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Gharib G, Bütün İ, Muganlı Z, Kozalak G, Namlı İ, Sarraf SS, Ahmadi VE, Toyran E, van Wijnen AJ, Koşar A. Biomedical Applications of Microfluidic Devices: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1023. [PMID: 36421141 PMCID: PMC9688231 DOI: 10.3390/bios12111023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Both passive and active microfluidic chips are used in many biomedical and chemical applications to support fluid mixing, particle manipulations, and signal detection. Passive microfluidic devices are geometry-dependent, and their uses are rather limited. Active microfluidic devices include sensors or detectors that transduce chemical, biological, and physical changes into electrical or optical signals. Also, they are transduction devices that detect biological and chemical changes in biomedical applications, and they are highly versatile microfluidic tools for disease diagnosis and organ modeling. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the significant advances that have been made in the development of microfluidics devices. We will discuss the function of microfluidic devices as micromixers or as sorters of cells and substances (e.g., microfiltration, flow or displacement, and trapping). Microfluidic devices are fabricated using a range of techniques, including molding, etching, three-dimensional printing, and nanofabrication. Their broad utility lies in the detection of diagnostic biomarkers and organ-on-chip approaches that permit disease modeling in cancer, as well as uses in neurological, cardiovascular, hepatic, and pulmonary diseases. Biosensor applications allow for point-of-care testing, using assays based on enzymes, nanozymes, antibodies, or nucleic acids (DNA or RNA). An anticipated development in the field includes the optimization of techniques for the fabrication of microfluidic devices using biocompatible materials. These developments will increase biomedical versatility, reduce diagnostic costs, and accelerate diagnosis time of microfluidics technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Gharib
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre (SUNUM), Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces for Nano Diagnostics (EFSUN), Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - İsmail Bütün
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Zülâl Muganlı
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Gül Kozalak
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces for Nano Diagnostics (EFSUN), Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - İlayda Namlı
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | | | | | - Erçil Toyran
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Andre J. van Wijnen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Ali Koşar
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre (SUNUM), Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces for Nano Diagnostics (EFSUN), Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Çankaya, Ankara 06700, Turkey
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Ip BC, Cui F, Wilks BT, Murphy J, Tripathi A, Morgan JR. Perfused Organ Cell-Dense Macrotissues Assembled from Prefabricated Living Microtissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Blanche C. Ip
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology; Brown University; Providence RI 02912 USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering; Brown University; Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - Francis Cui
- Center for Biomedical Engineering; Brown University; Providence RI 02912 USA
- School of Engineering; Brown University; Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - Benjamin T. Wilks
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology; Brown University; Providence RI 02912 USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering; Brown University; Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - John Murphy
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology; Brown University; Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - Anubhav Tripathi
- Center for Biomedical Engineering; Brown University; Providence RI 02912 USA
- School of Engineering; Brown University; Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Morgan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology; Brown University; Providence RI 02912 USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering; Brown University; Providence RI 02912 USA
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Takai M, Hoy CFO, Yoshihara A. Electrospun Polymeric Microfiber Substrates for Rapid Protein and Cell-based Assays. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2018. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.31.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cui FR, Ip BC, Morgan JR, Tripathi A. Hydrodynamics of the Bio-Gripper: A Fluid-Driven "Claw Machine" for Soft Microtissue Translocation. SLAS Technol 2018; 23:540-549. [PMID: 29932848 DOI: 10.1177/2472630318775079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Technological advances in solid organ tissue engineering that rely on the assembly of small tissue-building parts require a novel transport method suited for soft, deformable, living objects of submillimeter- to centimeter-length scale. We describe a technology that utilizes membrane flow through a gripper to generate optimized pressure differentials across the top and bottom surfaces of microtissue so that the part may be gripped and lifted. The flow and geometry parameters are developed for automation by analyzing the fluid mechanics framework by which a gripper can lift tissue parts off solid and porous surfaces. For the axisymmetric part and gripper geometries, we examine the lift force on the part as a function of various parameters related to the gripper design, its operation, and the tissue parts and environments with which it operates. We believe our bio-gripping model can be used in various applications in high-throughput tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis R Cui
- 1 School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,2 Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Blanche C Ip
- 2 Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,3 Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Morgan
- 2 Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,3 Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Anubhav Tripathi
- 1 School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,2 Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Hoy CFO, Kushiro K, Takai M. Fabrication and assessment of an electrospun polymeric microfiber-based platform under bulk flow conditions with rapid and efficient antigen capture. Analyst 2018; 143:865-873. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01366c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and rapid membrane capable of antigen capture in 5 seconds compared to a conventional method in 60 minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlton F. O. Hoy
- Department of Bioengineering
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Keiichiro Kushiro
- Department of Bioengineering
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Madoka Takai
- Department of Bioengineering
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo
- Japan
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Dong J, Ueda H. ELISA-type assays of trace biomarkers using microfluidic methods. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 9. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Dong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University; Linyi P.R. China
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Yokohama Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Yokohama Japan
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Boken J, Soni SK, Kumar D. Microfluidic Synthesis of Nanoparticles and their Biosensing Applications. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 46:538-61. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2016.1169912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Microfluidics Integrated Biosensors: A Leading Technology towards Lab-on-a-Chip and Sensing Applications. SENSORS 2015; 15:30011-31. [PMID: 26633409 PMCID: PMC4721704 DOI: 10.3390/s151229783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A biosensor can be defined as a compact analytical device or unit incorporating a biological or biologically derived sensitive recognition element immobilized on a physicochemical transducer to measure one or more analytes. Microfluidic systems, on the other hand, provide throughput processing, enhance transport for controlling the flow conditions, increase the mixing rate of different reagents, reduce sample and reagents volume (down to nanoliter), increase sensitivity of detection, and utilize the same platform for both sample preparation and detection. In view of these advantages, the integration of microfluidic and biosensor technologies provides the ability to merge chemical and biological components into a single platform and offers new opportunities for future biosensing applications including portability, disposability, real-time detection, unprecedented accuracies, and simultaneous analysis of different analytes in a single device. This review aims at representing advances and achievements in the field of microfluidic-based biosensing. The review also presents examples extracted from the literature to demonstrate the advantages of merging microfluidic and biosensing technologies and illustrate the versatility that such integration promises in the future biosensing for emerging areas of biological engineering, biomedical studies, point-of-care diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and precision agriculture.
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Sasaki N, Jo JI, Aoki I, Sato K. Magnetic resonance imaging of a microvascular-interstitium model on a microfluidic device. Anal Biochem 2014; 458:72-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Liu M, Franko M. Progress in Thermal Lens Spectrometry and Its Applications in Microscale Analytical Devices. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2014; 44:328-53. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2013.869171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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He S, Yu X, Wang X, Tan J, Yan S, Wang P, Huang BH, Zhang ZL, Li L. Fast magnetic isolation of simple sequence repeat markers in microfluidic channels. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1410-1414. [PMID: 24615343 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51371h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are widely used for genome mapping, genetic diversity characterization and medical diagnosis. The fast isolation by AFLP of sequence containing repeats (FIASCO) is a powerful method for SSR marker isolation, but it is laborious, costly, and time consuming and requires multiple rounds of washing. Here, we report a superparamagnetic bead (SPMB)-based FIASCO method in a magnetic field controllable microfluidic chip (MFCM-Chip). This method dramatically reduces the assay time by 4.25-fold and reduces the quantity of magnetic beads and probes by 10-fold through the magnetic capture of (AG)n-containing fragments from Herba Leonuri, followed by washing and eluting on a microchip. The feasibility of this method was further evaluated by PCR and sequencing, and the results showed that the proportion of fragments containing SSRs was 89%, confirming that this platform is a fast and efficient method for SSR marker isolation. This cost-effective platform will make the powerful FIASCO technique more accessible for routine use with a wide variety of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibin He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
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Choi S, Hong Y, Lee I, Huh D, Jeon TJ, Kim SM. Effects of various extracellular matrix proteins on the growth of HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Cells Tissues Organs 2014; 198:349-56. [PMID: 24662367 DOI: 10.1159/000358755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the physical and biochemical effects of extracellular matrixes (ECMs) on HL-1 cardiomyocytes. ECMs play major roles in cell growth, adhesion and the maintenance of native cell functions. We investigated the effects of 6 different cell culture systems: 5 different ECM-treated surfaces (fibronectin, laminin, collagen I, gelatin and a gelatin/fibronectin mixture) and 1 nontreated surface. Surface morphology was scanned and analyzed using atomic force microscopy in order to investigate the physical effects of ECMs. The attachment, growth, viability, proliferation and phenotype of the cells were analyzed using phase-contrast microscopy and immunocytochemistry to elucidate the biochemical effects of ECMs. Our study provides basic information for understanding cell-ECM interactions and should be utilized in future cardiac cell research and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongkyun Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Over the past two decades, the application of microengineered systems in the chemical and biological sciences has transformed the way in which high-throughput experimentation is performed. The ability to fabricate complex microfluidic architectures has allowed scientists to create new experimental formats for processing ultra-small analytical volumes in short periods and with high efficiency. The development of such microfluidic systems has been driven by a range of fundamental features that accompany miniaturization. These include the ability to handle small sample volumes, ultra-low fabrication costs, reduced analysis times, enhanced operational flexibility, facile automation, and the ability to integrate functional components within complex analytical schemes. Herein we discuss the impact of microfluidics in the area of high-throughput screening and drug discovery and highlight some of the most pertinent studies in the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J. Dressler
- Department of Chemistry & Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Richard M. Maceiczyk
- Department of Chemistry & Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Soo-Ik Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew J. deMello
- Department of Chemistry & Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Muñoz-Berbel X, Rodríguez-Rodríguez R, Vigués N, Demming S, Mas J, Büttgenbach S, Verpoorte E, Ortiz P, Llobera A. Monolithically integrated biophotonic lab-on-a-chip for cell culture and simultaneous pH monitoring. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:4239-4247. [PMID: 24056720 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50746g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A poly(dimethylsiloxane) biophotonic lab-on-a-chip (bioPhLoC) containing two chambers, an incubation chamber and a monitoring chamber for cell retention/proliferation and pH monitoring, respectively, is presented. The bioPhLoC monolithically integrates a filter with 3 μm high size-exclusion microchannels, capable of efficiently trapping cells in the incubation chamber, as well as optical elements for real-time interrogation of both chambers. The integrated optical elements made possible both absorption and dispersion measurements, which were comparable to those made in a commercially available cuvette. The size-exclusion filter also showed good and stable trapping capacity when using yeast cells of variable size (between 5 and 8 μm diameter). For cell culture applications, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), with sizes between 8 and 10 μm diameter, were used as a mammalian cell model. These cells were efficiently trapped in the incubation chamber, where they proliferated with a classical spindle-shaped morphology and a traditional hill-and-valley phenotype. During cell proliferation, pH changes in the culture medium due to cell metabolism were monitored in real time and with high precision in the monitoring chamber without interference of the measurement by cells and other (cell) debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Muñoz-Berbel
- Centre Nacional de Microelectrònica (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Micro-spot with integrated pillars (MSIP) for detection of dengue virus NS1. Biomed Microdevices 2013; 15:959-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-013-9787-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sgro AE, Bajjalieh SM, Chiu DT. Single-axonal organelle analysis method reveals new protein-motor associations. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:277-84. [PMID: 23421679 DOI: 10.1021/cn300136y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal transport of synaptic vesicle proteins is required to maintain neurons' ability to communicate via synaptic transmission. Neurotransmitter-containing synaptic vesicles are assembled at synaptic terminals via highly regulated endocytosis of membrane proteins. These synaptic vesicle membrane proteins are synthesized in the cell body and transported to synapses in carrier vesicles that make their way down axons via microtubule-based transport utilizing kinesin molecular motors. Identifying the cargos that each kinesin motor protein carries from the cell bodies to the synapse is key to understanding both diseases caused by motor protein dysfunction and how synaptic vesicles are assembled. However, obtaining a bulk sample of axonal transport complexes from central nervous system (CNS) neurons to use for identification of their contents has posed a challenge to researchers. To obtain axonal carrier vesicles from primary cultured neurons, we fabricated a microfluidic chip designed to physically isolate axons from dendrites and cell bodies and developed a method to remove bulk axonal samples and label their contents. Synaptic vesicle protein carrier vesicles in these samples were labeled with antibodies to the synaptic vesicle proteins p38, SV2A, and VAMP2, and the anterograde axonal transport motor KIF1A, after which antibody overlap was evaluated using single-organelle TIRF microscopy. This work confirms a previously discovered association between KIF1A and p38 and shows that KIF1A also transports SV2A- and VAMP2-containing carrier vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson E. Sgro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700,
United States
| | - Sandra M. Bajjalieh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7750,
United States
| | - Daniel T. Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700,
United States
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Yang H, Gijs MAM. Microtextured Substrates and Microparticles Used as in Situ Lenses for On-Chip Immunofluorescence Amplification. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2064-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303471x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Laboratory of Microsystems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | - Martin A. M. Gijs
- Laboratory of Microsystems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne,
Switzerland
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Microchip-based electrochemical detection for monitoring cellular systems. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:3013-20. [PMID: 23340999 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6682-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of microchip devices to study cellular systems is a rapidly growing research area. There are numerous advantages of using on-chip integrated electrodes to monitor various cellular processes. The purpose of this review is to give examples of advancements in microchip-based cellular analysis, specifically where electrochemistry is used for the detection scheme. These examples include on-chip detection of single-cell quantal exocytosis, electrochemical analysis of intracellular contents, the ability to integrate cell culture/immobilization with electrochemistry, and the use of integrated electrodes to ensure cell confluency in longer-term cell culture experiments. A perspective on future trends in this area is also given.
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Abe K, Hashimoto Y, Yatsushiro S, Yamamura S, Bando M, Hiroshima Y, Kido JI, Tanaka M, Shinohara Y, Ooie T, Baba Y, Kataoka M. Simultaneous immunoassay analysis of plasma IL-6 and TNF-α on a microchip. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53620. [PMID: 23326472 PMCID: PMC3541141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) using a 96-well plate is frequently employed for clinical diagnosis, but is time-and sample-consuming. To overcome these drawbacks, we performed a sandwich ELISA on a microchip. The microchip was made of cyclic olefin copolymer with 4 straight microchannels. For the construction of the sandwich ELISA for interleukin-6 (IL-6) or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), we used a piezoelectric inkjet printing system for the deposition and fixation of the 1st anti-IL-6 antibody or 1st anti-TNF-α antibody on the surface of the each microchannel. After the infusion of 2 µl of sample to the microchannel and a 20 min incubation, 2 µl of biotinylated 2nd antibody for either antigen was infused and a 10 min incubation. Then 2 µl of avidin-horseradish peroxidase was infused; and after a 5 min incubation, the substrate for peroxidase was infused, and the luminescence intensity was measured. Calibration curves were obtained between the concentration and luminescence intensity over the range of 0 to 32 pg/ml (IL-6: R2 = 0.9994, TNF-α: R2 = 0.9977), and the detection limit for each protein was 0.28 pg/ml and 0.46 pg/ml, respectively. Blood IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations of 5 subjects estimated from the microchip data were compared with results obtained by the conventional method, good correlations were observed between the methods according to linear regression analysis (IL-6: R2 = 0.9954, TNF-α: R2 = 0.9928). The reproducibility of the presented assay for the determination of the blood IL-6 and TNF-α concentration was comparable to that obtained with the 96-well plate. Simultaneous detection of blood IL-6 and TNF-α was possible by the deposition and fixation of each 1st antibody on the surface of a separate microchannel. This assay enabled us to determine simultaneously blood IL-6 and TNF-α with accuracy, satisfactory sensitivity, time saving ability, and low consumption of sample and reagents, and will be applicable to clinic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Abe
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Hashimoto
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Shouki Yatsushiro
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Shohei Yamamura
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Mika Bando
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Oral and Maxillofacial Dentistry, Division of Medico-Dental Dynamics and Reconstruction, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuka Hiroshima
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Oral and Maxillofacial Dentistry, Division of Medico-Dental Dynamics and Reconstruction, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kido
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Oral and Maxillofacial Dentistry, Division of Medico-Dental Dynamics and Reconstruction, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masato Tanaka
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Yasuo Shinohara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
- Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ooie
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Baba
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Takamatsu, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kataoka
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Takamatsu, Japan
- * E-mail:
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22
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Sasaki N, Shinjo M, Hirakawa S, Nishinaka M, Tanaka Y, Mawatari K, Kitamori T, Sato K. A palmtop-sized microfluidic cell culture system driven by a miniaturized infusion pump. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1729-35. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sasaki
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University; Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Mika Shinjo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University; Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirakawa
- Department of Dermatology; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama; Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka; Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishinaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo; Hongo, Bunkyo-ku; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Yo Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo; Hongo, Bunkyo-ku; Tokyo; Japan
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AOKI H, KANEKO A, KAJITA A, YAMAGATA Y, IKE F, KASE H. An On-Site Serology Monitoring System Consisting of a Multiplex Microfluidic Chip Fabricated Using the Electrospray Deposition Method for Laboratory Mice. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2012. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.12we017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi AOKI
- Ultra High Precision Fabrication Team, Advanced Technology Support Division, Advanced Science Institute, RIKEN
- Ultra High Precision Fabrication Team, Advanced Technology Support Division, Advanced Science Institute, RIKEN
| | | | - Ayako KAJITA
- Experimental Animal Division, RIKEN BioResource Center
- Experimental Animal Division, RIKEN BioResource Center
| | - Yutaka YAMAGATA
- Ultra High Precision Fabrication Team, Advanced Technology Support Division, Advanced Science Institute, RIKEN
- Ultra High Precision Fabrication Team, Advanced Technology Support Division, Advanced Science Institute, RIKEN
| | - Fumio IKE
- Experimental Animal Division, RIKEN BioResource Center
- Experimental Animal Division, RIKEN BioResource Center
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Yu X, Feng X, Hu J, Zhang ZL, Pang DW. Controlling the magnetic field distribution on the micrometer scale and generation of magnetic bead patterns for microfluidic applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:5147-5156. [PMID: 21417286 DOI: 10.1021/la104400m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
As is well known, controlling the local magnetic field distribution on the micrometer scale in a microfluidic chip is significant and has many applications in bioanalysis based on magnetic beads. However, it is a challenge to tailor the magnetic field introduced by external permanent magnets or electromagnets on the micrometer scale. Here, we demonstrated a simple approach to controlling the local magnetic field distribution on the micrometer scale in a microfluidic chip by nickel patterns encapsulated in a thin poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) film under the fluid channel. With the precisely controlled magnetic field, magnetic bead patterns were convenient to generate. Moreover, two kinds of fluorescent magnetic beads were patterned in the microfluidic channel, which demonstrated that it was possible to generate different functional magnetic bead patterns in situ, and could be used for the detection of multiple targets. In addition, this method was applied to generate cancer cell patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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25
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Yatsushiro S, Akamine R, Yamamura S, Hino M, Kajimoto K, Abe K, Abe H, Kido JI, Tanaka M, Shinohara Y, Baba Y, Ooie T, Kataoka M. Quantitative analysis of serum procollagen type I C-terminal propeptide by immunoassay on microchip. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18807. [PMID: 21533125 PMCID: PMC3080136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is one of the most frequently employed assays for clinical diagnosis, since this enables the investigator to identify specific protein biomarkers. However, the conventional assay using a 96-well microtitration plate is time- and sample-consuming, and therefore is not suitable for rapid diagnosis. To overcome these drawbacks, we performed a sandwich ELISA on a microchip. Methods and Findings The microchip was made of cyclic olefin copolymer with straight microchannels that were 300 µm wide and 100 µm deep. For the construction of a sandwich ELISA for procollagen type I C-peptide (PICP), a biomarker for bone formation, we used a piezoelectric inkjet printing system for the deposition and fixation of the 1st anti-PICP antibody on the surface of the microchannel. After the infusion of the mixture of 2.0 µl of peroxidase-labeled 2nd anti-PICP antibody and 0.4 µl of sample to the microchannel and a 30-min incubation, the substrate for peroxidase was infused into the microchannel; and the luminescence intensity of each spot of 1st antibody was measured by CCD camera. A linear relationship was observed between PICP concentration and luminescence intensity over the range of 0 to 600 ng/ml (r2 = 0.991), and the detection limit was 4.7 ng/ml. Blood PICP concentrations of 6 subjects estimated from microchip were compared with results obtained by the conventional method. Good correlation was observed between methods according to simple linear regression analysis (R2 = 0.9914). The within-day and between-days reproducibilities were 3.2–7.4 and 4.4–6.8%, respectively. This assay reduced the time for the antigen-antibody reaction to 1/6, and the consumption of samples and reagents to 1/50 compared with the conventional method. Conclusion This assay enabled us to determine serum PICP with accuracy, high sensitivity, time saving ability, and low consumption of sample and reagents, and thus will be applicable to clinic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouki Yatsushiro
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan
| | - Rie Akamine
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan
| | - Shohei Yamamura
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan
| | - Mami Hino
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan
| | - Kazuaki Kajimoto
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan
| | - Kaori Abe
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan
| | - Hiroko Abe
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kido
- Division of Medico-Dental Dynamics and Reconstruction, Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Oral and Maxillofacial Dentistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masato Tanaka
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan
| | - Yasuo Shinohara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
- Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Baba
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ooie
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kataoka
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan
- * E-mail:
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26
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Cytocompatible Hydrogel Composed of Phospholipid Polymers for Regulation of Cell Functions. POLYMERS IN NANOMEDICINE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2011_151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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27
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Micro open-sandwich ELISA to rapidly evaluate thyroid hormone concentration from serum samples. Bioanalysis 2010; 2:1683-7. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Thyroxine (T4) is the most commonly measured thyroid hormone for the diagnosis of thyroid function. To elucidate a rapid and sensitive assay for T4, we made a microfluidics-based noncompetitive immunodetection chip system using anti-T4 antibody fragments obtained from a phage display library. Results: Based on the open-sandwich ELISA principle that detects antigen-dependency of the interaction between the two antibody variable regions VH and VL, we could detect less than 1 ng/ml of T4. The assay was also successfully applied to evaluate total T4 concentration in the serum of healthy individuals. Conclusion: This would be the first micro open-sandwich ELISA constructed with antibody fragments directly selected from immunized mice. The system will be applied to the sensitive detection of many diagnostic markers.
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Xu Y, Sato K, Mawatari K, Konno T, Jang K, Ishihara K, Kitamori T. A microfluidic hydrogel capable of cell preservation without perfusion culture under cell-based assay conditions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:3017-3021. [PMID: 20503209 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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29
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Liu KK, Wu RG, Chuang YJ, Khoo HS, Huang SH, Tseng FG. Microfluidic systems for biosensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2010; 10:6623-61. [PMID: 22163570 PMCID: PMC3231127 DOI: 10.3390/s100706623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 06/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, Micro Fluidic Systems (MFS) have emerged as a powerful tool for biosensing, particularly in enriching and purifying molecules and cells in biological samples. Compared with conventional sensing techniques, distinctive advantages of using MFS for biomedicine include ultra-high sensitivity, higher throughput, in-situ monitoring and lower cost. This review aims to summarize the recent advancements in two major types of micro fluidic systems, continuous and discrete MFS, as well as their biomedical applications. The state-of-the-art of active and passive mechanisms of fluid manipulation for mixing, separation, purification and concentration will also be elaborated. Future trends of using MFS in detection at molecular or cellular level, especially in stem cell therapy, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, are also prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Kang Liu
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Ren-Guei Wu
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; E-Mails: (R.-G.W.), (H.S.K.)
| | - Yun-Ju Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ming Chuang University, Taoyuan County 333, Taiwan; E-Mail: (Y.-J.C.)
| | - Hwa Seng Khoo
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; E-Mails: (R.-G.W.), (H.S.K.)
| | - Shih-Hao Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202-24, Taiwan; E-Mail: (S.-H.H.)
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; E-Mails: (R.-G.W.), (H.S.K.)
- Division of Mechanics, Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; E-Mail: (F.-G.T.)
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30
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Shadpour H, Allbritton NL. In situ roughening of polymeric microstructures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2010; 2:1086-93. [PMID: 20423129 PMCID: PMC2861798 DOI: 10.1021/am900860s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A method to perform in situ roughening of arrays of microstructures weakly adherent to an underlying substrate was presented. SU8, 1002F, and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microstructures were roughened by polishing with a particle slurry. The roughness and the percentage of dislodged or damaged microstructures was evaluated as a function of the roughening time for both SU8 and 1002F structures. A maximal RMS roughness of 7-18 nm for the surfaces was obtained within 15-30 s of polishing with the slurry. This represented a 4-9 fold increase in surface roughness relative to that of the native surface. Less than 0.8% of the microstructures on the array were removed or damaged after 5 min of polishing. Native and roughened arrays were assessed for their ability to support fibronectin adhesion and cell attachment and growth. The quantity of adherent fibronectin was increased on roughened arrays by two-fold over that on native arrays. Cell adhesion to the roughened surfaces was also increased compared to native surfaces. Surface roughening with the particle slurry also improved the ability to stamp molecules onto the substrate during microcontact printing. Roughening both the PDMS stamp and substrate resulted in up to a 20-fold improvement in the transfer of BSA-Alexa Fluor 647 from the stamp to the substrate. Thus roughening of micrometer-scale surfaces with a particle slurry increased the adhesion of biomolecules as well as cells to microstructures with little to no damage to largescale arrays of the structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Shadpour
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, North Carolina, USA, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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Ihara M, Yoshikawa A, Wu Y, Takahashi H, Mawatari K, Shimura K, Sato K, Kitamori T, Ueda H. Micro OS-ELISA: Rapid noncompetitive detection of a small biomarker peptide by open-sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (OS-ELISA) integrated into microfluidic device. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:92-100. [PMID: 20024056 DOI: 10.1039/b915516c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel detection system that combines the merits of open-sandwich (OS) enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) and a microfluidic sensor chip system, and which enables rapid and noncompetitive immunodetection of small antigens of less than 1000 in molecular weight, has been proposed. Equipped with a sensitive thermal lens microscope, a minute amount of the carboxyl-terminal peptide of human osteocalcin (BGP), a biomarker for bone metabolism, was quantified utilizing antigen-dependent stabilization of an antibody variable region (OS principle). In a short analysis time (approximately 12 min), we could attain a detection limit comparable to that of the microplate-based OS ELISA (1 microg L(-1)). In addition, the effects of several pretreatments for serum-derived samples were investigated: an albumin absorption resin, addition of a protease inhibitor cocktail and heat treatment. Each pretreatment was found to be effective. Consequently, intrinsic BGP and its fragments could be detected in healthy human serum with a superior detection limit and working range compared to those of the conventional competitive ELISA method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ihara
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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32
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Lui C, Stelick S, Cady N, Batt C. Low-power microfluidic electro-hydraulic pump (EHP). LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:74-79. [PMID: 20024053 DOI: 10.1039/b911973f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Low-power electrolysis-based microfluidic pumps utilizing the principle of hydraulics, integrated with microfluidic channels in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates, are presented. The electro-hydraulic pumps (EHPs), consisting of electrolytic, hydraulic and fluidic chambers, were investigated using two types of electrodes: stainless steel for larger volumes and annealed gold electrodes for smaller-scale devices. Using a hydraulic fluid chamber and a thin flexible PDMS membrane, this novel prototype successfully separates the reagent fluid from the electrolytic fluid, which is particularly important for biological and chemical applications. The hydraulic advantage of the EHP device arises from the precise control of flow rate by changing the electrolytic pressure generated, independent of the volume of the reagent chamber, mimicking the function of a hydraulic press. Since the reservoirs are pre-filled with reagents and sealed prior to testing, external fluid coupling is minimized. The stainless steel electrode EHPs were manufactured with varying chamber volume ratios (1 : 1 to 1 : 3) as a proof-of-concept, and exhibited flow rates of 1.25 to 30 microl/min with electrolysis-based actuation at 2.5 to 10 V(DC). The miniaturized gold electrode EHPs were manufactured with 3 mm diameters and 1 : 1 chamber volume ratios, and produced flow rates of 1.24 to 7.00 microl/min at 2.5 to 10 V(AC), with a higher maximum sustained pressure of 343 KPa, suggesting greater device robustness using methods compatible with microfabrication. The proposed technology is low-cost, low-power and disposable, with a high level of reproducibility, allowing for ease of fabrication and integration into existing microfluidic lab-on-a-chip and analysis systems.
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Weile J, Knabbe C. Current applications and future trends of molecular diagnostics in clinical bacteriology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:731-42. [PMID: 19377839 PMCID: PMC7079892 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2779-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Molecular diagnostics of infectious diseases, in particular, nucleic-acid-based methods, are the fastest growing field in clinical laboratory diagnostics. These applications are stepwise replacing or complementing culture-based, biochemical, and immunological assays in microbiology laboratories. The first-generation nucleic acid assays were monoparametric such as conventional tests, determining only a single parameter. Improvements and new approaches in technology now open the possibility for the development of multiparameter assays using microarrays, multiplex nucleic acid amplification techniques, or mass spectrometry, while the introduction of closed-tube systems has resulted in rapid microbial diagnostics with a subsequently reduced contamination risk. Whereas the first assays were focused on the detection and identification of microbial pathogens, these new technologies paved the way for the parallel determination of multiple antibiotic resistance determinants or to perform microbial epidemiology and surveillance on a genetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Weile
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Auerbachstrasse 110, 70376, Stuttgart, Germany.
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