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Photo-chemical aspects of iron complexes exhibiting photo-activated chemotherapy (PACT). J Inorg Biochem 2023; 238:112055. [PMID: 36335746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Iron is the trace element of natural selection by the biological systems due to its versatile coordination chemistry, and is recently explored for medicinal and diagnostic applications. Photo-activated states of iron complexes exhibiting substitution, dissociation, isomerization reactions, intramolecular redox reactions or energy transfer to other molecules have attracted the attention across the globe for the potent applications in photo-chemotherapy. There is a significant advancement on the development of iron-based complexes for photochemotherapeutic applications. Here in we reviewed the photo-activated states and photochemistry of iron complexes, and recent advances made in the area of photochemotherapy of iron complexes relevant to the photochemistry of iron complexes.
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Wang M, Wen J, Huang Y, Hu P. Selective Degradation of Styrene-Related Plastics Catalyzed by Iron under Visible Light*. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:5049-5056. [PMID: 34510789 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Efficient degradation of plastics, the vital challenge for a sustainable future, stands in need of better chemical recycling procedures that help produce commercially valuable small molecules and redefine plastic waste as a rich source of chemical feedstock. However, the corresponding chemical recycling methods, while being generally restricted to polar polymers, need improvement. Particularly, degradation of chemically inert nonpolar polymers, the major constitutes of plastics, suffers from low selectivity and very harsh transformation conditions. Herein, an efficient method was developed for selective degradation of styrene-related plastics under gentle conditions through multiple oxidation of sp3 C-H bonds and sp3 C-C bonds. The procedure was catalyzed with inexpensive iron salts under visible light, using oxygen as green oxidant. Furthermore, simple iron salts could be used to degrade plastics in the absence of solvent under natural conditions, highlighting the potential application of iron salts as additives for degradable plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jinglan Wen
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yahao Huang
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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3
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Das D, Raza MK, Goswami TK. Evaluation of photochemotherapeutic potential of a few oxo-bridged dimeric Fe(III) compounds having Salen-type ligands. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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4
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Basu U, Roy M, Chakravarty AR. Recent advances in the chemistry of iron-based chemotherapeutic agents. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Binita Chanu S, Raza MDK, Banerjee S, Mina PR, Musib D, Roy M. ROS dependent antitumour activity of photo-activated iron(III) complexes of amino acids. J CHEM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-018-1584-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Red-Absorbing Fe(II) Polypyridine Complexes. INORGANICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics7010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is known to be one of the major causes of death nowadays. Among others, chemotherapy with cisplatin is a commonly used treatment. Although widely employed, cisplatin is known to cause severe side effects, such as nerve and kidney damage, nausea, vomiting, and bone marrow suppression. Most importantly, a number of cancer tumors are acquiring resistance to cisplatin, limiting its clinical use. There is therefore a need for the discovery of novel anticancer agents. Complementary to chemotherapy, Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) has expanded the range of treatment opportunities of numerous kinds of cancer. Nonetheless, the currently approved PDT photosensitizers (PSs) suffer from major drawbacks, which include poor water solubility or photobleaching, in addition to a slow clearance from the body that causes photosensitivity. Due to these limitations, there is a need for the development of new PDT PSs. To overcome these problems, a lot of research groups around the world are currently focusing their attention towards the development of new metal complexes as PDT PSs. However, most synthesized compounds reported so far show limited use due to their poor absorption in the phototherapeutic window. Herein, we report on the preparation and characterization of three Fe(II) polypyridine complexes (4–6) and evaluate their potential as both anticancer agents and PDT PSs. Very importantly, these compounds are stable in human plasma, photostable upon continuous LED irradiation, and absorb in the red region of the spectrum. We could demonstrate that through additional sulfonic acid groups on the polypyridine ligand being used (bphen: 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline), the water solubility of the complexes could be highly improved, whereas the photophysical properties did not significantly change. One of these complexes (4) shows interesting toxicity, with IC50 values in the low micromolar range in the dark as well as some phototoxicity upon irradiation at 480 and 540 nm against RPE-1 and HeLa cells.
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Dolai M, Saha U, Suresh Kumar G, Zangrando E, Ali M. Synthesis, structure and DNA binding studies of oxime based [Mn3(µ3-O)]7+ complex. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Beckford FA, Niece MB, Lassiter BP, Beebe SJ, Holder AA. Polynuclear ruthenium organometallic complexes containing a 1,3,5-triazine ligand: synthesis, DNA interaction, and biological activity. J Biol Inorg Chem 2018; 23:1205-1217. [PMID: 30039184 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-018-1599-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is now well established that ruthenium complexes are attractive alternatives to platinum-based anticancer agents. Most of the ruthenium compounds currently under investigation contain a single metal center. The synthesis of multinuclear analogues may provide access to novel complexes with enhanced biological activity. In this work, we have synthesized a set of three trinuclear complexes containing organometallic ruthenium fragments-(arene)RuCl-coordinated to a 2,4,6-tris(di-2-pyridylamino)-1,3,5-triazine core [(Arene = benzene (2), p-cymene (1), or hexamethylbenzene (3)]. The interaction of the complexes with DNA was extensively studied using a variety of biophysical probes as well as by molecular docking. The complexes bind strongly to DNA with apparent binding constants ranging from 2.20 to 4.79 × 104 M-1. The binding constants from electronic absorption titrations were an order of magnitude greater. The mode of binding to the nucleic acid was not definitively determined, but the evidence pointed to some kind of non-specific electrostatic interaction. None of the complexes displayed any significant antimicrobial activity against the organisms that were studied and exhibited anticancer activity only at high (> 100 μM) concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floyd A Beckford
- Department of Natural Sciences, The University of Virginia's College at Wise, 1 College Avenue, Wise, VA, 24293, USA.
| | - Madison B Niece
- Department of Natural Sciences, The University of Virginia's College at Wise, 1 College Avenue, Wise, VA, 24293, USA
| | - Brittany P Lassiter
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, 4211 Monarch Way, Suite 300, Norfolk, VA, 23508, USA
| | - Stephen J Beebe
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, 4211 Monarch Way, Suite 300, Norfolk, VA, 23508, USA
| | - Alvin A Holder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4541 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA, 23529-0126, USA
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Bhowmick R, Islam ASM, Saha U, Suresh Kumar G, Ali M. Rhodamine based turn-on chemosensor for Fe3+ in aqueous medium and interactions of its Fe3+ complex with DNA. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj04505k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A novel di-coordinating rhodamine-based chemosensor, HL with NO donor atoms, selectively and rapidly recognizes Fe3+ in the presence of all biologically relevant as well as toxic metal ions and numerous anions and also with other reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bhowmick
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University
- Kolkata
- India
| | | | - Urmila Saha
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Gopinatha Suresh Kumar
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Mahammad Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University
- Kolkata
- India
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Chanu SB, Banerjee S, Roy M. Potent anticancer activity of photo-activated oxo-bridged diiron(III) complexes. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 125:816-824. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Brissos RF, Caubet A, Gamez P. Possible DNA-Interacting Pathways for Metal-Based Compounds Exemplified with Copper Coordination Compounds. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201500175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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Chen M, Tang XY, Yang SP, Li HH, Zhao HQ, Jiang ZH, Chen JX, Chen WH. Five water-soluble zwitterionic copper(ii)-carboxylate polymers: role of dipyridyl coligands in enhancing the DNA-binding, cleaving and anticancer activities. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:13369-77. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01648g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Five water-soluble zwitterionic copper-carboxylate polymers were prepared and their DNA-binding, cleaving and anticancer activities were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Southern Medical University
- Guangzhou 510515
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials
- Changshu Institute of Technology
- Changshu 215500
- P. R. China
| | - Shui-Ping Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Southern Medical University
- Guangzhou 510515
- P. R. China
| | - Huan-Huan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Southern Medical University
- Guangzhou 510515
- P. R. China
| | - Hai-Qing Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Southern Medical University
- Guangzhou 510515
- P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Hong Jiang
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health
- Macau University of Science and Technology
- Taipa
- Macau
| | - Jin-Xiang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Southern Medical University
- Guangzhou 510515
- P. R. China
| | - Wen-Hua Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Southern Medical University
- Guangzhou 510515
- P. R. China
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Chen M, Tang XY, Chen MZ, Chen JX, Chen WH. Lanthanide-Based Polymers with Charged Ligand Backbones: Triple-Stranded Chain Structures and their DNA Cleavage Studies. Aust J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Four rare-earth metal complexes, [Ln(Ccbp)3(H2O)3]n (Ln = La (1), Ce (2), Pr (3) and Nd (4)) are synthesised from the ligand H2CcbpBr (H2CcbpBr = 4-carboxy-1-(4-carboxybenzyl)pyridinium bromide) and the respective lanthanide metal ions. Complexes 1–4 are isostructural in that every three Ccbp– ligands juxtapose two Ln3+ ions in a monodentate coordination mode to form triple-stranded one-dimensional chain structures. Each central Ln3+ atom further associates with three H2O molecules, furnishing a monocapped square-antiprism geometry. Agarose gel electrophoresis studies indicate that 1–4 are capable of cleaving DNA in the presence of H2O2, most probably via an oxidative cleavage mechanism. Complexes 1 and 2 exhibited catalytic efficiencies (kmax/KM) of 37.69 and 34.11 h–1 mM–1, and are approx. 15- and 20-fold more effective than those of complexes 3 (kmax/KM = 1.75 h–1 mM–1) and 4 (kmax/KM = 2.21 h–1 mM–1).
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15
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Ghosh K, Tyagi N, Kumar P, Singh UP. Synthesis, structure, redox properties and DNA interaction studies on mononuclear iron(III) complexes with amidate ligand. Inorganica Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2013.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Synthesis and DNA photocleaving activities of ancillary ligand-containing zinc complexes of quaternized carboxylates. Inorganica Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2013.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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17
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Chen M, Chen MZ, Zhou CQ, Lin WE, Chen JX, Chen WH, Jiang ZH. Towards polynuclear metal complexes with enhanced bioactivities: Synthesis, crystal structures and DNA cleaving activities of CuII, NiII, ZnII, CoII and MnII complexes derived from 4-carboxy-1-(4-carboxybenzyl) pyridinium bromide. Inorganica Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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18
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Ma DL, He HZ, Leung KH, Chan DSH, Leung CH. Bioactive Luminescent Transition-Metal Complexes for Biomedical Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:7666-7682. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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19
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Ma DL, He HZ, Leung KH, Chan DSH, Leung CH. Bioaktive lumineszierende Übergangsmetallkomplexe für biomedizinische Anwendungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201208414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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20
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Panja A. Role of the metal sites of a heterobimetallic trinuclear complex on DNA binding and cleavage activities. J COORD CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2013.801466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anangamohan Panja
- a Postgraduate Department of Chemistry , Panskura Banamali College , Panskura RS , India
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Ghosh K, Mohan V, Kumar P, Singh UP. DNA binding, nuclease and superoxide scavenging activity studies on mononuclear cobalt complexes derived from tridentate ligands. Polyhedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2012.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Chen MZ, Chen M, Zhou CQ, Lin WE, Chen JX, Chen WH, Jiang ZH. Synthesis, Crystal Structures and DNA-Cleaving Activities of [Cemp] 2[MCl 4] (Cemp= N-Carbethoxymethyl-1,10-phenanthrolinium, M=Cu II, Zn II, Co II, Ni II and Mn II). Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2013; 61:714-21. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c13-00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhen Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University
| | - Ming Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University
| | - Chun-Qiong Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University
| | - Wei-Er Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University
| | - Jin-Xiang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University
| | - Wen-Hua Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University
| | - Zhi-Hong Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology
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Yin YX, Wen JH, Geng ZR, Li YZ, Wang ZL. Two heptadentate Co(III) and Mn(III) complexes with partially deprotonated cyclen derivative bearing four hydroxypropyl pendants: structure, DNA binding and DNA cleavage. Appl Organomet Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.2905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing-Han Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing; People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Rong Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing; People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing; People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing; People's Republic of China
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Panja A. Mononuclear cobalt(III) and iron(II) complexes with diimine ligands: Synthesis, structure, DNA binding and cleavage activities, and oxidation of 2-aminophenol. Polyhedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2012.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Ghosh K, Tyagi N, Kumar P, Rathi S, Singh UP. Efficient nuclease activity of dinuclear iron(III) complex with ligand having carboxamido nitrogen donors. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2012.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Liu YJ, Liang ZH, Hong XL, Li ZZ, Yao JH, Huang HL. Synthesis, characterization, cytotoxicity, apoptotic inducing activity, cellular uptake, interaction of DNA binding and antioxidant activity studies of ruthenium(II) complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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27
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Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Fe(III) complexes containing a N2O2 donor ligand: Synthesis, characterization, DNA cleavage studies and crystal structure of [Cu(HL)Cl]. Polyhedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2011.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Chakravarty AR, Roy M. Photoactivated DNA Cleavage and Anticancer Activity of 3d Metal Complexes. PROGRESS IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118148235.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ramakrishnan S, Suresh E, Riyasdeen A, Akbarsha MA, Palaniandavar M. DNA binding, prominent DNA cleavage and efficient anticancer activities of tris(diimine)iron(II) complexes. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:3524-36. [PMID: 21369607 DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00466a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The complexes rac-[Fe(diimine)(3)](ClO(4))(2)1-4, where diimine = 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) 1, 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) 2, 5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (5,6-dmp) 3 and dipyrido[3,2-d:2',3'-f]quinoxaline (dpq) 4, have been isolated, characterized and their interaction with calf thymus DNA studied by using a host of physical methods. The X-ray crystal structure of rac-[Fe(5,6-dmp)(3)](ClO(4))(2)3 has been determined and the packing diagram shows the presence of two enantiomeric forms of the complex cations in the same unit cell. The structures of 1-4 in solution have also been studied using UV-Visible, Cyclic Voltammetry and ESI-MS data and all data available suggests that they retain their solid state structures even in solution. The absorption spectral titrations of the iron(ii) complexes with CT DNA reveal that the DNA binding affinities of the complexes vary in the order, 4 (K(b): 9.0 × 10(3)) > 2 (6.8 × 10(3)) > 3 (4. 8 × 10(3)) > 1 (2.9 × 10(3) M(-1)). The DNA interaction of dpq complex (4) involves partial insertion of the extended phen ring in between the DNA base pairs, which is deeper than that of phen (2). The 5,6-dmp (3) complex is involved in groove binding in the major groove of DNA. The lower DNA binding affinity of 1 is due to electrostatic interaction of the cationic complexes with exterior phosphates of DNA. The EthBr displacement assay and DNA viscosity study support these DNA binding modes and the above trend in DNA binding affinities. The complexes of 1 and 2 show induced CD (ICD) upon interaction with CT DNA while 3 and 4 bound to DNA exhibit inversion in the positive band with the helicity band showing very small changes, which implies that 3 and 4 bind enantiopreferentially to DNA. The DNA cleavage abilities of 1-4 have been observed at 10 μM concentration of complexes in the presence of 100 μM H(2)O(2) and the DNA cleavage efficiency (> 90%) follows the order 3 > 1 > 2 > 4. The anticancer activity of 1-4 against human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) has also been studied. The IC(50) values of the complexes at different incubation time intervals of 24 and 48 h follow the order, 3 (0.8, 0.6) < 4 (20.0, 17.0) < 2 (28.0, 22.0) < 1 (32.0, 29.0 μM). Interestingly, 3 exhibits anticancer activity more potent than 1, 2 and 4 and cisplatin for both 24 and 48 h. It induces cell death both through apoptosis and necrosis mechanisms, as revealed by morphological assessment data obtained by using AO/EB and Hoechst 33258 fluorescence staining methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sethu Ramakrishnan
- Center for Bioinorganic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamilnadu, India
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Falconer RJ, Collins BM. Survey of the year 2009: applications of isothermal titration calorimetry. J Mol Recognit 2010; 24:1-16. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Liu H, Kou YY, Feng L, Li DD, Gao CY, Tian JL, Zhang JY, Yan SP. Synthesis, structure and DNA cleavage of mononuclear Fe(III) complexes with 1,2,4-triazole-base ligand. Appl Organomet Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Crespy D, Landfester K, Schubert US, Schiller A. Potential photoactivated metallopharmaceuticals: from active molecules to supported drugs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:6651-62. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc01887b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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33
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Roy M, Bhowmick T, Santhanagopal R, Ramakumar S, Chakravarty AR. Photo-induced double-strand DNA and site-specific protein cleavage activity of l-histidine (μ-oxo)diiron(iii) complexes of heterocyclic bases. Dalton Trans 2009:4671-82. [DOI: 10.1039/b901337g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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