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Qian F, Zuo D, Zeng T, Gu L, Wang H, Du X, Zhu B, Ou J. Identification, Evolutionary Dynamics, and Gene Expression Patterns of the ACP Gene Family in Responding to Salt Stress in Brassica Genus. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:950. [PMID: 38611479 PMCID: PMC11013218 DOI: 10.3390/plants13070950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) have been reported to play a crucial role in responding to biotic and abiotic stresses, regulating growth and development. However, the biological function of the ACP gene family in the Brassica genus has been limited until now. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis and identified a total of 120 ACP genes across six species in the Brassica genus. Among these, there were 27, 26, and 30 ACP genes in the allotetraploid B. napus, B. juncea, and B. carinata, respectively, and 14, 13, and 10 ACP genes in the diploid B. rapa, B. oleracea, and B. nigra, respectively. These ACP genes were further classified into six subclades, each containing conserved motifs and domains. Interestingly, the majority of ACP genes exhibited high conservation among the six species, suggesting that the genome evolution and polyploidization processes had relatively minor effects on the ACP gene family. The duplication modes of the six Brassica species were diverse, and the expansion of most ACPs in Brassica occurred primarily through dispersed duplication (DSD) events. Furthermore, most of the ACP genes were under purifying selection during the process of evolution. Subcellular localization experiments demonstrated that ACP genes in Brassica species are localized in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Cis-acting element analysis revealed that most of the ACP genes were associated with various abiotic stresses. Additionally, RNA-seq data revealed differential expression levels of BnaACP genes across various tissues in B. napus, with particularly high expression in seeds and buds. qRT-PCR analysis further indicated that BnaACP genes play a significant role in salt stress tolerance. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of ACP genes in Brassica plants and will facilitate further functional analysis of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Qian
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (F.Q.); (D.Z.); (T.Z.); (L.G.); (X.D.); (B.Z.)
| | - Dan Zuo
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (F.Q.); (D.Z.); (T.Z.); (L.G.); (X.D.); (B.Z.)
| | - Tuo Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (F.Q.); (D.Z.); (T.Z.); (L.G.); (X.D.); (B.Z.)
| | - Lei Gu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (F.Q.); (D.Z.); (T.Z.); (L.G.); (X.D.); (B.Z.)
| | - Hongcheng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (F.Q.); (D.Z.); (T.Z.); (L.G.); (X.D.); (B.Z.)
| | - Xuye Du
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (F.Q.); (D.Z.); (T.Z.); (L.G.); (X.D.); (B.Z.)
| | - Bin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (F.Q.); (D.Z.); (T.Z.); (L.G.); (X.D.); (B.Z.)
| | - Jing Ou
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Ge H, Xu J, Hua M, An W, Wu J, Wang B, Li P, Fang H. Genome-wide identification and analysis of ACP gene family in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:538. [PMID: 35879672 PMCID: PMC9310384 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08776-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acyl carrier proteins (ACP) constitute a very conserved carrier protein family. Previous studies have found that ACP not only takes part in the fatty acid synthesis process of almost all organisms, but also participates in the regulation of plant growth, development, and metabolism, and makes plants adaptable to stresses. However, this gene family has not been systematically studied in sorghum. RESULTS Nine ACP family members were identified in the sorghum genome, which were located on chromosomes 1, 2, 5, 7, 8 and 9, respectively. Evolutionary analysis among different species divided the ACP family into four subfamilies, showing that the SbACPs were more closely related to maize. The prediction results of subcellular localization showed that SbACPs were mainly distributed in chloroplasts and mitochondria, while fluorescence localization showed that SbACPs were mainly localized in chloroplasts in tobacco leaf. The analysis of gene structure revealed a relatively simple genetic structure, that there were 1-3 introns in the sorghum ACP family, and the gene structure within the same subfamily had high similarity. The amplification method of SbACPs was mainly large fragment replication, and SbACPs were more closely related to ACPs in maize and rice. In addition, three-dimensional structure analysis showed that all ACP genes in sorghum contained four α helices, and the second helix structure was more conserved, implying a key role in function. Cis-acting element analysis indicated that the SbACPs might be involved in light response, plant growth and development regulation, biotic and abiotic stress response, plant hormone regulation, and other physiological processes. What's more, qRT-PCR analysis uncovered that some of SbACPs might be involved in the adaptive regulation of drought and salt stresses, indicating the close relationship between fatty acids and the resistance to abiotic stresses in sorghum. CONCLUSIONS In summary, these results showed a comprehensive overview of the SbACPs and provided a theoretical basis for further studies on the biological functions of SbACPs in sorghum growth, development and abiotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqiu Ge
- Ministry of Agricultural Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Maize in Plain Area of Southern Region, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Ministry of Agricultural Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Maize in Plain Area of Southern Region, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhu Hua
- Ministry of Agricultural Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Maize in Plain Area of Southern Region, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen An
- Ministry of Agricultural Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Maize in Plain Area of Southern Region, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Junping Wu
- Nantong Changjiang Seed Co., Ltd, Nantong, 226368, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Baohua Wang
- Ministry of Agricultural Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Maize in Plain Area of Southern Region, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Li
- Ministry of Agricultural Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Maize in Plain Area of Southern Region, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Fang
- Ministry of Agricultural Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Maize in Plain Area of Southern Region, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Liang X, Cui J, Yang X, Xia N, Li Y, Zhao J, Gupta N, Shen B. Acquisition of exogenous fatty acids renders apicoplast-based biosynthesis dispensable in tachyzoites of Toxoplasma. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7743-7752. [PMID: 32341123 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a common protozoan parasite that infects a wide range of hosts, including livestock and humans. Previous studies have suggested that the type 2 fatty acid synthesis (FAS2) pathway, located in the apicoplast (a nonphotosynthetic plastid relict), is crucial for the parasite's survival. Here we examined the physiological relevance of fatty acid synthesis in T. gondii by focusing on the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and malonyl-CoA-[acyl carrier protein] transacylase (FabD), which are located in the apicoplast to drive de novo fatty acid biosynthesis. Our results disclosed unexpected metabolic resilience of T. gondii tachyzoites, revealing that they can tolerate CRISPR/Cas9-assisted genetic deletions of three pyruvate dehydrogenase subunits or FabD. All mutants were fully viable in prolonged cultures, albeit with impaired growth and concurrent loss of the apicoplast. Even more surprisingly, these mutants displayed normal virulence in mice, suggesting an expendable role of the FAS2 pathway in vivo Metabolic labeling of the Δpdh-e1α mutant showed reduced incorporation of glucose-derived carbon into fatty acids with medium chain lengths (C14:0 and C16:0), revealing that FAS2 activity was indeed compromised. Moreover, supplementation of exogenous C14:0 or C16:0 significantly reversed the growth defect in the Δpdh-e1α mutant, indicating salvage of these fatty acids. Together, these results demonstrate that the FAS2 pathway is dispensable during the lytic cycle of Toxoplasma because of its remarkable flexibility in acquiring fatty acids. Our findings question the long-held assumption that targeting this pathway has significant therapeutic potential for managing Toxoplasma infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuke Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningbo Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Nishith Gupta
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China .,Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China .,Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
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You I, Kim EB. Genome-based species-specific primers for rapid identification of six species of Lactobacillus acidophilus group using multiplex PCR. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230550. [PMID: 32196527 PMCID: PMC7083307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many Lactobacillus species are frequently isolated from dairy products, animal guts, and the vaginas of healthy women. However, sequencing-based identification of isolated Lactobacillus strain is time/cost-consuming and lobor-intensive. In this study, we developed a multiplex PCR method to distinguish six closely related species in the Lactobacillus acidophilus group (L. gasseri, L. acidophilus, L. helveticus, L. jensenii, L. crispatus, and L. gallinarum), which is based on species-specific primer sets. Altogether, 86 genomes of 9 Lactobacillus species from the National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database were compared to detect species-specific genes and design six species-specific primer sets. The PCR conditions of the individual primer sets were optimized via gradient PCR methods. A final multiplex PCR condition was also optimized for a mixture of all six primer sets mixed. When identifying a single strain, the optimized multiplex PCR method can specifically detect one of the six species, but no band was amplified at least from the other Lactobacillus and Enterococcus species. These results indicated that species-specific primer sets designed from the genome comparison could identify one strain within the six Lactobacillus species by a single PCR reaction. Using the method described here, we will be able to save time, cost, and labor during species identification and screening of commercially important probiotic lactobacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inhwan You
- Department of Animal Life Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Bae Kim
- Department of Animal Life Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Animal Resources, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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5
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Santín O, Moncalián G. Loading of malonyl-CoA onto tandem acyl carrier protein domains of polyunsaturated fatty acid synthases. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12491-12501. [PMID: 29921583 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are produced in some unicellular organisms, such as marine gammaproteobacteria, myxobacteria, and thraustochytrids, by large enzyme complexes called PUFA synthases. These enzymatic complexes resemble bacterial antibiotic-producing proteins known as polyketide synthases (PKS). One of the PUFA synthase subunits is a conserved large protein (PfaA in marine proteobacteria) that contains three to nine tandem acyl carrier protein (ACP) domains as well as condensation and modification domains. In this work, a study of the PfaA architecture and its ability to initiate the synthesis by selecting malonyl units has been carried out. As a result, we have observed a self-acylation ability in tandem ACPs whose biochemical mechanism differ from the previously described for type II PKS. The acyltransferase domain of PfaA showed a high selectivity for malonyl-CoA that efficiently loads onto the ACPs domains. These results, together with the structural organization predicted for PfaA, suggest that this protein plays a key role at early stages of the anaerobic pathway of PUFA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Santín
- From the Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Gabriel Moncalián
- From the Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
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Marcella AM, Barb AW. Acyl-coenzyme A:(holo-acyl carrier protein) transacylase enzymes as templates for engineering. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:6333-6341. [PMID: 29858956 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9114-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This review will cover the structure, enzymology, and related aspects that are important for structure-based engineering of the transacylase enzymes from fatty acid biosynthesis and polyketide synthesis. Furthermore, this review will focus on in vitro characteristics and not cover engineering of the upstream or downstream reactions or strategies to manipulate metabolic flux in vivo. The malonyl-coenzyme A(CoA)-holo-acyl-carrier protein (holo-ACP) transacylase (FabD) from Escherichia coli serves as a model for this enzyme with thorough descriptions of structure, enzyme mechanism, and effects of mutation on substrate binding presented in the literature. Here, we discuss multiple practical and theoretical considerations regarding engineering transacylase enzymes to accept non-cognate substrates and form novel acyl-ACPs for downstream reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Marcella
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Molecular Biology Building, rm 4210, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Adam W Barb
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Molecular Biology Building, rm 4210, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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7
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Marcella AM, Barb AW. The R117A variant of the Escherichia coli transacylase FabD synthesizes novel acyl-(acyl carrier proteins). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:8431-8441. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8586-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Marcella AM, Barb AW. A rapid fluorometric assay for the S-malonyltransacylase FabD and other sulfhydryl utilizing enzymes. J Biol Methods 2016; 3. [PMID: 27642613 PMCID: PMC5023282 DOI: 10.14440/jbm.2016.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of biorenewable chemicals will support green chemistry initiatives and supplement the catalog of starting materials available to the chemical industry. Bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis is being pursued as a source of protein catalysts to synthesize novel reduced carbon molecules in fermentation systems. The availability of methods to measure enzyme catalysis for native and engineered enzymes from this pathway remains a bottleneck because a simple quantitative enzyme assay for numerous enzymes does not exist. Here we present two variations of a fluorescence assay that is readily extendable to high-throughput screening and is appropriate for thiol consuming and generating enzymes including the E. coli enzymes malonyl-coenzyme A transacylase (FabD) and keto-acylsynthase III (FabH). We measured KM values of 60 ± 20 µM (acetyl-CoA) and 20 ± 10 µM (malonyl-ACP) and a kcat of 7.4–9.0 s-1 with FabH. Assays of FabD included a precipitation step to remove the thiol-containing substrate holo-ACP from the reaction product coenzyme-A to estimate reaction rates. Analysis of initial velocity measurements revealed KM values of 60 ± 20 µM (malonyl-CoA) and 40 ± 10 µM (holo-ACP) and a kcat of 2100–2600 s-1 for the FabD enzyme. Our data show similar results when compared to existing radioactive and continuous coupled assays in terms of sensitivity while providing the benefit of simplicity, scalability and repeatability. Fluorescence detection also eliminates the need for radioactive substrates traditionally used to assay these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Marcella
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology Building, Room 4210, 2437 Pammel Drive, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Adam W Barb
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology Building, Room 4210, 2437 Pammel Drive, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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9
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Clay HB, Parl AK, Mitchell SL, Singh L, Bell LN, Murdock DG. Altering the Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Synthesis (mtFASII) Pathway Modulates Cellular Metabolic States and Bioactive Lipid Profiles as Revealed by Metabolomic Profiling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151171. [PMID: 26963735 PMCID: PMC4786287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the presence of a cytosolic fatty acid synthesis pathway, mitochondria have retained their own means of creating fatty acids via the mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (mtFASII) pathway. The reason for its conservation has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, to better understand the role of mtFASII in the cell, we used thin layer chromatography to characterize the contribution of the mtFASII pathway to the fatty acid composition of selected mitochondrial lipids. Next, we performed metabolomic analysis on HeLa cells in which the mtFASII pathway was either hypofunctional (through knockdown of mitochondrial acyl carrier protein, ACP) or hyperfunctional (through overexpression of mitochondrial enoyl-CoA reductase, MECR). Our results indicate that the mtFASII pathway contributes little to the fatty acid composition of mitochondrial lipid species examined. Additionally, loss of mtFASII function results in changes in biochemical pathways suggesting alterations in glucose utilization and redox state. Interestingly, levels of bioactive lipids, including lysophospholipids and sphingolipids, directly correlate with mtFASII function, indicating that mtFASII may be involved in the regulation of bioactive lipid levels. Regulation of bioactive lipid levels by mtFASII implicates the pathway as a mediator of intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley B. Clay
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Angelika K. Parl
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sabrina L. Mitchell
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Larry Singh
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lauren N. Bell
- Metabolon, Incorporated, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Deborah G. Murdock
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Fatty acid metabolism in the Plasmodium apicoplast: Drugs, doubts and knockouts. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2015; 199:34-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Crosby J, Crump MP. The structural role of the carrier protein--active controller or passive carrier. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:1111-37. [PMID: 22930263 DOI: 10.1039/c2np20062g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Common to all FASs, PKSs and NRPSs is a remarkable component, the acyl or peptidyl carrier protein (A/PCP). These take the form of small individual proteins in type II systems or discrete folded domains in the multi-domain type I systems and are characterized by a fold consisting of three major α-helices and between 60-100 amino acids. This protein is central to these biosynthetic systems and it must bind and transport a wide variety of functionalized ligands as well as mediate numerous protein-protein interactions, all of which contribute to efficient enzyme turnover. This review covers the structural and biochemical characterization of carrier proteins, as well as assessing their interactions with different ligands, and other synthase components. Finally, their role as an emerging tool in biotechnology is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Crosby
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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12
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Sreshty MAL, Surolia A, Sastry GN, Murty US. Deorphanization of Malonyl CoA:ACP Transacylase Drug Target in Plasmodium falciparum (PfFabD) Using Bacterial Antagonists: A ‘Piggyback’ Approach for Antimalarial Drug Discovery. Mol Inform 2012; 31:281-99. [DOI: 10.1002/minf.201100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Ramakrishnan S, Docampo MD, Macrae JI, Pujol FM, Brooks CF, van Dooren GG, Hiltunen JK, Kastaniotis AJ, McConville MJ, Striepen B. Apicoplast and endoplasmic reticulum cooperate in fatty acid biosynthesis in apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:4957-71. [PMID: 22179608 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.310144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites are responsible for high impact human diseases such as malaria, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. These obligate intracellular pathogens are dependent on both de novo lipid biosynthesis as well as the uptake of host lipids for biogenesis of parasite membranes. Genome annotations and biochemical studies indicate that apicomplexan parasites can synthesize fatty acids via a number of different biosynthetic pathways that are differentially compartmentalized. However, the relative contribution of each of these biosynthetic pathways to total fatty acid composition of intracellular parasite stages remains poorly defined. Here, we use a combination of genetic, biochemical, and metabolomic approaches to delineate the contribution of fatty acid biosynthetic pathways in Toxoplasma gondii. Metabolic labeling studies with [(13)C]glucose showed that intracellular tachyzoites synthesized a range of long and very long chain fatty acids (C14:0-26:1). Genetic disruption of the apicoplast-localized type II fatty-acid synthase resulted in greatly reduced synthesis of saturated fatty acids up to 18 carbons long. Ablation of type II fatty-acid synthase activity resulted in reduced intracellular growth that was partially restored by addition of long chain fatty acids. In contrast, synthesis of very long chain fatty acids was primarily dependent on a fatty acid elongation system comprising three elongases, two reductases, and a dehydratase that were localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. The function of these enzymes was confirmed by heterologous expression in yeast. This elongase pathway appears to have a unique role in generating very long unsaturated fatty acids (C26:1) that cannot be salvaged from the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Ramakrishnan
- Department of Cellular Biology, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens,Georgia 30602, USA
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Abstract
FA (fatty acid) synthesis represents a central, conserved process by which acyl chains are produced for utilization in a number of end-products such as biological membranes. Central to FA synthesis, the ACP (acyl carrier protein) represents the cofactor protein that covalently binds all fatty acyl intermediates via a phosphopantetheine linker during the synthesis process. FASs (FA synthases) can be divided into two classes, type I and II, which are primarily present in eukaryotes and bacteria/plants respectively. They are characterized by being composed of either large multifunctional polypeptides in the case of type I or consisting of discretely expressed mono-functional proteins in the type II system. Owing to this difference in architecture, the FAS system has been thought to be a good target for the discovery of novel antibacterial agents, as exemplified by the antituberculosis drug isoniazid. There have been considerable advances in this field in recent years, including the first high-resolution structural insights into the type I mega-synthases and their dynamic behaviour. Furthermore, the structural and dynamic properties of an increasing number of acyl-ACPs have been described, leading to an improved comprehension of this central carrier protein. In the present review we discuss the state of the understanding of FA synthesis with a focus on ACP. In particular, developments made over the past few years are highlighted.
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