1
|
Ibhagui O, Li D, Han H, Peng G, Meister ML, Gui Z, Qiao J, Salarian M, Dong B, Yuan Y, Xu Y, Yang H, Tan S, Satyanarayana G, Xue S, Turaga RC, Sharma M, Hai Y, Meng Y, Hekmatyar K, Sun P, Sica G, Ji X, Liu ZR, Yang JJ. Early Detection and Staging of Lung Fibrosis Enabled by Collagen-Targeted MRI Protein Contrast Agent. CHEMICAL & BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2023; 1:268-285. [PMID: 37388961 PMCID: PMC10302889 DOI: 10.1021/cbmi.3c00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lung diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are major leading causes of death worldwide and are generally associated with poor prognoses. The heterogeneous distribution of collagen, mainly type I collagen associated with excessive collagen deposition, plays a pivotal role in the progressive remodeling of the lung parenchyma to chronic exertional dyspnea for both IPF and COPD. To address the pressing need for noninvasive early diagnosis and drug treatment monitoring of pulmonary fibrosis, we report the development of human collagen-targeted protein MRI contrast agent (hProCA32.collagen) to specifically bind to collagen I overexpressed in multiple lung diseases. When compared to clinically approved Gd3+ contrast agents, hProCA32.collagen exhibits significantly better r1 and r2 relaxivity values, strong metal binding affinity and selectivity, and transmetalation resistance. Here, we report the robust detection of early and late-stage lung fibrosis with stage-dependent MRI signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) increase, with good sensitivity and specificity, using a progressive bleomycin-induced IPF mouse model. Spatial heterogeneous mapping of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) patterns with key features closely mimicking human IPF, including cystic clustering, honeycombing, and traction bronchiectasis, were noninvasively detected by multiple MR imaging techniques and verified by histological correlation. We further report the detection of fibrosis in the lung airway of an electronic cigarette-induced COPD mouse model, using hProCA32.collagen-enabled precision MRI (pMRI), and validated by histological analysis. The developed hProCA32.collagen is expected to have strong translational potential for the noninvasive detection and staging of lung diseases, and facilitating effective treatment to halt further chronic lung disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatosin
Y. Ibhagui
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational
Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Dongjun Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational
Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Hongwei Han
- Department
of Biology, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Guangda Peng
- Department
of Biology, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Maureen L. Meister
- Department
of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Zongxiang Gui
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational
Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Jingjuan Qiao
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational
Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
- InLighta
Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Mani Salarian
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational
Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Bin Dong
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational
Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Yi Yuan
- Department
of Biology, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Yiting Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational
Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Hua Yang
- Department
of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Shanshan Tan
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational
Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Ganesh Satyanarayana
- Department
of Biology, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Shenghui Xue
- InLighta
Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Ravi Chakra Turaga
- Department
of Biology, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Malvika Sharma
- Department
of Biology, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Yan Hai
- Department
of Statistics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Yuguang Meng
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational
Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
- Emory
National Primate Research Center, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Khan Hekmatyar
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational
Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Phillip Sun
- Emory
National Primate Research Center, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Gabriel Sica
- Winship
Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Xiangming Ji
- Department
of Biology, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Zhi-ren Liu
- Department
of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Jenny J. Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational
Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
- InLighta
Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang L, Zhang D, Gao M, Jin Q, Jiang C, Wu T, Feng Y, Ni Y, Yin Z, Zhang J. Design and Evaluation of Rhein-Based MRI Contrast Agents for Visualization of Tumor Necrosis Induced by Combretastatin A-4 Disodium Phosphate. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 23:220-229. [PMID: 33048270 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-020-01551-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Visualization of tumor necrosis can determine tumor response to therapy. Our previous study showed that the rhein-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent with alkane linker (GdL2) could clearly image tumor necrosis. However, its water solubility and cell safety needed to be improved. Herein, three rhein-based MRI agents with ether or lysine linkers were designed. PROCEDURES Three rhein-based MRI agents were synthesized with a tetracarbon ether (GdP1), a hexacarbon ether (GdP2), and a lysine (GdP3) linker, respectively. Their octanol-water partition coefficients (log P) and cytotoxicity were determined. Necrosis avidity of the leading agent was explored on HepG2 cells and ischemia reperfusion-induced liver necrosis (IRLN) rats by MRI. The effect of visualization of tumor necrosis was tested on nude mice with W256 tumor treated by combretastatin-A4 phosphate (CA4P). DNA binding assays were applied to evaluate the possible necrosis-avidity mechanism of the leading agent. RESULTS The log P of three agents (- 1.66 ± 0.09, - 1.74 ± 0.01, - 1.95 ± 0.01) decreased when compared with GdL2, indicating higher water solubility. GdP1 not only presented lower cytotoxicity and good necrotic affinity in vitro and in vivo, but also can be fast excreted by renal. According to MRI results of tumor, distinct visualization of tumor necrosis can be discernible from 3 to 4.5 h post-injection of GdP1. In DNA-binding assays, the fluorescence quenching constant KSV (1.00 × 104 M-1) and the ultraviolet binding constant Kb (1.11 × 104 M-1) suggested that GdP1 may bind to DNA through intercalation. CONCLUSION GdP1 may serve as a potential candidate for early evaluation of tumor response to CA4P treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Libang Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- Laboratories of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of TCM & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Dongjian Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- Laboratories of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Gao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- Laboratories of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaomei Jin
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- Laboratories of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuihua Jiang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- Laboratories of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianze Wu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- Laboratories of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of TCM & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuanbo Feng
- Theragnostic Laboratory, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yicheng Ni
- Theragnostic Laboratory, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zhiqi Yin
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of TCM & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratories of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Diaferia C, Gianolio E, Accardo A. Peptide-based building blocks as structural elements for supramolecular Gd-containing MRI contrast agents. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3157. [PMID: 30767370 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most important clinic diagnostic tool used to obtain high-quality body images. The administration of low-molecular-weight Gd complex-based MRI contrast agents (CAs) permits to increase the 1 H relaxation rate of nearby water molecules, thus modulating signal intensity and contrast enhancement. Even if highly accurate, MRI modality suffers from its low sensitivity. Moreover, low-molecular-weight CAs rapidly equilibrate between the intravascular and extravascular spaces after their administration. In order to improve their sensitivity and limit the extravasation phenomenon, several macromolecular and supramolecular multimeric gadolinium complexes (dendrimers, polymers, carbon nanostructures, micelles, and liposomes) have been designed until now. Because of their biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, low cost, and easy synthetic modification, peptides are attractive building blocks for the fabbrication of novel materials for biomedical applications. We report on the state of the art of supramolecular CAs obtained by self-assembly of three different classes of building blocks containing a peptide sequence, a gadolinium complex, and, if necessary, a third functional portion achieving the organization process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Diaferia
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Eliana Gianolio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonella Accardo
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Désogère P, Montesi SB, Caravan P. Molecular Probes for Imaging Fibrosis and Fibrogenesis. Chemistry 2019; 25:1128-1141. [PMID: 30014529 PMCID: PMC6542638 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis, or the accumulation of extracellular matrix molecules that make up scar tissue, is a common result of chronic tissue injury. Advances in the clinical management of fibrotic diseases have been hampered by the low sensitivity and specificity of noninvasive early diagnostic options, lack of surrogate end points for use in clinical trials, and a paucity of noninvasive tools to assess fibrotic disease activity longitudinally. Hence, the development of new methods to image fibrosis and fibrogenesis is a large unmet clinical need. Herein, an overview of recent and selected molecular probes for imaging of fibrosis and fibrogenesis by magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and single photon emission computed tomography is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Désogère
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02128, USA
| | - Sydney B Montesi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Peter Caravan
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02128, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides information non-invasively at cellular and molecular levels, for both early diagnosis and monitoring therapeutic follow-up. This imaging technique requires the development of a new class of contrast agents, which signal changes (typically becomes enhanced) when in presence of the cellular or molecular process to be evaluated. Even if molecular MRI has had a prominent role in the advances in medicine over the past two decades, the large majority of the developed probes to date are still in preclinical level, or eventually in phase I or II clinical trials. The development of novel imaging probes is an emergent active research domain. This review focuses on gadolinium-based specific-targeted contrast agents, providing rational design considerations and examples of the strategies recently reported in the literature.
Collapse
|
6
|
Waghorn PA, Jones CM, Rotile NJ, Koerner SK, Ferreira DS, Chen HH, Probst CK, Tager AM, Caravan P. Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Lung Fibrogenesis with an Oxyamine‐Based Probe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip A. Waghorn
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School 149 13th Street, Suite 2301 Charlestown MA 02129 USA
| | - Chloe M. Jones
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School 149 13th Street, Suite 2301 Charlestown MA 02129 USA
| | - Nicholas J. Rotile
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School 149 13th Street, Suite 2301 Charlestown MA 02129 USA
| | - Steffi K. Koerner
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School 149 13th Street, Suite 2301 Charlestown MA 02129 USA
| | - Diego S. Ferreira
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School 149 13th Street, Suite 2301 Charlestown MA 02129 USA
| | - Howard H. Chen
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School 149 13th Street, Suite 2301 Charlestown MA 02129 USA
| | - Clemens K. Probst
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and the Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Andrew M. Tager
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and the Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Peter Caravan
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School 149 13th Street, Suite 2301 Charlestown MA 02129 USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Waghorn PA, Jones CM, Rotile NJ, Koerner SK, Ferreira DS, Chen HH, Probst CK, Tager AM, Caravan P. Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Lung Fibrogenesis with an Oxyamine-Based Probe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:9825-9828. [PMID: 28677860 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibrogenesis is the active production of extracellular matrix in response to tissue injury. In many chronic diseases persistent fibrogenesis results in the accumulation of scar tissue, which can lead to organ failure and death. However, no non-invasive technique exists to assess this key biological process. All tissue fibrogenesis results in the formation of allysine, which enables collagen cross-linking and leads to tissue stiffening and scar formation. We report herein a novel allysine-binding gadolinium chelate (GdOA), that can non-invasively detect and quantify the extent of fibrogenesis using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We demonstrate that GdOA signal enhancement correlates with the extent of the disease and is sensitive to a therapeutic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Waghorn
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Chloe M Jones
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Nicholas J Rotile
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Steffi K Koerner
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Diego S Ferreira
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Howard H Chen
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Clemens K Probst
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and the Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Andrew M Tager
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and the Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Peter Caravan
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim H, Lee SJ, Kim JS, Davies-Venn C, Cho HJ, Won SJ, Dejene E, Yao Z, Kim I, Paik CH, Bluemke DA. Pharmacokinetics and microbiodistribution of 64Cu-labeled collagen-binding peptides in chronic myocardial infarction. Nucl Med Commun 2016; 37:1306-1317. [PMID: 27623511 PMCID: PMC5077647 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study is to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and microbiodistribution of Cu-labeled collagen-binding peptides. METHODS The affinity constant (KD), association (ka), and dissociation rate constant (kd) for the peptide collagelin or its analog (named CRPA) binding to collagen were measured by biolayer interferometric analysis. Rats (n=4-5) with myocardial infarction or normal were injected intravenously with the Cu-labeled peptides or Cu-DOTA as a control. Dynamic PET imaging was performed for 60 min at 7-8 weeks after infarct. Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET imaging was performed to identify the viable myocardium. To validate the PET images, slices of heart samples from the base to the apex were analyzed using autoradiography and histology. RESULT The peptides bound to collagen with a KD of ∼0.9 µmol/l. The Cu-peptides and Cu-DOTA accumulated in the infarct area (confirmed by autoradiography and histology images) within 1 min of injection and were excreted rapidly through the renal system. The blood clearance curves were biphasic with elimination half-lives of 21.9±2.4, 26.2±4.6, and 21.2±2.1 min for Cu-CRPA, Cu-collagelin, and the control Cu-DOTA, respectively. The clearance half-lives from the focal fibrotic tissue (24.1±1.5, 25.6±8.0, and 21.4±1.3 min, respectively) and remote myocardium (20.8±0.7, 21.0±5.5, and 19.1±2.4 min, respectively) were not significantly different. The uptake ratios of infarct-to-remote myocardium (1.93±0.18, 2.15±0.38, and 1.88±0.08, respectively) for Cu-CRPA, Cu-collagelin, and Cu-DOTA remained stable for the time period between 10 and 60 min. CONCLUSION The distribution of the Cu-collagelin probes corresponds to the heterogeneous distribution of expanded extracellular space in the setting of myocardial infarction. The overall washout rate from the fibrous tissue was determined by the slow washout rate (t1/2≥20 min) of the peptides from the extracellular space to the vasculature, not by the dissociation rate (t1/2<2 min) of the Cu-peptides from collagen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heejung Kim
- Radiopharmaceutical Laboratory, Nuclear Medicine Division, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sung-Jin Lee
- Radiopharmaceutical Laboratory, Nuclear Medicine Division, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jin Su Kim
- Radiopharmaceutical Laboratory, Nuclear Medicine Division, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Korea
| | - Cynthia Davies-Venn
- Radiopharmaceutical Laboratory, Nuclear Medicine Division, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hong-Jun Cho
- Radiopharmaceutical Laboratory, Nuclear Medicine Division, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Samuel Jaeyoon Won
- Radiopharmaceutical Laboratory, Nuclear Medicine Division, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Eden Dejene
- Radiopharmaceutical Laboratory, Nuclear Medicine Division, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Zhengsheng Yao
- Radiopharmaceutical Laboratory, Nuclear Medicine Division, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Insook Kim
- Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Chang H. Paik
- Radiopharmaceutical Laboratory, Nuclear Medicine Division, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - David A. Bluemke
- Radiopharmaceutical Laboratory, Nuclear Medicine Division, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abd-Elgaliel WR, Tung CH. Exploring the structural requirements of collagen-binding peptides. Biopolymers 2016; 100:167-73. [PMID: 23436394 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Collagen synthesis and tissue remodeling are involved in many diseases; therefore, collagen-specific binding agents have been developed to study collagen changes in various tissues. Based on a recently reported collagen binding peptide, which contains unnatural biphenylalanine (Bip) amino acid residue, constructs with various structure variations were synthesized to explore the contributions of unnatural Bip residue, conformational restrain, and amino acid sequence in collagen recognition. Their binding efficiency to collagens was evaluated in vitro using pure collagens. The results indicate that the C-terminal unnatural Bip residue, rather than the peptide sequence or conformational restrain, dominated the collagen I binding. Subsequent tissue binding study showed that the selected peptide did not offer preferential selectivity over collagen I in tissue, suggesting that a simple in vitro binding assay cannot adequately model the complex biological environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wael R Abd-Elgaliel
- Department of Translational Imaging, Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Collagen interactions: Drug design and delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:69-84. [PMID: 26631222 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Collagen is a major component in a wide range of drug delivery systems and biomaterial applications. Its basic physical and structural properties, together with its low immunogenicity and natural turnover, are keys to its biocompatibility and effectiveness. In addition to its material properties, the collagen triple-helix interacts with a large number of molecules that trigger biological events. Collagen interactions with cell surface receptors regulate many cellular processes, while interactions with other ECM components are critical for matrix structure and remodeling. Collagen also interacts with enzymes involved in its biosynthesis and degradation, including matrix metalloproteinases. Over the past decade, much information has been gained about the nature and specificity of collagen interactions with its partners. These studies have defined collagen sequences responsible for binding and the high-resolution structures of triple-helical peptides bound to its natural binding partners. Strategies to target collagen interactions are already being developed, including the use of monoclonal antibodies to interfere with collagen fibril formation and the use of triple-helical peptides to direct liposomes to melanoma cells. The molecular information about collagen interactions will further serve as a foundation for computational studies to design small molecules that can interfere with specific interactions or target tumor cells. Intelligent control of collagen biological interactions within a material context will expand the effectiveness of collagen-based drug delivery.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
This perspective outlines strategies towards the development of MR imaging probes that our lab has explored over the last 15 years. Namely, we discuss methods to enhance the signal generating capacity of MR probes and how to achieve tissue specificity through protein targeting or probe activation within the tissue microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Boros
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Eric M Gale
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Caravan P, Yang Y, Zachariah R, Schmitt A, Mino-Kenudson M, Chen HH, Sosnovik DE, Dai G, Fuchs BC, Lanuti M. Molecular magnetic resonance imaging of pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 49:1120-6. [PMID: 23927643 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0039oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic, progressive, fibrosing interstitial pneumonia of unknown cause resulting in dyspnea and functional decline until death. There are currently no effective noninvasive tools to monitor disease progression and response to treatment. The objective of the present study was to determine whether molecular magnetic resonance imaging of the lung using a probe targeted to type I collagen could provide a direct, noninvasive method for assessment of pulmonary fibrosis in a mouse model. Pulmonary fibrosis was generated in mice by transtracheal instillation of bleomycin (BM). Six cohorts were imaged before and immediately after intravenous administration of molecular imaging probe: (1) BM plus collagen-targeted probe, EP-3533; (2) sham plus EP-3533; (3) BM plus nonbinding control probe, EP-3612; (4) sham plus EP-3612; (5) BM plus EP-3533 imaged early; and (6) BM plus EP-3533 imaged late. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) enhancement was quantified in the lungs and muscle. Lung tissue was subjected to pathologic scoring of fibrosis and analyzed for gadolinium and hydroxyproline. BM-treated mice had 35% higher lung collagen than sham mice (P < 0.0001). The SNR increase in the lungs of fibrotic mice after EP-3533 administration was twofold higher than in sham animals and twofold higher than in fibrotic or sham mice that received control probe, EP-3612 (P < 0.0001). The SNR increase in muscle was similar for all cohorts. For EP-3533, we observed a strong, positive, linear correlation between lung SNR increase and hydroxyproline levels (r = 0.72). Collagen-targeted probe EP-3533-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging specifically detects pulmonary fibrosis in a mouse model of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Caravan
- 1 A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Peptide optimization and conjugation strategies in the development of molecularly targeted magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1088:185-211. [PMID: 24146405 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-673-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Peptides are highly selective, high-affinity ligands for a diverse array of disease targets, but suitably derivatizing them for application as diagnostic or therapeutic agents often presents a significant challenge. Covalent modification with metal chelates frequently results in decreased binding affinity, so a variety of strategies must be explored to find suitable locations for modification and facile peptide conjugation chemistries that maintain or enhance binding affinity. In this chapter, we present a paradigm for systematically optimizing peptide binding and determining the favorable sites and methods for peptide conjugation. This strategy is illustrated by two case studies of peptide-based targeted gadolinium contrast agents: EP-2104R for diagnosis of thrombosis and EP-3533 for diagnosis of cardiac perfusion and fibrosis. Two different architectures for the peptide-metal complex conjugation were designed: EP-2104R contains a total of four gadolinium (Gd) chelates linked at the N- and C-termini, whereas EP-3533 is derivatized with three Gd chelates, two on the N-terminus and one on a lysine side chain. Detailed protocols are provided for two Gd chelate conjugation methods.
Collapse
|
14
|
Sherry AD, Wu Y. The importance of water exchange rates in the design of responsive agents for MRI. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:167-74. [PMID: 23333571 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The rate of water exchange in lanthanide complexes is often overlooked as an important parameter in the design of responsive MR imaging agents. Most often, the number of inner-sphere water coordination sites or the rotational mobility of the complex is considered as the central theme while water exchange is either assumed to be "fast enough" or entirely ignored. On the contrary, relaxation and shift theories predict that water exchange rates may indeed be the key parameter one should consider in any new molecular design. In this short review, the impact of water exchange rates on three classes of lanthanide-based MRI contrast agents, T₁-based relaxation agents, T₂ exchange line-broadening agents and chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) agents, is illustrated and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Dean Sherry
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, United States.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Caravan P, Zhang Z. Structure-Relaxivity Relationships among Targeted MR Contrast Agents. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012; 2012:1916-1923. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201101364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
17
|
Waukau J, Woodliff J, Glisic S. Human in vitro suppression as screening tool for the recognition of an early state of immune imbalance. J Vis Exp 2011:3071. [PMID: 21808226 DOI: 10.3791/3071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical mediators of immune tolerance to self-antigens. In addition, they are crucial regulators of the immune response following an infection. Despite efforts to identify unique surface marker on Tregs, the only unique feature is their ability to suppress the proliferation and function of effector T cells. While it is clear that only in vitro assays can be used in assessing human Treg function, this becomes problematic when assessing the results from cross-sectional studies where healthy cells and cells isolated from subjects with autoimmune diseases (like Type 1 Diabetes-T1D) need to be compared. There is a great variability among laboratories in the number and type of responder T cells, nature and strength of stimulation, Treg:responder ratios and the number and type of antigen-presenting cells (APC) used in human in vitro suppression assays. This variability makes comparison between studies measuring Treg function difficult. The Treg field needs a standardized suppression assay that will work well with both healthy subjects and those with autoimmune diseases. We have developed an in vitro suppression assay that shows very little intra-assay variability in the stimulation of T cells isolated from healthy volunteers compared to subjects with underlying autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. The main goal of this piece is to describe an in vitro human suppression assay that allows comparison between different subject groups. Additionally, this assay has the potential to delineate a small loss in nTreg function and anticipate further loss in the future, thus identifying subjects who could benefit from preventive immunomodulatory therapy. Below, we provide thorough description of the steps involved in this procedure. We hope to contribute to the standardization of the in vitro suppression assay used to measure Treg function. In addition, we offer this assay as a tool to recognize an early state of immune imbalance and a potential functional biomarker for T1D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill Waukau
- Department of Pediatrics/Allergy, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Averill DJ, Garcia J, Siriwardena-Mahanama BN, Vithanarachchi SM, Allen MJ. Preparation, purification, and characterization of lanthanide complexes for use as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. J Vis Exp 2011:2844. [PMID: 21808225 DOI: 10.3791/2844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyaminopolycarboxylate-based ligands are commonly used to chelate lanthanide ions, and the resulting complexes are useful as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Many commercially available ligands are especially useful because they contain functional groups that allow for fast, high-purity, and high-yielding conjugation to macromolecules and biomolecules via amine-reactive activated esters and isothiocyanate groups or thiol-reactive maleimides. While metalation of these ligands is considered common knowledge in the field of bioconjugation chemistry, subtle differences in metalation procedures must be taken into account when selecting metal starting materials. Furthermore, multiple options for purification and characterization exist, and selection of the most effective procedure partially depends on the selection of starting materials. These subtle differences are often neglected in published protocols. Here, our goal is to demonstrate common methods for metalation, purification, and characterization of lanthanide complexes that can be used as contrast agents for MRI (Figure 1). We expect that this publication will enable biomedical scientists to incorporate lanthanide complexation reactions into their repertoire of commonly used reactions by easing the selection of starting materials and purification methods.
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Molecular MRI plays an important role in studying molecular and cellular processes associated with heart disease. Targeted probes that recognize important biomarkers of atherosclerosis, apoptosis, necrosis, angiogenesis, thrombosis and inflammation have been developed. This review discusses the properties of chemically different contrast agents including iron oxide nanoparticles, gadolinium-based nanoparticles or micelles, discrete peptide conjugates and activatable probes. Numerous examples of contrast agents based on these approaches have been used in preclinical MRI of cardiovascular diseases. Clinical applications are still under investigation for some selected agents with highly promising initial results. Molecular MRI shows great potential for the detection and characterization of a wide range of cardiovascular diseases, as well as for monitoring response to therapy.
Collapse
|
20
|
Kittigowittana K, Yang CT, Cheah WC, Chuang KH, Tuang CY, Chang YT, Golay X, Bates RW. Development of intravascular contrast agents for MRI using gadolinium chelates. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:781-7. [PMID: 21433294 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Two MRI contrast agents (CAs) composed of Gd-DO3A conjugated to amino acid building blocks derived from glutamic acid (CA1) and lysine (CA2) have been synthesized by using novel alkyne and propionate linkers, and subsequently characterized. In vitro cell viability assays showed insignificant cytotoxicity of both CAs at low concentrations up to 0.2 mM. The longitudinal relaxivities (r(1) ) of CA1 and CA2 measured at 9.4 T are 6.4 and 5.4 mM(-1) s(-1) in H(2) O at 25 °C, respectively. Both r(1) values are higher than those of CAs in clinical use: Gd-DTPA (Magnevist, Bayer Schering, Germany) and Gd-DOTA (Dotarem, Guerbet, France). In vivo imaging in Wistar rats demonstrated considerable signal enhancement (∼50 %) in the brain artery by CA2, but lower signal enhancement (∼30 %) by CA1. In contrast to Dotarem, which showed a similar signal enhancement as CA2, the enhancement by CA2 remained high (∼30 %), even at 52 min post-injection. This demonstrates that CA2 has a much longer blood half-life (68.1 min), which could be advantageous for angiography and tissue targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krisada Kittigowittana
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chen W, Cormode DP, Fayad ZA, Mulder WJM. Nanoparticles as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents for vascular and cardiac diseases. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 3:146-161. [PMID: 20967875 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Advances in nanoparticle contrast agents for molecular imaging have made magnetic resonance imaging a promising modality for noninvasive visualization and assessment of vascular and cardiac disease processes. This review provides a description of the various nanoparticles exploited for imaging cardiovascular targets. Nanoparticle probes detecting inflammation, apoptosis, extracellular matrix, and angiogenesis may provide tools for assessing the risk of progressive vascular dysfunction and heart failure. The utility of nanoparticles as multimodal probes and/or theranostic agents has also been investigated. Although clinical application of these nanoparticles is largely unexplored, the potential for enhancing disease diagnosis and treatment is considerable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David P Cormode
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zahi A Fayad
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Willem J M Mulder
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Zhang Z, Kolodziej AF, Qi J, Nair SA, Wang X, Case AW, Greenfield MT, Graham PB, McMurry TJ, Caravan P. Effect of Peptide-Chelate Architecture on Metabolic Stability of Peptide-based MRI Contrast Agents. NEW J CHEM 2010; 2010:611-616. [PMID: 20526382 DOI: 10.1039/b9nj00787c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A strategy for preparing high relaxivity, metabolically stable peptide-based MR contrast agents is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoda Zhang
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth St, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jansen DR, Krijger GC, Wagener J, Senwedi RM, Gabanamotse K, Kgadiete M, Kolar ZI, Zeevaart JR. Blood plasma model predictions for the proposed bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical [117mSn]Sn(IV)-N,N′,N′-trimethylenephosphonate-poly(ethyleneimine). J Inorg Biochem 2009; 103:1265-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
25
|
Helms BA, Reulen SWA, Nijhuis S, Graaf-Heuvelmans PTHMD, Merkx M, Meijer EW. High-Affinity Peptide-Based Collagen Targeting Using Synthetic Phage Mimics: From Phage Display to Dendrimer Display. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:11683-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja902285m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brett A. Helms
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne W. A. Reulen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Nijhuis
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peggy T. H. M. de Graaf-Heuvelmans
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Merkx
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|