, Wang X, Ma N, Li L. Reversible pH-responsive fluorescence of water-soluble polyfluorenes and their application in metal ion detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:4927-4933. [PMID: 22956652 DOI: 10.1021/am301286q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel water-soluble conjugated polymer poly{(4,4'-azobenzene)-2,7-[9,9-bis(6'-N,N,N,-trimethylammonium)hexyl fluorene]dibromide} (PFAB) has been designed and synthesized via Suzuki cross-coupling the fluorene units and azobenzene units. Through simple photoreduction, the azo group of the nonfluorescent PFAB to hydrazine group using UV light, polyfluorene PFAB-L with turn-on fluorescence in aqueous solution is obtained. The optical measurements illustrate that the generation of the flexible hydrazine group induces face-to-face arrangement of phenyl-fluorene-phenyl moieties. Therefore, the excimer formation of phenyl-fluorene-phenyl moieties was induced in PFAB-L. And the fluorescence of PFAB-L can be controlled through modulating the protonation of the -NH-NH- group in solution with different pH. The pH-responsive property is reversible. Moreover, the Fe(3+) ions can selectively quench the fluorescence of the PFAB-L. This new polymer PFAB-L could be used for selective and sensitive sensing Fe(3+) ions in aqueous solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rattray NJW, Zalloum WA, Mansell D, Latimer J, Schwalbe CH, Blake AJ, Bichenkova EV, Freeman S. Fluorescent probe for detection of bacteria: conformational trigger upon bacterial reduction of an azo bridge. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:6393. [PMID: 22618019 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc32521g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Using biomimetic chemical reduction or Clostridium perfringens cell extract containing azoreductase, the dimer-fluorescent probe 2,4-O-bisdansyl-6,7-diazabicyclooct-6-ene, which possesses a conformationally constrained cis-azo bridge, is reduced to the tetra-equatorial 2,4-O-bisdansyl-cyclohexyl-3,5-bisammonium salt which exhibits fluorescence indicative of a dansyl monomer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J W Rattray
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cox NM, Harding LP, Jones JE, Pope SJA, Rice CR, Adams H. Probing solution behaviour of metallosupramolecular complexes using pyrene fluorescence. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:1568-73. [PMID: 22143433 DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11831e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A new method for assessing the topology of metallosupramolecular assemblies using pyrene-appended ligands is reported. Two potentially tetradentate ligands containing one (L(1)) and two (L(2)) terminal pyrene moieties were synthesised and their complexes with Cu(+) and Cd(2+) were characterised. Photophysical measurements demonstrate that in [Cu(2)(L(1))(2)](2+), [CdL(1)](2+) and [Cu(2)(L(2))(2)](2+) the emission spectra are dominated by monomeric emission but in the cadmium complex of L(2) (where the pyrene units are in close proximity) a quenching of the luminescence coupled with weak emission at 540 nm is indicative of excimer formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M Cox
- Dept of Chemical & Biological Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK HD1 3DH
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chereddy NR, Thennarasu S, Mandal AB. Incorporation of triazole into a quinoline-rhodamine conjugate imparts iron(iii) selective complexation permitting detection at nanomolar levels. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:11753-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31316b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
10
|
Thirion D, Romain M, Rault-Berthelot J, Poriel C. Intramolecular excimer emission as a blue light source in fluorescent organic light emitting diodes: a promising molecular design. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm16774c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
11
|
|
12
|
Thirion D, Poriel C, Métivier R, Rault-Berthelot J, Barrière F, Jeannin O. Violet-to-Blue Tunable Emission of Aryl-Substituted Dispirofluorene-Indenofluorene Isomers by Conformationally-Controllable Intramolecular Excimer Formation. Chemistry 2011; 17:10272-87. [PMID: 21826751 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Thirion
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226, Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Bat 10C, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Redox and structural aspects on iron inositol 1,2,3-trisphosphate interaction: An experimental and computational approach. J Mol Struct 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
14
|
Karuppannan S, Chambron JC. Supramolecular chemical sensors based on pyrene monomer-excimer dual luminescence. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:964-84. [PMID: 21271681 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201000724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The past ten years have seen a spectacular development of chemical sensors based on the monomer-excimer dual luminescence of aromatic systems, such as pyrene. Either in the form of integrated or multicomponent molecular devices these chemosensors have been attracting a high interest above all because of their unique ratiometric properties. This review will focus on the latter systems, which can be classified into two classes: Firstly, the assembly of receptor-effector conjugates is triggerred by the analyte of interest. As a result, the sensor shows monomer to excimer fluorescence switching upon substrate binding. Secondly, the supramolecular assembly that constitutes the sensor is perturbed by interaction with the analyte. This induces a conformational change or the exchange of a component of the system, which is the cause of the luminescence switch effect.
Collapse
|
15
|
Mansell D, Veiga N, Torres J, Etchells LL, Bryce RA, Kremer C, Freeman S. Conformational study of the natural iron chelator myo-inositol 1,2,3-trisphosphate using restrained/flexible analogues and computational analysis. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
16
|
Wu X, Xu B, Tong H, Wang L. Phosphonate-Functionalized Polyfluorene Film Sensors for Sensitive Detection of Iron(III) in both Organic and Aqueous Media. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1019413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Bowei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Hui Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xu M, Wu S, Zeng F, Yu C. Cyclodextrin supramolecular complex as a water-soluble ratiometric sensor for ferric ion sensing. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:4529-4534. [PMID: 19852476 DOI: 10.1021/la9033244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Heightened concern for human health and environmental protection has stimulated active research on the potential impact of transition-metal ions and their toxic effects, thus it is very demanding to design transition-metal ion detection methods that are cost-effective, rapid, facile, and applicable to the environmental and biological milieus. In this study, we demonstrated an alternative strategy for constructing a water-soluble FRET-based ratiometric sensor for ferric ion detection by forming a supramolecular beta-cyclodextrin/dye complex. This water-soluble FRET system consists of a dansyl-linked beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD-DNS) and a spirolactam rhodamine-linked adamantane (AD-SRhB). The dansyl moiety serves as the donor, and the spirolactam-rhodamine B derivative (SRhB) was chosen as a sensitive, selective chemosensor for Fe(III) ions and a very efficient ring-opening reaction induced by Fe(III) generates the long-wavelength rhodamine B fluorophore that can act as the energy acceptor. Moreover, the adamantyl (AD) group, which is known for its capability to form stable host-guest inclusion complexes with beta-CD derivatives, was covalently linked to the spirolactam rhodamine, thus the adamantyl moiety of the ion-recognition element can be anchored inside the CD cavity. In this way, the donor-acceptor separation can be kept within the critical Forster distance; accordingly, energy transfer can take place from the donor (dansyl) to the acceptor (rhodamine derivative/Fe(III) complex), and thus ratiometric detection for Fe(III) in an aqueous medium can be fulfilled. This FRET-based supramolecular sensor can be readily formed via an inclusion process using the donor part and the acceptor part, hence this strategy could afford a robust approach for constructing a wide range of FRET-based water-soluble sensing systems simply by assembling a specifically predesigned donor-linked CD and acceptor-linked adamantane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiyun Xu
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mansell D, Rattray N, Etchells LL, Schwalbe CH, Blake AJ, Torres J, Kremer C, Bichenkova EV, Barker CJ, Freeman S. Conformational analysis of the natural iron chelator myo-inositol 1,2,3-trisphosphate using a pyrene-based fluorescent mimic. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:2850-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c001078b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
19
|
Thirion D, Poriel C, Barrière F, Métivier R, Jeannin O, Rault-Berthelot J. Tuning the Optical Properties of Aryl-Substituted Dispirofluorene-Indenofluorene Isomers through Intramolecular Excimer Formation. Org Lett 2009; 11:4794-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol901750x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Thirion
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226 “Sciences Chimiques de Rennes”, MaCSE group, Bat 10C, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes cedex France, and PPSM, Institut d’Alembert, ENS Cachan, UMR CNRS 8531, 61 Avenue du Président Wilson, 94235 Cachan, France
| | - Cyril Poriel
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226 “Sciences Chimiques de Rennes”, MaCSE group, Bat 10C, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes cedex France, and PPSM, Institut d’Alembert, ENS Cachan, UMR CNRS 8531, 61 Avenue du Président Wilson, 94235 Cachan, France
| | - Frédéric Barrière
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226 “Sciences Chimiques de Rennes”, MaCSE group, Bat 10C, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes cedex France, and PPSM, Institut d’Alembert, ENS Cachan, UMR CNRS 8531, 61 Avenue du Président Wilson, 94235 Cachan, France
| | - Rémi Métivier
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226 “Sciences Chimiques de Rennes”, MaCSE group, Bat 10C, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes cedex France, and PPSM, Institut d’Alembert, ENS Cachan, UMR CNRS 8531, 61 Avenue du Président Wilson, 94235 Cachan, France
| | - Olivier Jeannin
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226 “Sciences Chimiques de Rennes”, MaCSE group, Bat 10C, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes cedex France, and PPSM, Institut d’Alembert, ENS Cachan, UMR CNRS 8531, 61 Avenue du Président Wilson, 94235 Cachan, France
| | - Joëlle Rault-Berthelot
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226 “Sciences Chimiques de Rennes”, MaCSE group, Bat 10C, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes cedex France, and PPSM, Institut d’Alembert, ENS Cachan, UMR CNRS 8531, 61 Avenue du Président Wilson, 94235 Cachan, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
The behaviour of inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate in the presence of the major biological metal cations. J Biol Inorg Chem 2009; 14:1001-13. [PMID: 19415348 PMCID: PMC2745655 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-009-0510-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The inositol phosphates are ubiquitous metabolites in eukaryotes, of which the most abundant are inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP 6) and inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate [Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5)]. These two compounds, poorly understood functionally, have complicated complexation and solid formation behaviours with multivalent cations. For InsP 6, we have previously described this chemistry and its biological implications (Veiga et al. in J Inorg Biochem 100:1800, 2006; Torres et al. in J Inorg Biochem 99:828, 2005). We now cover similar ground for Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5, describing its interactions in solution with Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Fe2+ and Fe3+, and its solid-formation equilibria with Ca2+ and Mg2+. Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 forms soluble complexes of 1:1 stoichiometry with all multivalent cations studied. The affinity for Fe3+ is similar to that of InsP6 and inositol 1,2,3-trisphosphate, indicating that the 1,2,3-trisphosphate motif, which Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 lacks, is not absolutely necessary for high-affinity Fe3+ complexation by inositol phosphates, even if it is necessary for their prevention of the Fenton reaction. With excess Ca2+ and Mg2+, Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 also forms the polymetallic complexes [M4(H2L)] [where L is fully deprotonated Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5]. However, unlike InsP6, Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 is predicted not to be fully associated with Mg2+ under simulated cytosolic/nuclear conditions. The neutral Mg2+ and Ca2+ complexes have significant windows of solubility, but they precipitate as [Mg4(H2L)] x 23H2O or [Ca4(H2L)] x 16H2O whenever they exceed 135 and 56 microM in concentration, respectively. Nonetheless, the low stability of the [M4(H2L)] complexes means that the 1:1 species contribute to the overall solubility of Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P 5 even under significant Mg2+ or Ca2+ excesses. We summarize the solubility behaviour of Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 in straightforward plots.
Collapse
|