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Miallot R, Millet V, Galland F, Naquet P. The vitamin B5/coenzyme A axis: A target for immunomodulation? Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350435. [PMID: 37482959 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Coenzyme A (CoA) serves as a vital cofactor in numerous enzymatic reactions involved in energy production, lipid metabolism, and synthesis of essential molecules. Dysregulation of CoA-dependent metabolic pathways can contribute to chronic diseases, such as inflammatory diseases, obesity, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disorders. Additionally, CoA influences immune cell activation by modulating the metabolism of these cells, thereby affecting their proliferation, differentiation, and effector functions. Targeting CoA metabolism presents a promising avenue for therapeutic intervention, as it can potentially restore metabolic balance, mitigate chronic inflammation, and enhance immune cell function. This might ultimately improve the management and outcomes for these diseases. This review will more specifically focus on the contribution of pathways regulating the availability of the CoA precursor Vitamin B5/pantothenate in vivo and modulating the development of Th17-mediated inflammation, CD8-dependent anti-tumor immunity but also tissue repair processes in chronic inflammatory or degenerative diseases.
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2
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Brigg SE, Koekemoer L, Brand LA, Strauss E. Multifaceted Target Specificity Analysis as a Tool in Antimicrobial Drug Development: Type III Pantothenate Kinases as a Case Study. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202200630. [PMID: 36749500 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The research and development of a new antimicrobial drug using a target-based approach raises the question of whether any resulting hits will also show activity against the homologous target in other closely related organisms. While an assessment of the similarities of the predicted interactions between the identified inhibitor and the various targets is an obvious first step in answering this question, no clear and consistent framework has been proposed for how this should be done. Here we developed Multifaceted Target Specificity Analysis (MTSA) and applied it to type III pantothenate kinase (PanKIII ) - an essential enzyme required for coenzyme A biosynthesis in a wide range of pathogenic bacteria - as a case study to establish if targeting a specific organism's PanKIII would lead to a narrow- or broad-spectrum agent. We propose that MTSA is a useful tool and aid for directing new target-based antimicrobial drug development initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Ernan Brigg
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Lizbé Koekemoer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Leisl A Brand
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Erick Strauss
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
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3
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de Villiers M, Spry C, Macuamule CJ, Barnard L, Wells G, Saliba KJ, Strauss E. Antiplasmodial Mode of Action of Pantothenamides: Pantothenate Kinase Serves as a Metabolic Activator Not as a Target. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:527-541. [PMID: 28437604 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
N-Substituted pantothenamides (PanAms) are pantothenate analogues with up to nanomolar potency against blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum (the most virulent species responsible for malaria). Although these compounds are known to target coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis and/or utilization, their exact mode of action (MoA) is still unknown. Importantly, PanAms that retain the natural β-alanine moiety are more potent than other variants, consistent with the involvement of processes that are selective for pantothenate (the precursor of CoA) or its derivatives. The transport of pantothenate and its phosphorylation by P. falciparum pantothenate kinase (PfPanK, the first enzyme of CoA biosynthesis) are two such processes previously highlighted as potential targets for the PanAms' antiplasmodial action. In this study, we investigated the effect of PanAms on these processes using their radiolabeled versions (synthesized here for the first time), which made possible the direct measurement of PanAm uptake by isolated blood-stage parasites and PanAm phosphorylation by PfPanK present in parasite lysates. We found that the MoA of PanAms does not involve interference with pantothenate transport and that inhibition of PfPanK-mediated pantothenate phosphorylation does not correlate with PanAm antiplasmodial activity. Instead, PanAms that retain the β-alanine moiety were found to be metabolically activated by PfPanK in a selective manner, forming phosphorylated products that likely inhibit other steps in CoA biosynthesis or are transformed into CoA antimetabolites that can interfere with CoA utilization. These findings provide direction for the ongoing development of CoA-targeted inhibitors as antiplasmodial agents with clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne de Villiers
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | | | | | - Leanne Barnard
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Gordon Wells
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | | | - Erick Strauss
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
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4
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Hughes SJ, Barnard L, Mottaghi K, Tempel W, Antoshchenko T, Hong BS, Allali-Hassani A, Smil D, Vedadi M, Strauss E, Park HW. Discovery of Potent Pantothenamide Inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus Pantothenate Kinase through a Minimal SAR Study: Inhibition Is Due to Trapping of the Product. ACS Infect Dis 2016; 2:627-641. [PMID: 27759386 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The potent antistaphylococcal activity of N-substituted pantothenamides (PanAms) has been shown to at least partially be due to the inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus's atypical type II pantothenate kinase (SaPanKII), the first enzyme of coenzyme A biosynthesis. This mechanism of action follows from SaPanKII having a binding mode for PanAms that is distinct from those of other PanKs. To dissect the molecular interactions responsible for PanAm inhibitory activity, we conducted a mini SAR study in tandem with the cocrystallization of SaPanKII with two classic PanAms (N5-Pan and N7-Pan), culminating in the synthesis and characterization of two new PanAms, N-Pip-PanAm and MeO-N5-PanAm. The cocrystal structures showed that all of the PanAms are phosphorylated by SaPanKII but remain bound at the active site; this occurs primarily through interactions with Tyr240' and Thr172'. Kinetic analysis showed a strong correlation between kcat (slow PanAm turnover) and IC50 (inhibition of pantothenate phosphorylation) values, suggesting that SaPanKII inhibition occurs via a delay in product release. In-depth analysis of the PanAm-bound structures showed that the capacity for accepting a hydrogen bond from the amide of Thr172' was a stronger determinant for PanAm potency than the capacity to π-stack with Tyr240'. The two new PanAms, N-Pip-PanAm and MeO-N5-PanAm, effectively combine both hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, resulting in the most potent SaPanKII inhibition described to date. Taken together, our results are consistent with an inhibition mechanism wherein PanAms act as SaPanKII substrates that remain bound upon phosphorylation. The phospho-PanAm-SaPanKII interactions described herein may help future antistaphylococcal drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leanne Barnard
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | | | | | - Tetyana Antoshchenko
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Erick Strauss
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Hee-Won Park
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
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5
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Recent advances in targeting coenzyme A biosynthesis and utilization for antimicrobial drug development. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:1080-6. [PMID: 25110006 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis and utilization of CoA (coenzyme A), the ubiquitous and essential acyl carrier in all organisms, have long been regarded as excellent targets for the development of new antimicrobial drugs. Moreover, bioinformatics and biochemical studies have highlighted significant differences between several of the bacterial enzyme targets and their human counterparts, indicating that selective inhibition of the former should be possible. Over the past decade, a large amount of structural and mechanistic data has been gathered on CoA metabolism and the CoA biosynthetic enzymes, and this has facilitated the discovery and development of several promising candidate antimicrobial agents. These compounds include both target-specific inhibitors, as well as CoA antimetabolite precursors that can reduce CoA levels and interfere with processes that are dependent on this cofactor. In the present mini-review we provide an overview of the most recent of these studies that, taken together, have also provided chemical validation of CoA biosynthesis and utilization as viable targets for antimicrobial drug development.
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6
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Exploiting the coenzyme A biosynthesis pathway for the identification of new antimalarial agents: the case for pantothenamides. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:1087-93. [PMID: 25110007 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Malaria kills more than half a million people each year. There is no vaccine, and recent reports suggest that resistance is developing to the antimalarial regimes currently recommended by the World Health Organization. New drugs are therefore needed to ensure malaria treatment options continue to be available. The intra-erythrocytic stage of the malaria parasite's life cycle is dependent on an extracellular supply of pantothenate (vitamin B5), the precursor of CoA (coenzyme A). It has been known for many years that proliferation of the parasite during this stage of its life cycle can be inhibited with pantothenate analogues. We have shown recently that pantothenamides, a class of pantothenate analogues with antibacterial activity, inhibit parasite proliferation at submicromolar concentrations and do so competitively with pantothenate. These compounds, however, are degraded, and therefore rendered inactive, by the enzyme pantetheinase (vanin), which is present in serum. In the present mini-review, we discuss the two strategies that have been put forward to overcome pantetheinase-mediated degradation of pantothenamides. The strategies effectively provide an opportunity for pantothenamides to be tested in vivo. We also put forward our 'blueprint' for the further development of pantothenamides (and other pantothenate analogues) as potential antimalarials.
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de Villiers M, Barnard L, Koekemoer L, Snoep JL, Strauss E. Variation in pantothenate kinase type determines the pantothenamide mode of action and impacts on coenzyme A salvage biosynthesis. FEBS J 2014; 281:4731-53. [PMID: 25156889 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-substituted pantothenamides are analogues of pantothenic acid, the vitamin precursor of CoA, and constitute a class of well-studied bacterial growth inhibitors that show potential as new antibacterial agents. Previous studies have highlighted the importance of pantothenate kinase (PanK; EC 2.7.1.33) (the first enzyme of CoA biosynthesis) in mediating pantothenamide-induced growth inhibition by one of two proposed mechanisms: first, by acting on the pantothenamides as alternate substrates (allowing their conversion into CoA antimetabolites, with subsequent effects on CoA- and acyl carrier protein-dependent processes) or, second, by being directly inhibited by them (causing a reduction in CoA biosynthesis). In the present study we used structurally modified pantothenamides to probe whether PanKs interact with these compounds in the same manner. We show that the three distinct types of eubacterial PanKs that are known to exist (PanKI , PanKII and PanKIII ) respond very differently and, consequently, are responsible for determining the pantothenamide mode of action in each case: although the promiscuous PanKI enzymes accept them as substrates, the highly selective PanKIII s are resistant to their inhibitory effects. Most unexpectedly, Staphylococcus aureus PanK (the only known example of a bacterial PanKII ) experiences uncompetitive inhibition in a manner that is described for the first time. In addition, we show that pantetheine, a CoA degradation product that closely resembles the pantothenamides, causes the same effect. This suggests that, in S. aureus, pantothenamides may act by usurping a previously unknown role of pantetheine in the regulation of CoA biosynthesis, and validates its PanK as a target for the development of new antistaphylococcal agents.
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Awuah E, Ma E, Hoegl A, Vong K, Habib E, Auclair K. Exploring structural motifs necessary for substrate binding in the active site of Escherichia coli pantothenate kinase. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:3083-90. [PMID: 24814884 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthetic enzymes have been used to produce various CoA analogues, including mechanistic probes of CoA-dependent enzymes such as those involved in fatty acid biosynthesis. These enzymes are also important for the activation of the pantothenamide class of antibacterial agents, and of a recently reported family of antibiotic resistance inhibitors. Herein we report a study on the selectivity of pantothenate kinase, the first and rate limiting step of CoA biosynthesis. A robust synthetic route was developed to allow rapid access to a small library of pantothenate analogs diversified at the β-alanine moiety, the carboxylate or the geminal dimethyl group. All derivatives were tested as substrates of Escherichia coli pantothenate kinase (EcPanK). Four derivatives, all N-aromatic pantothenamides, proved to be equivalent to the benchmark N-pentylpantothenamide (N5-pan) as substrates of EcPanK, while two others, also with N-aromatic groups, were some of the best substrates reported for this enzyme. This collection of data provides insight for the future design of PanK substrates in the production of useful CoA analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelia Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Eric Ma
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Annabelle Hoegl
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Kenward Vong
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Eric Habib
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada.
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9
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de Villiers M, Macuamule C, Spry C, Hyun YM, Strauss E, Saliba KJ. Structural modification of pantothenamides counteracts degradation by pantetheinase and improves antiplasmodial activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:784-9. [PMID: 24900746 DOI: 10.1021/ml400180d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pantothenamides are secondary or tertiary amides of pantothenic acid, the vitamin precursor of the essential cofactor and universal acyl carrier coenzyme A. A recent study has demonstrated that pantothenamides inhibit the growth of blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum with submicromolar potency by exerting an effect on pantothenic acid utilization, but only when the pantetheinase present in the growth medium has been inactivated. Here, we demonstrate that small modifications of the pantothenamide core structure are sufficient to counteract pantetheinase-mediated degradation and that the resulting pantothenamide analogues still inhibit the in vitro proliferation of P. falciparum by targeting a pantothenic acid-dependent process (or processes). Finally, we investigated the toxicity of the most potent analogues to human cells and show that the selectivity ratio exceeds 100 in one case. Taken together, these results provide further support for pantothenic acid utilization being a viable target for antimalarial drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne de Villiers
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Cristiano Macuamule
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | | | | | - Erick Strauss
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
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10
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Rothmann M, Kang M, Villa R, Ntai I, La Clair JJ, Kelleher NL, Chapman E, Burkart MD. Metabolic perturbation of an essential pathway: evaluation of a glycine precursor of coenzyme A. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:5962-5. [PMID: 23550886 DOI: 10.1021/ja400795m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pantetheine and its corresponding disulfide pantethine play a key role in metabolism as building blocks of coenzyme A (CoA), an essential cofactor utilized in ~4% of primary metabolism and central to fatty acid, polyketide, and nonribosomal peptide synthases. Using a combination of recombinant engineering and chemical synthesis, we show that the disulfide of N-pantoylglycyl-2-aminoethanethiol (GlyPan), with one fewer carbon than pantetheine, can rescue a mutant E. coli strain MG1655ΔpanC lacking a functional pantothenate synthetase. Using mass spectrometry, we show that the GlyPan variant is accepted by the downstream CoA biosynthetic machinery, ultimately being incorporated into essential acyl carrier proteins. These findings point to further flexibility in CoA-dependent pathways and offer the opportunity to incorporate orthogonal analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rothmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, USA
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11
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Spry C, Macuamule C, Lin Z, Virga KG, Lee RE, Strauss E, Saliba KJ. Pantothenamides are potent, on-target inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum growth when serum pantetheinase is inactivated. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54974. [PMID: 23405100 PMCID: PMC3566143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth of the virulent human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is dependent on an extracellular supply of pantothenate (vitamin B(5)) and is susceptible to inhibition by pantothenate analogues that hinder pantothenate utilization. In this study, on the hunt for pantothenate analogues with increased potency relative to those reported previously, we screened a series of pantothenamides (amide analogues of pantothenate) against P. falciparum and show for the first time that analogues of this type possess antiplasmodial activity. Although the active pantothenamides in this series exhibit only modest potency under standard in vitro culture conditions, we show that the potency of pantothenamides is selectively enhanced when the parasite culture medium is pre-incubated at 37°C for a prolonged period. We present evidence that this finding is linked to the presence in Albumax II (a serum-substitute routinely used for in vitro cultivation of P. falciparum) of pantetheinase activity: the activity of an enzyme that hydrolyzes the pantothenate metabolite pantetheine, for which pantothenamides also serve as substrates. Pantetheinase activity, and thereby pantothenamide degradation, is reduced following incubation of Albumax II-containing culture medium for a prolonged period at 37°C, revealing the true, sub-micromolar potency of pantothenamides. Importantly we show that the potent antiplasmodial effect of pantothenamides is attenuated with pantothenate, consistent with the compounds inhibiting parasite proliferation specifically by inhibiting pantothenate and/or CoA utilization. Additionally, we show that the pantothenamides interact with P. falciparum pantothenate kinase, the first enzyme involved in converting pantothenate to coenzyme A. This is the first demonstration of on-target antiplasmodial pantothenate analogues with sub-micromolar potency, and highlights the potential of pantetheinase-resistant pantothenamides as antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Spry
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Cristiano Macuamule
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, Stellenbosch, South África
| | - Zhiyang Lin
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Kristopher G. Virga
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, South Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Richard E. Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Erick Strauss
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, Stellenbosch, South África
| | - Kevin J. Saliba
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Medical School, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- * E-mail:
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van der Westhuyzen R, Hammons JC, Meier JL, Dahesh S, Moolman WJA, Pelly SC, Nizet V, Burkart MD, Strauss E. The antibiotic CJ-15,801 is an antimetabolite that hijacks and then inhibits CoA biosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 19:559-71. [PMID: 22633408 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The natural product CJ-15,801 is an inhibitor of Staphylococcus aureus, but not other bacteria. Its close structural resemblance to pantothenic acid, the vitamin precursor of coenzyme A (CoA), and its Michael acceptor moiety suggest that it irreversibly inhibits an enzyme involved in CoA biosynthesis or utilization. However, its mode of action and the basis for its specificity have not been elucidated to date. We demonstrate that CJ-15,801 is transformed by the uniquely selective S. aureus pantothenate kinase, the first CoA biosynthetic enzyme, into a substrate for the next enzyme, phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase, which is inhibited through formation of a tight-binding structural mimic of its native reaction intermediate. These findings reveal CJ-15,801 as a vitamin biosynthetic pathway antimetabolite with a mechanism similar to that of the sulfonamide antibiotics and highlight CoA biosynthesis as a viable antimicrobial drug target.
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Hutchby M, Houlden CE, Haddow MF, Tyler SNG, Lloyd-Jones GC, Booker-Milburn KI. Switching Pathways: Room-Temperature Neutral Solvolysis and Substitution of Amides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 51:548-51. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201107117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Hutchby M, Houlden CE, Haddow MF, Tyler SNG, Lloyd-Jones GC, Booker-Milburn KI. Switching Pathways: Room-Temperature Neutral Solvolysis and Substitution of Amides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201107117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Akinnusi TO, Vong K, Auclair K. Geminal dialkyl derivatives of N-substituted pantothenamides: synthesis and antibacterial activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2696-706. [PMID: 21440446 PMCID: PMC3084188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
As a key precursor of coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis, pantothenic acid has proven to be a useful backbone to elaborate probes of this biosynthetic pathway, study CoA-utilizing systems, and design molecules with antimicrobial activity. The increasing prevalence of bacterial strains resistant to one or more antibiotics has prompted a renewed interest for molecules with a novel mode of antibacterial action such as N-substituted pantothenamides. Although numerous derivatives have been reported, most are varied at the terminal N-substituent, and fewer at the β-alanine moiety. Modifications at the pantoyl portion are limited to the addition of an ω-methyl group. We report a synthetic route to N-substituted pantothenamides with various alkyl substituents replacing the geminal dimethyl groups. Our methodology is also applicable to the synthesis of pantothenic acid, pantetheine and CoA derivatives. Here a small library of new N-substituted pantothenamides was synthesized. Most of these compounds display antibacterial activity against sensitive and resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Interestingly, replacement of the ProR methyl with an allyl group yielded a new N-substituted pantothenamide which is amongst the most potent reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Olukayode Akinnusi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2K6
| | - Kenward Vong
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2K6
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2K6
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16
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Yan X, Akinnusi TO, Larsen AT, Auclair K. Synthesis of 4'-aminopantetheine and derivatives to probe aminoglycoside N-6'-acetyltransferase. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:1538-46. [PMID: 21225062 PMCID: PMC3084192 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob01018a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A convenient synthesis of 4'-aminopantetheine from commercial D-pantethine is reported. The amino group was introduced by reductive amination in order to avoid substitution at a sterically congested position. Derivatives of 4'-aminopantetheine were also prepared to evaluate the effect of O-to-N substitution on inhibitors of the resistance-causing enzyme aminoglycoside N-6'-acetyltransferase. The biological results combined with docking studies indicate that in spite of its reported unusual flexibility and ability to adopt different folds, this enzyme is highly specific for AcCoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuxu Yan
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2K6
| | - T. Olukayode Akinnusi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2K6
| | - Aaron T. Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2K6
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2K6
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