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Gallardo M, Arancibia R, Jiménez C, Wilkinson S, Toro PM, Roussel P, Henry N. Ferrocene-based nitroheterocyclic sulfonylhydrazones: design, synthesis, characterization and trypanocidal properties. J Biol Inorg Chem 2023; 28:549-558. [PMID: 37462740 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-023-02010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
A series of new ferrocenyl nitroheterocyclic sulfonylhydrazones (1a-4a and 1b-2b) were prepared by the reaction between formyl (R = H) or acetyl (R = CH3) nitroheterocyclic precursors [4/5-NO2(C5H2XCOR), where X = O, S)] and ferrocenyl tosyl hydrazine [(η5-C5H5)Fe(η5-C5H4SO2-NH-NH2)]. All compounds were characterized by conventional spectroscopic techniques. In the solid state, the molecular structures of compounds 1a, 2b, and 3a were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compounds showed an E-configuration around the C=N moiety. Evaluation of trypanocidal activity, measured in vitro against the Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei strains, indicated that all organometallic tosyl hydrazones displayed activity against both parasite species with a higher level of potency toward T. brucei than T. cruzi. Moreover, the biological evaluation showed that the 5-nitroheterocyclic derivatives were more efficient trypanocidal agents than their 4-nitroheterocyclic counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Gallardo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Arancibia
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Claudio Jiménez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Shane Wilkinson
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Patricia M Toro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Pascal Roussel
- Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois,, Lille, France
| | - Natacha Henry
- Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois,, Lille, France
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2
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Nitro compounds against trypanosomatidae parasites: Heroes or villains? Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 75:128930. [PMID: 36030001 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease and Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) are caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, T. brucei rhodesiense or T. b. gambiense parasites, respectively; while Leishmania is caused by parasites from the Leishmania genus. In recent years, many efforts have been addressed to develop inhibitors against these parasites, especially nitro-containing derivatives, which can interfere with essential enzymes from the protozoa. In this review, all anti-trypanosomatidae nitrocompounds reported so far are shown herein, highlighting their activities and SAR analyses, providing all the benefits and problems associated with this ambiguous chemical group. Finally, this review paper will be useful for many research teams around the world, which are searching for novel trypanocidal and leishmanicidal agents.
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3
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Zhou Q, Mohammed F, Wang Y, Wang J, Lu N, Li J, Ge Z. Hypoxia-responsive block copolymer polyprodrugs for complementary photodynamic-chemotherapy. J Control Release 2021; 339:130-142. [PMID: 34560158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The inherent hypoxic microenvironment of solid tumors has an important influence on tumor growth, distant metastasis, and invasiveness. The heterogeneous distribution of hypoxic regions inside tumors limits the therapeutic efficacy of O2-assisted therapeutic strategy (e.g. photodynamic therapy (PDT)). On the other hand, the hypoxia-activable prodrugs cannot work effectively in the regions with enough O2 concentration. To address the issues, we prepare a block copolymer polyprodrug consisting of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and copolymerized segments of nitroimidazole-linked camptothecin (CPT) methacrylate and 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP)-containing methacrylate monomers for complementary photodynamic-chemotherapy. The polyprodrug can self-assemble into polymeric micelles in aqueous solution with suitable size and high stability. After intravenous injection, the polyprodrug micelles show tumor accumulation. Followed by light irradiation (650 nm) at tumor sites, TPP moieties induce singlet oxygen (1O2) production in the oxygen-rich area to exert PDT and cause transformation of the oxygen-rich areas into hypoxia. Simultaneously, in the hypoxic areas, the hypoxia-responsive polyprodrugs can be activated to release free CPT due to the cleavage of nitroimidazole linkages. The polyprodrug micelles with the segments for PDT and hypoxia-activable CPT efficiently suppress the growth of HeLa tumors. The well-defined polyprodrug amphiphiles offer an effective strategy to overcome the disadvantages of single treatment of PDT or hypoxia-responsive prodrugs for complementary photodynamic-chemotherapy of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghao Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fathelrahman Mohammed
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yuheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jingbo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Nannan Lu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Zhishen Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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Le TM, Huynh T, Bamou FZ, Szekeres A, Fülöp F, Szakonyi Z. Novel (+)-Neoisopulegol-Based O-Benzyl Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5626. [PMID: 34073167 PMCID: PMC8198684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery of novel antibacterial agents with new structures, which combat pathogens is an urgent task. In this study, a new library of (+)-neoisopulegol-based O-benzyl derivatives of aminodiols and aminotriols was designed and synthesized, and their antimicrobial activity against different bacterial and fungal strains were evaluated. The results showed that this new series of synthetic O-benzyl compounds exhibit potent antimicrobial activity. Di-O-benzyl derivatives showed high activity against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi, but moderate activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, these compounds may serve a good basis for antibacterial and antifungal drug discovery. Structure-activity relationships were also studied from the aspects of stereochemistry of the O-benzyl group on cyclohexane ring and the substituent effects on the ring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam Minh Le
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Interdisciplinary Excellent Center, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.M.L.); (F.Z.B.); (F.F.)
- Stereochemistry Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Thu Huynh
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (T.H.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biotecnology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 72607, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City 71351, Vietnam
| | - Fatima Zahra Bamou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Interdisciplinary Excellent Center, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.M.L.); (F.Z.B.); (F.F.)
| | - András Szekeres
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (T.H.); (A.S.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Products, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Interdisciplinary Excellent Center, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.M.L.); (F.Z.B.); (F.F.)
- Stereochemistry Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Szakonyi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Interdisciplinary Excellent Center, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.M.L.); (F.Z.B.); (F.F.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Products, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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Sadhasivam V, Sankar B, Elamathi G, Mariyappan M, Siva A. Cu(OAc)2 entrapped on ethylene glycol-modified melamine–formaldehyde polymer as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-019-03984-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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6
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Su Z, Xie Z, Wang S, Luo N, Wang C. Direct synthesis of highly functionalized furans from donor-acceptor cyclopropanes via DBU-mediated ring expansion reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:7342-7351. [PMID: 31334531 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01308c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A DBU-mediated, unprecedented formal ring expansion reaction of 2-acyl-3-arylcyclopropane-1,1-dicarbonitriles for the synthesis of multisubstituted furan derivatives is reported. This transformation represents the regioselective ring-opening reaction of cyclopropane-1,1-dicarbonitriles and annulation using an intramolecular addition cascade reaction protocol for the synthesis of fully substituted furans includes use of readily available starting materials, mild reaction conditions, and it is transition-metal catalyst free, has good functional tolerance, and broad substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjie Su
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, PR China.
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7
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Wang T, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Yan R. Fe-Catalyzed tandem cyclization for the synthesis of 3-nitrofurans from homopropargylic alcohols and Al(NO 3) 3·9H 2O. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:5232-5235. [PMID: 29989633 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01184b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Al(NO3)3·9H2O as a nitro source for the synthesis of 3-nitrofurans from homopropargylic alcohols through Fe-catalyzed tandem cyclization is described. In this transformation, the substituted nitrofurans are obtained through nitration and cyclization. The substrate homopropargylic alcohols with different groups participate smoothly in this process and the desired substituted nitrofurans were obtained in moderate yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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8
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Zhuang Q, Sun L, Ni Y. One-step synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets with the help of melamine and its application for fluorescence detection of mercuric ions. Talanta 2016; 164:458-462. [PMID: 28107958 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A facile, simple, and relatively environment-friendly hydrothermal approach was developed for one-step synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (GCNNs) using melamine and sodium citrate as the precursors. The prepared GCNNs emit strong fluorescence with a high quantum yield of 48.3%. The GCNNs were then characterized by various techniques including transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. In addition, the fluorescence quenching behavior of the GCNNS by mercuric ions (Hg2+) was exploited to fabricate a label-free fluorescence quenching sensor for sensitive and selective detection of Hg2+. The results showed that there existed a linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity and the concentration of Hg2+ from 0.001 to 1.0μM with a detection limit of 0.3nM. Finally, the sensor was successfully used to detection of Hg2+ in water and milk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianfen Zhuang
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Liming Sun
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yongnian Ni
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
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9
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Turočkin A, Honeker R, Raven W, Selig P. Synthesis of Chiral Bicyclic Guanidinium Salts using Di(imidazole-1-yl)methanimine. J Org Chem 2016; 81:4516-29. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksej Turočkin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and ‡Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Roman Honeker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and ‡Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - William Raven
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and ‡Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Philipp Selig
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and ‡Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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10
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Venkatraj M, Ariën KK, Heeres J, Joossens J, Dirié B, Lyssens S, Michiels J, Cos P, Lewi PJ, Vanham G, Maes L, Van der Veken P, Augustyns K. From human immunodeficiency virus non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors to potent and selective antitrypanosomal compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:5241-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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11
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Prati F, Goldman-Pinkovich A, Lizzi F, Belluti F, Koren R, Zilberstein D, Bolognesi ML. Quinone-amino acid conjugates targeting Leishmania amino acid transporters. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107994. [PMID: 25254495 PMCID: PMC4177859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of targeting Leishmania transporters via appropriately designed chemical probes. Leishmania donovani, the parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis, is auxotrophic for arginine and lysine and has specific transporters (LdAAP3 and LdAAP7) to import these nutrients. Probes 1–15 were originated by conjugating cytotoxic quinone fragments (II and III) with amino acids (i.e. arginine and lysine) by means of an amide linkage. The toxicity of the synthesized conjugates against Leishmania extracellular (promastigotes) and intracellular (amastigotes) forms was investigated, as well their inhibition of the relevant amino acid transporters. We observed that some conjugates indeed displayed toxicity against the parasites; in particular, 7 was identified as the most potent derivative (at concentrations of 1 µg/mL and 2.5 µg/mL residual cell viability was reduced to 15% and 48% in promastigotes and amastigotes, respectively). Notably, 6, while retaining the cytotoxic activity of quinone II, displayed no toxicity against mammalian THP1 cells. Transport assays indicated that the novel conjugates inhibited transport activity of lysine, arginine and proline transporters. Furthermore, our analyses suggested that the toxic conjugates might be translocated by the transporters into the cells. The non-toxic probes that inhibited transport competed with the natural substrates for binding to the transporters without being translocated. Thus, it is likely that 6, by exploiting amino acid transporters, can selectively deliver its toxic effects to Leishmania cells. This work provides the first evidence that amino acid transporters of the human pathogen Leishmania might be modulated by small molecules, and warrants their further investigation from drug discovery and chemical biology perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Prati
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Federica Lizzi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Belluti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roni Koren
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dan Zilberstein
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail:
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12
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Characterization of a melamino nitroheterocycle as a potential lead for the treatment of human african trypanosomiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:5747-57. [PMID: 25022590 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01449-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports an evaluation of a melamino nitroheterocycle, a potential lead for further development as an agent against human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). Studies on its efficacy, physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties, and potential for toxicity are described. The compound previously had been shown to possess exceptional activity against Trypanosoma brucei in in vitro assays comparable to that of melarsoprol. Here, we demonstrate that the compound also was curative in the stringent acute mouse model T. brucei rhodesiense STIB 900 when given intraperitoneally at 40 mg/kg of body weight. Nevertheless, activity was only moderate when the oral route was used, and no cure was obtained when the compound was tested in a stage 2 rodent model of infection. Genotoxic profiling revealed that the compound induces DNA damage by a mechanism apparently independent from nitroreduction and involving the introduction of base pair substitutions (Ames test), possibly caused by oxidative damage of the DNA (comet test). No significant genotoxicity was observed at the chromosome level (micronucleus assay). The lack of suitable properties for oral and central nervous system uptake and the genotoxic liabilities prevent the progression of this melamine nitroheterocycle as a drug candidate for HAT. Further modification of the compound is required to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of the molecule and to separate the trypanocidal activity from the toxic potential.
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Xu J, Wu G, Wang Z, Zhang X. Growth mechanisms of 2D organic assemblies generated from dialkylated melaminium derivatives: the length difference of the two alkyl chains that matters. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:10959-10963. [PMID: 23909576 DOI: 10.1021/la402622j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This research is aimed to understand the growth mechanisms for self-assembly of dialkylated melamine derivatives. The dialkylated melamine derivatives with different alkyl chains (Mela-m-n) are able to self-assemble with hydrochloric acid in dichloromethane to form 2D organic assemblies, exhibiting similar lamellar structures as Mela-n·HCl with identical alkyl chains. The most interesting finding is that the growth mechanism of Mela-n·HCl with identical alkyl chains is revealed to be layer growth, while Mela-m-n·HCl with asymmetric alkyl chains adopts a spiral growth mechanism. The asymmetric alkyl chains in Mela-m-n may lead to the formation of dislocation, which is responsible for the spiral growth mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, PR China
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14
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Zhang L, Peng XM, Damu GLV, Geng RX, Zhou CH. Comprehensive review in current developments of imidazole-based medicinal chemistry. Med Res Rev 2013; 34:340-437. [PMID: 23740514 DOI: 10.1002/med.21290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Imidazole ring is an important five-membered aromatic heterocycle widely present in natural products and synthetic molecules. The unique structural feature of imidazole ring with desirable electron-rich characteristic is beneficial for imidazole derivatives to readily bind with a variety of enzymes and receptors in biological systems through diverse weak interactions, thereby exhibiting broad bioactivities. The related research and developments of imidazole-based medicinal chemistry have become a rapidly developing and increasingly active topic. Particularly, numerous imidazole-based compounds as clinical drugs have been extensively used in the clinic to treat various types of diseases with high therapeutic potency, which have shown the enormous development value. This work systematically gives a comprehensive review in current developments of imidazole-based compounds in the whole range of medicinal chemistry as anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, antitubercular, anti-inflammatory, antineuropathic, antihypertensive, antihistaminic, antiparasitic, antiobesity, antiviral, and other medicinal agents, together with their potential applications in diagnostics and pathology. It is hoped that this review will be helpful for new thoughts in the quest for rational designs of more active and less toxic imidazole-based medicinal drugs, as well as more effective diagnostic agents and pathologic probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Laboratory of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
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15
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Aridoss G, Laali KK. Ethylammonium Nitrate (EAN)/Tf2O and EAN/TFAA: Ionic Liquid Based Systems for Aromatic Nitration. J Org Chem 2011; 76:8088-94. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201374a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gopalakrishnan Aridoss
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, United States
| | - Kenneth K. Laali
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, United States
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16
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Jacobs RT, Nare B, Phillips MA. State of the art in African trypanosome drug discovery. Curr Top Med Chem 2011; 11:1255-74. [PMID: 21401507 PMCID: PMC3101707 DOI: 10.2174/156802611795429167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
African sleeping sickness is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa where the WHO estimates that 60 million people are at risk for the disease. Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is 100% fatal if untreated and the current drug therapies have significant limitations due to toxicity and difficult treatment regimes. No new chemical agents have been approved since eflornithine in 1990. The pentamidine analog DB289, which was in late stage clinical trials for the treatment of early stage HAT recently failed due to toxicity issues. A new protocol for the treatment of late-stage T. brucei gambiense that uses combination nifurtomox/eflornithine (NECT) was recently shown to have better safety and efficacy than eflornithine alone, while being easier to administer. This breakthrough represents the only new therapy for HAT since the approval of eflornithine. A number of research programs are on going to exploit the unusual biochemical pathways in the parasite to identify new targets for target based drug discovery programs. HTS efforts are also underway to discover new chemical entities through whole organism screening approaches. A number of inhibitors with anti-trypanosomal activity have been identified by both approaches, but none of the programs are yet at the stage of identifying a preclinical candidate. This dire situation underscores the need for continued effort to identify new chemical agents for the treatment of HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T. Jacobs
- SCYNEXIS, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2878
| | - Bakela Nare
- SCYNEXIS, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2878
| | - Margaret A. Phillips
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 6001 Forest Park Rd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041
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17
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Klee N, Wong PE, Baragaña B, Mazouni FE, Phillips MA, Barrett MP, Gilbert IH. Selective delivery of 2-hydroxy APA to Trypanosoma brucei using the melamine motif. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4364-6. [PMID: 20615694 PMCID: PMC2935964 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei, the parasite that causes human African trypanosomiasis, is auxotrophic for purines and has specialist nucleoside transporters to import these metabolites. In particular, the P2 aminopurine transporter can also selectively accumulate melamine derivatives. In this Letter, we report the coupling of the melamine moiety to 2-hydroxy APA, a potent ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, with the aim of selectively delivering this compound to the parasite. The best compound described here shows an increased in vitro trypanocidal activity compared with the parent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Klee
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Science, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee, UK
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Abstract
The protozoan parasitesTrypanosoma bruceiandTrypanosoma cruziare the causative agents of African trypanosomiasis and Chagas disease, respectively. These are debilitating infections that exert a considerable health burden on some of the poorest people on the planet. Treatment of trypanosome infections is dependent on a small number of drugs that have limited efficacy and can cause severe side effects. Here, we review the properties of these drugs and describe new findings on their modes of action and the mechanisms by which resistance can arise. We further outline how a greater understanding of parasite biology is being exploited in the search for novel chemotherapeutic agents. This effort is being facilitated by new research networks that involve academic and biotechnology/pharmaceutical organisations, supported by public–private partnerships, and are bringing a new dynamism and purpose to the search for trypanocidal agents.
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