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Kawczak P, Feszak I, Brzeziński P, Bączek T. Structure-Activity Relationships and Therapeutic Applications of Retinoids in View of Potential Benefits from Drug Repurposing Process. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1059. [PMID: 38791021 PMCID: PMC11117600 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A, an essential micronutrient, is integral to various biological processes crucial for organismal development and maintenance. Dietary sources of vitamin A encompass preformed retinol, retinyl esters, and provitamin A carotenoids. Retinoic acid (RA), a key component, plays pivotal roles in vision, cell proliferation, apoptosis, immune function, and gene regulation. Drug repurposing, an effective strategy for identifying new therapeutic applications for existing drugs, has gained prominence in recent years. This review seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the current research landscape surrounding retinoids and drug repurposing. The scope of this review encompasses a comprehensive examination of retinoids and their potential for repurposing in various therapeutic contexts. Despite their efficacy in treating dermatological conditions, concerns about toxicity persist, driving the search for safer and more potent retinoids. The molecular mechanisms underlying retinoid activity involve binding to retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs), leading to transcriptional regulation of target genes. This review seeks to shed light on the possibilities for repurposing retinoids to cover a wider spectrum of therapeutic uses by exploring recent scientific progress. It also aims to offer a more comprehensive understanding of the therapeutic prospects of retinoids and the broader impact of drug repositioning in contemporary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kawczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Igor Feszak
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland;
| | - Piotr Brzeziński
- Department of Physiotherapy and Medical Emergency, Institute of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland;
- Department of Dermatology, Voivodeship Specialist Hospital, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland;
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Määttä A, Nixon R, Robinson N, Ambler CA, Goncalves K, Maltman V, Przyborski S. Regulation of epidermal proliferation and hair follicle cycling by synthetic photostable retinoid EC23. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:1658-1669. [PMID: 36718827 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoid signaling is an important regulator of the epidermis and skin appendages. Therefore, synthetic retinoids have been developed for therapeutic use for skin disorders such as psoriasis and acne. AIMS In previous studies, we showed how the photostable retinoid EC23 induces neuronal differentiation in stem cell-like cell populations, and here, we aim to investigate its ability to influence epidermal and hair follicle growth. METHODS EC23 influence on skin biology was investigated initially in cultures of monolayer keratinocytes and three-dimentional in vitro models of skin, and finally in in vivo studies of mice back skin. RESULTS EC23 induces keratinocyte hyperproliferation in vitro and in vivo, and when applied to mouse skin increases the number of involucrin-positive suprabasal cell layers. These phenotypic changes are similar in skin treated with the natural retinoid all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA); however, EC23 is more potent; a tenfold lower dose of EC23 is sufficient to induce epidermal thickening, and resulting hyperproliferation is sustained for a longer time period after first dose. EC23 treatment resulted in a disorganized stratum corneum, reduced cell surface lipids and compromised barrier, similar to ATRA treatment. However, EC23 induces a rapid telogen to anagen transition and hair re-growth in 6-week-old mice with synchronously resting back skin follicles. The impact of EC23 on the hair cycle was surprising as similar results have not been seen with ATRA. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that synthetic retinoid EC23 is a useful tool in exploring the turnover and differentiation of cells and has a potent effect on skin physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arto Määttä
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Rebecca Nixon
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Neil Robinson
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Przyborski
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK.,Reprocell Europe Ltd, West of Scotland Science Park, Glasgow, UK
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Sahay AS, Jadhav AT, Sundrani DP, Wagh GN, Joshi SR. Differential Expression of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in Different Regions of Normal and Preeclampsia Placentae. Clin Exp Hypertens 2019; 42:360-364. [PMID: 31522565 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2019.1665677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background: Our recent study indicates differential protein levels of neurotrophins and angiogenic factors in various regions of the normotensive and preeclampsia (PE) placenta. These changes may be in a response to differential mRNA expression of neurotrophins.Methods: This study examines the mRNA levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in different regions of the placenta in normotensive control (NC) women and women with PE. Thirty NC women and forty one women with PE (18 delivered at term [T-PE] and 23 delivered preterm [PT-PE]) were included in the study. Placental samples were taken from four regions: central basal (CM), central chorionic (CF), peripheral basal (PM), and peripheral chorionic (PF). The mRNA levels of neurotrophins were measured by quantitative real-time PCR.Results: The BDNF mRNA levels were higher in peripheral fetal region as compared to peripheral basal region in NC (p < 0.05) group, PE group (p < 0.05) and term PE group (p < 0.01). The BDNF mRNA levels were lower in the central basal region of preterm PE group (p < 0.05) as compared to the NC group.Conclusion: The present study indicates that NGF and BDNF are expressed differentially across various regions of the placenta. This has implications for selection of the sampling site in the placenta while carrying out placental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akriti S Sahay
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, India
| | - Anjali T Jadhav
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, India
| | - Deepali P Sundrani
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, India
| | - Girija N Wagh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bharati Medical College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, India
| | - Sadhana R Joshi
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, India
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Johnson A, de Hoog E, Tolentino M, Nasser T, Spencer GE. Pharmacological evidence for the role of RAR in axon guidance and embryonic development of a protostome species. Genesis 2019; 57:e23301. [PMID: 31038837 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, functions through nuclear receptors, one of which is the retinoic acid receptor (RAR). Though the RAR is essential for various aspects of vertebrate development, little is known about the role of RAR in nonchordate invertebrates. Here, we examined the potential role of an invertebrate RAR in mediating chemotropic effects of retinoic acid. The RAR of the protostome Lymnaea stagnalis is present in the growth cones of regenerating cultured motorneurons, and a synthetic RAR agonist (EC23), was able to mimic the effects of retinoic acid in inducing growth cone turning. We also examined the ability of the natural retinoids, all-trans RA and 9-cis RA, as well as the synthetic RAR agonists, to disrupt embryonic development in Lymnaea. Developmental defects included delays in embryo hatching, arrested eye, and shell development, as well as more severe abnormalities such as halted development. Developmental defects induced by some (but not all) synthetic RAR agonists were found to mimic those induced by addition of high concentrations of the natural retinoid isomers. These pharmacological data support a possible physiological role for the RAR in axon guidance and embryonic development of an invertebrate protostome species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysha Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric de Hoog
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Tolentino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tamara Nasser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gaynor E Spencer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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Chisholm DR, Tomlinson CWE, Zhou GL, Holden C, Affleck V, Lamb R, Newling K, Ashton P, Valentine R, Redfern C, Erostyák J, Makkai G, Ambler CA, Whiting A, Pohl E. Fluorescent Retinoic Acid Analogues as Probes for Biochemical and Intracellular Characterization of Retinoid Signaling Pathways. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:369-377. [PMID: 30707838 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Retinoids, such as all- trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), are endogenous signaling molecules derived from vitamin A that influence a variety of cellular processes through mediation of transcription events in the cell nucleus. Because of these wide-ranging and powerful biological activities, retinoids have emerged as therapeutic candidates of enormous potential. However, their use has been limited, to date, due to a lack of understanding of the complex and intricate signaling pathways that they control. We have designed and synthesized a family of synthetic retinoids that exhibit strong, intrinsic, solvatochromatic fluorescence as multifunctional tools to interrogate these important biological activities. We utilized the unique photophysical characteristics of these fluorescent retinoids to develop a novel in vitro fluorometric binding assay to characterize and quantify their binding to their cellular targets, including cellular retinoid binding protein II (CRABPII). The dihydroquinoline retinoid, DC360, exhibited particularly strong binding ( Kd = 34.0 ± 2.5 nM), and we further used X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of the DC360-CRABPII complex to 1.8 Å, which showed that DC360 occupies the known hydrophobic retinoid binding pocket. Finally, we used confocal fluorescence microscopy to image the cellular behavior of the compounds in cultured human epithelial cells, highlighting a fascinating nuclear localization, and used RNA sequencing to confirm that the compounds regulate cellular processes similar to those of ATRA. We anticipate that the unique properties of these fluorescent retinoids can now be used to cast new light on the vital and highly complex retinoid signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Charles W. E. Tomlinson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Garr-Layy Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Claire Holden
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Valerie Affleck
- LightOx Limited, Wynyard Park House, Wynyard Avenue, Wynyard, Billingham TS22 5TB, U.K
| | - Rebecca Lamb
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Katherine Newling
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Peter Ashton
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Roy Valentine
- High Force Research Limited, Bowburn North Industrial Estate, Bowburn, Durham DH6 5PF, U.K
| | - Christopher Redfern
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - János Erostyák
- University of Pecs, Szentagothai Research Centre, Spectroscopy Research Group, Ifjusag u. 20, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
- University of Pecs, Faculty of Sciences, Ifjusag u. 6, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Geza Makkai
- University of Pecs, Szentagothai Research Centre, Spectroscopy Research Group, Ifjusag u. 20, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
- University of Pecs, Faculty of Sciences, Ifjusag u. 6, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Carrie A. Ambler
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Andrew Whiting
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Ehmke Pohl
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
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6
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de Hoog E, Lukewich MK, Spencer GE. Retinoic acid inhibits neuronal voltage-gated calcium channels. Cell Calcium 2018; 72:51-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Haffez H, Chisholm DR, Valentine R, Pohl E, Redfern C, Whiting A. The molecular basis of the interactions between synthetic retinoic acid analogues and the retinoic acid receptors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:578-592. [PMID: 30108774 PMCID: PMC6072416 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00680a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and its synthetic analogues EC23 and EC19 direct cellular differentiation by interacting as ligands for the retinoic acid receptor (RARα, β and γ) family of nuclear receptor proteins. To date, a number of crystal structures of natural and synthetic ligands complexed to their target proteins have been solved, providing molecular level snap-shots of ligand binding. However, a deeper understanding of receptor and ligand flexibility and conformational freedom is required to develop stable and effective ATRA analogues for clinical use. Therefore, we have used molecular modelling techniques to define RAR interactions with ATRA and two synthetic analogues, EC19 and EC23, and compared their predicted biochemical activities to experimental measurements of relative ligand affinity and recruitment of coactivator proteins. A comprehensive molecular docking approach that explored the conformational space of the ligands indicated that ATRA is able to bind the three RAR proteins in a number of conformations with one extended structure being favoured. In contrast the biologically-distinct isomer, 9-cis-retinoic acid (; 9CRA), showed significantly less conformational flexibility in the RAR binding pockets. These findings were used to inform docking studies of the synthetic retinoids EC23 and EC19, and their respective methyl esters. EC23 was found to be an excellent mimic for ATRA, and occupied similar binding modes to ATRA in all three target RAR proteins. In comparison, EC19 exhibited an alternative binding mode which reduces the strength of key polar interactions in RARα/γ but is well-suited to the larger RARβ binding pocket. In contrast, docking of the corresponding esters revealed the loss of key polar interactions which may explain the much reduced biological activity. Our computational results were complemented using an in vitro binding assay based on FRET measurements, which showed that EC23 was a strongly binding, pan-agonist of the RARs, while EC19 exhibited specificity for RARβ, as predicted by the docking studies. These findings can account for the distinct behaviour of EC23 and EC19 in cellular differentiation assays, and additionally, the methods described herein can be further applied to the understanding of the molecular basis for the selectivity of different retinoids to RARα, β and γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Haffez
- Department of Chemistry Durham University , South Road , Durham , DH1 3LE , UK .
- Department of Biosciences & Biophysical Sciences , Institute Durham University , South Road , Durham DH1 3LE , UK
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research , Medical School , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , NE2 4HH , UK
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Pharmacy College , Helwan University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - David R Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry Durham University , South Road , Durham , DH1 3LE , UK .
| | - Roy Valentine
- High Force Research Ltd. , Bowburn North Industrial Estate , Bowburn , Durham , DH6 5PF , UK
| | - Ehmke Pohl
- Department of Biosciences & Biophysical Sciences , Institute Durham University , South Road , Durham DH1 3LE , UK
| | - Christopher Redfern
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research , Medical School , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , NE2 4HH , UK
| | - Andrew Whiting
- Department of Chemistry Durham University , South Road , Durham , DH1 3LE , UK .
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Yu Z, Wu S, Liu Z, Lin H, Chen L, Yuan X, Zhang Z, Liu F, Zhang C. Sonic Hedgehog and Retinoic Acid Induce Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells to Differentiate into Glutamatergic Neural Cells. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2014; 36:1-15. [DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2014.889025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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9
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Zhou GL, Tams DM, Marder TB, Valentine R, Whiting A, Przyborski SA. Synthesis and applications of 2,4-disubstituted thiazole derivatives as small molecule modulators of cellular development. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:2323-34. [PMID: 23429427 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob00005b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how the structure of molecules relates to their function and biological activity is essential in the development of new analogues with targeted activity. This is especially relevant in mediating developmental processes in mammalian cells and the regulation of stem cell differentiation. In this study, thiazole-containing small molecules were synthesised and investigated for their ability to induce the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells and their derivatives. Analyses of cell morphology, cell viability, expression of cell surface markers and ability to induce cell differentiation and regulate neurite formation identified the analogue with the longest and most bulky hydrophobic side chain as possessing comparable or enhanced activity to all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). Interestingly, a shorter, less bulky, known thiazole compound reported to be isoform selective for the retinoic acid receptor β2 (RARβ2) agonist did not mediate differentiation under the conditions tested; however, activity could be restored by adjusting the structure to a longer, more bulky molecule. These data provide further insight into the complexity of compound design in terms of developing small molecules with specific biological activities to control the development and differentiation of mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garr-Layy Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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10
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Clemens G, Flower KR, Henderson AP, Whiting A, Przyborski SA, Jimenez-Hernandez M, Ball F, Bassan P, Cinque G, Gardner P. The action of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and synthetic retinoid analogues (EC19 and EC23) on human pluripotent stem cells differentiation investigated using single cell infrared microspectroscopy. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:677-92. [PMID: 23364809 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb25505k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
All trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) is widely used to direct the differentiation of cultured stem cells. When exposed to the pluripotent human embryonal carcinoma (EC) stem cell line, TERA2.cl.SP12, ATRA induces ectoderm differentiation and the formation of neuronal cell types. We have previously generated synthetic analogues of retinoic acid (EC23 and EC19) which also induce the differentiation of EC cells. Even though EC23 and EC19 have similar chemical structures, they have differing biochemical effects in terms of EC cell differentiation. EC23 induces neuronal differentiation in a manner similar to ATRA, whereas EC19 directs the cells to form epithelial-like derivatives. Previous MALDI-TOF MS analysis examined the response of TERA2.cl.SP12 cells after exposure to ATRA, EC23 and EC19 and further demonstrated the similarly in the effect of ATRA and EC23 activity whilst responses to EC19 were very different. In this study, we show that Fourier Transform Infrared Micro-Spectroscopy (FT-IRMS) coupled with appropriate scatter correction and multivariate analysis can be used as an effective tool to further investigate the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells and monitor the alternative affects different retinoid compounds have on the induction of differentiation. FT-IRMS detected differences between cell populations as early as 3 days of compound treatment. Populations of cells treated with different retinoid compounds could easily be distinguished from one another during the early stages of cell differentiation. These data demonstrate that FT-IRMS technology can be used as a sensitive screening technique to monitor the status of the stem cell phenotype and progression of differentiation along alternative pathways in response to different compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Clemens
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester University, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
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Tsymbalyuk VI, Vasil’eva IG, Oleksenko NP, Chopik NG, Tsyubko OI, Galanta OS. Stimulation of cholinogenesis in human fetal nerve cell cultures. CYTOL GENET+ 2013. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452713030109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Gluyas JBG, Burschka C, Dörrich S, Vallet J, Gronemeyer H, Tacke R. Disila-analogues of the synthetic retinoids EC23 and TTNN: synthesis, structure and biological evaluation. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:6914-29. [PMID: 22814352 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25989c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Silicon chemistry offers the potential to tune the effects of biologically active organic molecules. Subtle changes in the molecular backbone caused by the exchange of a carbon atom for a silicon atom (sila-substitution) can significantly alter the biological properties. In this study, the biological effects of a two-fold sila-substitution in the synthetic retinoids EC23 (4-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylethynyl)benzoic acid (4a)) and TTNN (6-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)-2-naphthoic acid (7a)) as well as their corresponding analogues with an indane instead of a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene skeleton (compounds 5a and 8a) were investigated. Two-fold C/Si exchange in 4a, 5a, 7a and 8a leads to the silicon-analogues disila-EC23 (4b), 5b, disila-TTNN (7b) and 8b, which contain a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-disilanaphthalene (4b, 7b) or 1,3-disilaindane skeleton (5b, 8b). Exchange of the SiCH(2)Si moiety of 5b for an SiOSi fragment leads to the disiloxane 6 (2-oxa-1,3-disilaindane skeleton). The EC23 derivative 5a, the TTNN derivative 8a and the silicon-containing analogues 4b, 5b, 6, 7b and 8b were synthesised, and the biological properties of the C/Si pairs 4a/4b, 5a/5b, 7a/7b and 8a/8b and compound 6 were evaluated in vivo using RAR isotype-selective reporter cells. EC23 (4a) and its derivatives disila-EC23 (4b), 5a, 5b and 6 are very potent RAR agonists, which are even more potent than the powerful reference compound TTNPB. Disila-substitution of EC23 (4a) and 5a leads to a moderate decrease in RARα activation, whereas the RARβ,γ activation is almost not affected. In contrast, two-fold C/Si exchange in the weak retinoid agonist TTNN (7a) and 8a resulted in considerably different effects: a significant increase (7a→7b) and almost no change (8a→8b) in transcription activation potential for all three RAR isotypes. Disila-TTNN (7b) can be regarded as a powerful RARβ,γ-selective retinoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef B G Gluyas
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Tanaka K, Tamiya-Koizumi K, Hagiwara K, Ito H, Takagi A, Kojima T, Suzuki M, Iwaki S, Fujii S, Nakamura M, Banno Y, Kannagi R, Tsurumi T, Kyogashima M, Murate T. Role of down-regulated neutral ceramidase during all-trans retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 151:611-20. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvs033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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14
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Tsymbaliuk VI, Vasyl’ieva IG, Oleksenko NP, Chopik NG, Tsiubko OI, Galanta OS, Snitsar ND. Human nerve stem cells in vitro. CYTOL GENET+ 2012. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452712010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Maltman DJ, Brand S, Belau E, Paape R, Suckau D, Przyborski SA. Top-down label-free LC-MALDI analysis of the peptidome during neural progenitor cell differentiation reveals complexity in cytoskeletal protein dynamics and identifies progenitor cell markers. Proteomics 2011; 11:3992-4006. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Christie VB, Maltman DJ, Henderson AP, Whiting A, Marder TB, Lako M, Przyborski SA. Retinoid supplementation of differentiating human neural progenitors and embryonic stem cells leads to enhanced neurogenesis in vitro. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 193:239-45. [PMID: 20817032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Retinoids are important molecules involved in the development and homeostasis of the nervous system. As such, various retinoid derivatives are often found in culture media and supplement formulations to support the growth and maintenance of neural cells. However, all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and its associated derivatives are light sensitive and are highly susceptible to isomerisation. This can lead to variability in retinoid concentrations and the nature of the retinoid species present in culture solutions which in turn can influence biological activity and introduce inconsistency. We have previously described the development of the synthetic retinoid derivative, EC23, as a chemically and light stable alternative that does not degrade and has biological activity similar to ATRA. In this study we demonstrate that the addition of exogenous retinoid can significantly enhance neuronal differentiation of both human neuroprogenitor and human embryonic stem cells. In the former, both ATRA and EC23 induced increased maturation and stabilisation of the axonal cytoskeleton. However, EC23 was particularly potent at lower nanomolar concentrations resulting in significantly greater neurogenesis than ATRA. In ES cells enhanced motor neuron marker expression was also detected in response to both retinoids when incorporated into an established protocol for neuronal differentiation. We propose that synthetic retinoid EC23 represents a valuable addition to the formulation of new and existing culture supplements to enhance neuronal differentiation whilst enabling improved consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria B Christie
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham, UK
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17
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Barnard JH, Collings JC, Whiting A, Przyborski SA, Marder TB. Synthetic retinoids: structure-activity relationships. Chemistry 2010; 15:11430-42. [PMID: 19821467 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Retinoid signalling pathways are involved in numerous processes in cells, particularly those mediating differentiation and apoptosis. The endogenous ligands that bind to the retinoid receptors, namely all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and 9-cis-retinoic acid, are prone to double-bond isomerisation and to oxidation by metabolic enzymes, which can have significant and deleterious effects on their activities and selectivities. Many of these problems can be overcome through the use of synthetic retinoids, which are often much more stable, as well as being more active. Modification of their molecular structures can result in retinoids that act as antagonists, rather than agonists, or exhibit a large degree of selectivity for particular retinoid-receptor isotypes. Several such selective retinoids are likely to be of value as pharmaceutical agents with reduced toxicities, particularly in cancer therapy, as reagents for controlling cell differentiation, and as tools for elucidating the precise roles that specific retinoid signalling pathways play within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Barnard
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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18
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Snow GE, Kasper AC, Busch AM, Schwarz E, Ewings KE, Bee T, Spinella MJ, Dmitrovsky E, Freemantle SJ. Wnt pathway reprogramming during human embryonal carcinoma differentiation and potential for therapeutic targeting. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:383. [PMID: 19874621 PMCID: PMC2777936 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are classified as seminonas or non-seminomas of which a major subset is embryonal carcinoma (EC) that can differentiate into diverse tissues. The pluripotent nature of human ECs resembles that of embryonic stem (ES) cells. Many Wnt signalling species are regulated during differentiation of TGCT-derived EC cells. This study comprehensively investigated expression profiles of Wnt signalling components regulated during induced differentiation of EC cells and explored the role of key components in maintaining pluripotency. Methods Human embryonal carcinoma cells were stably infected with a lentiviral construct carrying a canonical Wnt responsive reporter to assess Wnt signalling activity following induced differentiation. Cells were differentiated with all-trans retinoic acid (RA) or by targeted repression of pluripotency factor, POU5F1. A Wnt pathway real-time-PCR array was used to evaluate changes in gene expression as cells differentiated. Highlighted Wnt pathway genes were then specifically repressed using siRNA or stable shRNA and transfected EC cells were assessed for proliferation, differentiation status and levels of core pluripotency genes. Results Canonical Wnt signalling activity was low basally in undifferentiated EC cells, but substantially increased with induced differentiation. Wnt pathway gene expression levels were compared during induced differentiation and many components were altered including ligands (WNT2B), receptors (FZD5, FZD6, FZD10), secreted inhibitors (SFRP4, SFRP1), and other effectors of Wnt signalling (FRAT2, DAAM1, PITX2, Porcupine). Independent repression of FZD5, FZD7 and WNT5A using transient as well as stable methods of RNA interference (RNAi) inhibited cell growth of pluripotent NT2/D1 human EC cells, but did not appreciably induce differentiation or repress key pluripotency genes. Silencing of FZD7 gave the greatest growth suppression in all human EC cell lines tested including NT2/D1, NT2/D1-R1, Tera-1 and 833K cells. Conclusion During induced differentiation of human EC cells, the Wnt signalling pathway is reprogrammed and canonical Wnt signalling induced. Specific species regulating non-canonical Wnt signalling conferred growth inhibition when targeted for repression in these EC cells. Notably, FZD7 repression significantly inhibited growth of human EC cells and is a promising therapeutic target for TGCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Snow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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Chen WQ, Siegel N, Li L, Pollak A, Hengstschläger M, Lubec G. Variations of Protein Levels in Human Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells CD117/2 Over Passages 5−25. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:5285-95. [DOI: 10.1021/pr900630s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Qiang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, 1090 Vienna, Austria, and Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicol Siegel
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, 1090 Vienna, Austria, and Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, 1090 Vienna, Austria, and Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Arnold Pollak
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, 1090 Vienna, Austria, and Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Hengstschläger
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, 1090 Vienna, Austria, and Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, 1090 Vienna, Austria, and Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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