1
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Rowe C, Kashyap A, Sharma G, Goyal N, Alauzun JG, Barry ST, Ravishankar N, Soni A, Eklund P, Pedersen H, Ramanath G. Nanomolecularly-induced Effects at Titania/Organo-Diphosphonate Interfaces for Stable Hybrid Multilayers with Emergent Properties. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2024; 7:11225-11233. [PMID: 38808308 PMCID: PMC11129189 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.4c00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Nanoscale hybrid inorganic-organic multilayers are attractive for accessing emergent phenomena and properties through superposition of nanomolecularly-induced interface effects for diverse applications. Here, we demonstrate the effects of interfacial molecular nanolayers (MNLs) of organo-diphosphonates on the growth and stability of titania nanolayers during the synthesis of titania/MNL multilayers by sequential atomic layer deposition and single-cycle molecular layer deposition. Interfacial organo-diphosphonate MNLs result in ∼20-40% slower growth of amorphous titania nanolayers and inhibit anatase nanocrystal formation from them when compared to amorphous titania grown without MNLs. Both these effects are more pronounced in multilayers with aliphatic backbone-MNLs and likely related to impurity incorporation and incomplete reduction of the titania precursor indicated by our spectroscopic analyses. In contrast, both MNLs result in two-fold higher titania nanolayer roughness, suggesting that roughening is primarily due to MNL bonding chemistry. Such MNL-induced effects on inorganic nanolayer growth rate, roughening, and stability are germane to realizing high-interface-fraction hybrid nanolaminate multilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Rowe
- Materials
Science & Engineering Department, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Ankit Kashyap
- School
of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of
Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
| | - Geetu Sharma
- Materials
Science & Engineering Department, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Naveen Goyal
- Materials
Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Johan G. Alauzun
- Institut
Charles Gerhardt, University of Montpellier,
CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Seán T. Barry
- Department
of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Narayanan Ravishankar
- Materials
Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Ajay Soni
- School
of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of
Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
| | - Per Eklund
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping
University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Henrik Pedersen
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping
University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ganpati Ramanath
- Materials
Science & Engineering Department, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping
University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
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2
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Van den Eynden D, Pokratath R, De Roo J. Nonaqueous Chemistry of Group 4 Oxo Clusters and Colloidal Metal Oxide Nanocrystals. Chem Rev 2022; 122:10538-10572. [PMID: 35467844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We review the nonaqueous precursor chemistry of the group 4 metals to gain insight into the formation of their oxo clusters and colloidal oxide nanocrystals. We first describe the properties and structures of titanium, zirconium, and hafnium oxides. Second, we introduce the different precursors that are used in the synthesis of oxo clusters and oxide nanocrystals. We review the structures of group 4 metal halides and alkoxides and their reactivity toward alcohols, carboxylic acids, etc. Third, we discuss fully condensed and atomically precise metal oxo clusters that could serve as nanocrystal models. By comparing the reaction conditions and reagents, we provide insight into the relationship between the cluster structure and the nature of the carboxylate capping ligands. We also briefly discuss the use of oxo clusters. Finally, we review the nonaqueous synthesis of group 4 oxide nanocrystals, including both surfactant-free and surfactant-assisted syntheses. We focus on their precursor chemistry and surface chemistry. By putting these results together, we connect the dots and obtain more insight into the fascinating chemistry of the group 4 metals. At the same time, we also identify gaps in our knowledge and thus areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietger Van den Eynden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24, BPR 1096, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Rohan Pokratath
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24, BPR 1096, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan De Roo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24, BPR 1096, Basel 4058, Switzerland
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3
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Einert M, Hartmann P, Smarsly B, Brezesinski T. Quasi-homogenous photocatalysis of quantum-sized Fe-doped TiO 2 in optically transparent aqueous dispersions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17687. [PMID: 34480048 PMCID: PMC8417263 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the preparation of anatase TiO2 nanocrystals via a facile non-aqueous sol-gel route and their characterization are reported. The 3-4 nm particles are readily dispersable in aqueous media and show excellent photoreactivity in terms of rhodamine B degradation. The catalytic performance can be further increased considerably by doping with iron and UV-light irradiation as a pre-treatment. The effect of surface ligands (blocked adsorption sites, surface defects etc.) on the photoreactivity was thoroughly probed using thermogravimetric analysis combined with mass spectrometry. Photoelectrochemical characterization of thin-film electrodes made from the same TiO2 nanocrystals showed the opposite trend to the catalytic experiments, that is, a strong decrease in photocurrent and quantum efficiency upon doping due to introduction of shallow defect states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Einert
- Surface Science Laboratory, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Str. 3, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Pascal Hartmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bernd Smarsly
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Torsten Brezesinski
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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4
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Krishnaveni M, Asiri AM, Anandan S. Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of unzipped multiwalled carbon nanotubes/titanium dioxide nanocomposite as a promising next-generation energy storage material. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 66:105105. [PMID: 32247236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based systems have been discussed as prospective alternatives for conventional metal-based catalysts over the past decade. These studies were motivated by the abundance, low cost, lightweight and diversity of structural allotropes of carbon. We reported here the synthesis of a new type of unzipped multiwalled carbon nanotubes/titanium dioxide (UzMWCNT/TiO2) nanocomposite by the two-stage procedure. By the modified Hummers method, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were converted to oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (O-MWCNT). Then, through a facile ultrasound-assisted route prepared UzMWCNT/TiO2 nanocomposite. For this, the oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes are treated with TiCl4 under an ultrasonic probe for 3 h to generate UzMWCNT/TiO2 and then explored its environmental friendliness and energy applications as a supercapacitor. This novel UzMWCNT/TiO2 nanocomposite was characterized using XRD, TGA, FT-IR, Raman, TEM and EDX analysis. The electrochemical performance can be evaluated by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charging-discharging (GCD) study. Finally, the electrodes prepared using UzMWCNT/TiO2 nanocomposite have been analyzed through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to probe the charge transfer characteristics and the results are consistent with other electrochemical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan Krishnaveni
- Nanomaterials and Solar Energy Conversion Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620 015, India
| | - Abdullah M Asiri
- The Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21413, P.O. Box 80203, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sambandam Anandan
- Nanomaterials and Solar Energy Conversion Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620 015, India.
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5
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Shrestha S, Wang B, Dutta P. Nanoparticle processing: Understanding and controlling aggregation. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 279:102162. [PMID: 32334131 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are commonly defined as particles with size <100 nm and are currently of considerable technological and academic interest, since they are often the starting materials for nanotechnology. Novel properties develop as a bulk material is reduced to nanodimensions and is reflected in new chemistry, physics and biology. With reduction in size, a greater function of the atoms is at the surface, and promote different interaction with its environment, as compared to the bulk material. In addition, the reduction in size alters the electronic structure of the material, resulting in novel quantum effects. Size also influences mobility, primarily controlled by Brownian motion for NPs, and relevant in biological and environmental processes. However, the small size also leads to high surface energy, and NPs tend to aggregate, thereby lowering the surface energy. In all applications, the uncontrolled aggregation of NPs can have negative effects and needs to be avoided. There are however examples of controlled aggregation of NPs which give rise to novel effects. This review article is focused on the NP features that influences aggregation. Common strategies for synthesis of NPs from the gas and liquid phases are discussed with emphasis on aggregation during and after synthesis. The theory involving Van der Waals attractive force and electrical repulsive force as the controlling features of the stability of NPs is discussed, followed by examples of how repulsive and attractive forces can be manipulated experimentally to control NP aggregation. In some applications, NPs prepared by liquid methods need to be isolated for further applications. The process of solvent removal introduces new forces such as capillary forces that promote aggregation, in many cases, irreversibly. Strategies for controlling aggregation upon drying are discussed. There are also many methods for redispersing aggregated NPs, which involve mechanical forces, as well as manipulating capillary forces and surface characteristics. We conclude this review with a discussion of aggregation relevant real-world applications of NPs. This review should be relevant for scientists and technologists interested in NPs, since emphasis has been on the practical aspects of NP-based technology, and especially, strategies relevant to controlling NP aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Shrestha
- ZeoVation, 1275 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH 43212, United States of America
| | - Bo Wang
- ZeoVation, 1275 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH 43212, United States of America
| | - Prabir Dutta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America.
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6
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Gambe J, Rémondière F, Jouin J, Portal L, Thomas P, Masson O. Detrimental Effect and Neutralization of in Situ Produced Water on Zirconia Nanoparticles Obtained by a Nonaqueous Sol-Gel Method. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:15175-15188. [PMID: 31663336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the phase purity and size of zirconia nanocrystals samples were studied in terms of zirconium concentration, added water content, and subsequent use of a post solvothermal treatment. The progressive tetragonal-to-monoclinic transformation of zirconia sample was observed to be strongly related to the water content of the alcoholic medium. But more surprisingly, it has been shown that even under initially anhydrous conditions and for particle size below 5 nm, the phase purity of the samples was deteriorated by a side-reaction of alcohol dehydration catalyzed by the surface of the nanoparticles (NPs). Since the phase transformation is essentially driven by the water content of the reaction mixture, we have shown that it was possible to recover an excellent phase purity without the help of any usual dopants by adding a strong alkaline desiccating agent. Provided that a sufficient sodium to zirconium ratio was ensured, the formation of the monoclinic phase was not observed whatever the zirconium precursor concentration. The effectiveness of this cure was related to the ability of sodium metal to generate reactive alkoxide able to neutralize water and to catalyze an alternative sol-gel mechanism leading to the formation of the t-ZrO2 NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess Gambe
- Institute of Research for Ceramics (IRCER), UMR 7315 CNRS, Centre Européen de la Céramique , Université de Limoges , 12 rue Atlantis , 87068 Limoges Cedex , France
| | - Fabien Rémondière
- Institute of Research for Ceramics (IRCER), UMR 7315 CNRS, Centre Européen de la Céramique , Université de Limoges , 12 rue Atlantis , 87068 Limoges Cedex , France
| | - Jenny Jouin
- Institute of Research for Ceramics (IRCER), UMR 7315 CNRS, Centre Européen de la Céramique , Université de Limoges , 12 rue Atlantis , 87068 Limoges Cedex , France
| | - Laura Portal
- Institute of Research for Ceramics (IRCER), UMR 7315 CNRS, Centre Européen de la Céramique , Université de Limoges , 12 rue Atlantis , 87068 Limoges Cedex , France
| | - Philippe Thomas
- Institute of Research for Ceramics (IRCER), UMR 7315 CNRS, Centre Européen de la Céramique , Université de Limoges , 12 rue Atlantis , 87068 Limoges Cedex , France
| | - Olivier Masson
- Institute of Research for Ceramics (IRCER), UMR 7315 CNRS, Centre Européen de la Céramique , Université de Limoges , 12 rue Atlantis , 87068 Limoges Cedex , France
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7
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Frantz C, Lauria A, V Manzano C, Guerra-Nuñez C, Niederberger M, Storrer C, Michler J, Philippe L. Nonaqueous Sol-Gel Synthesis of Anatase Nanoparticles and Their Electrophoretic Deposition in Porous Alumina. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:12404-12418. [PMID: 28927272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were synthesized by nonaqueous sol-gel route using titanium tetrachloride and benzyl alcohol as the solvent. The obtained 4 nm-sized anatase nanocrystals were readily dispersible in various polar solvents allowing for simple preparation of colloidal dispersions in water, isopropyl alcohol, dimethyl sulfoxide, and ethanol. Results showed that dispersed nanoparticles have acidic properties and exhibit positive zeta-potential which is suitable for their deposition by cathodic electrophoresis. Aluminum substrates were anodized in phosphoric acid in order to produce porous anodic oxide layers with pores ranging from 160 to 320 nm. The resulting nanopores were then filled with TiO2 nanoparticles by electrophoretic deposition. The influence of the solvent, the electric field, and the morphological characteristics of the alumina layer (i.e., barrier layer and porosity) were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Frantz
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Lauria
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cristina V Manzano
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Guerra-Nuñez
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Markus Niederberger
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cédric Storrer
- Coloral , Rue de Beauregard 24, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Johann Michler
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Laetitia Philippe
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
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8
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Deshmukh R, Niederberger M. Mechanistic Aspects in the Formation, Growth and Surface Functionalization of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Organic Solvents. Chemistry 2017; 23:8542-8570. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Deshmukh
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Markus Niederberger
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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9
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Stolzenburg P, Garnweitner G. Experimental and numerical insights into the formation of zirconia nanoparticles: a population balance model for the nonaqueous synthesis. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7re00005g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The nonaqueous synthesis of zirconia nanoparticles was investigated and modeled by a comprehensive population balance equation framework that simulates the entire particle formation process to predict final nanoparticle properties as well as their evolvement during the synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Stolzenburg
- Institute for Particle Technology and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology
- Technische Universität Braunschweig
- 38104 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - Georg Garnweitner
- Institute for Particle Technology and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology
- Technische Universität Braunschweig
- 38104 Braunschweig
- Germany
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10
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De Keukeleere K, De Roo J, Lommens P, Martins JC, Van Der Voort P, Van Driessche I. Fast and Tunable Synthesis of ZrO2 Nanocrystals: Mechanistic Insights into Precursor Dependence. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:3469-76. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan De Roo
- NMR
and Structural Analysis Unit, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | - José C. Martins
- NMR
and Structural Analysis Unit, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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11
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Staniuk M, Zindel D, van Beek W, Hirsch O, Kränzlin N, Niederberger M, Koziej D. Matching the organic and inorganic counterparts during nucleation and growth of copper-based nanoparticles – in situ spectroscopic studies. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce00454c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Closing the loop: initially, the reactivity of benzyl alcohol determines the nucleation of Cu nanoparticles, but as soon as they start to form they begin to catalyze the condensation of benzyl alcohol to dibenzylether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Staniuk
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials
- Department of Materials
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Zindel
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wouter van Beek
- Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines at European Synchrotron Research Facility
- 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Ofer Hirsch
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials
- Department of Materials
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niklaus Kränzlin
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials
- Department of Materials
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Niederberger
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials
- Department of Materials
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dorota Koziej
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials
- Department of Materials
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Lee J, Chen YM, Zhu Y, Vogt BD. Fabrication of porous carbon/TiO₂ composites through polymerization-induced phase separation and use as an anode for Na-ion batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:21011-21018. [PMID: 25397899 DOI: 10.1021/am5058037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polymerization-induced phase separation of nanoparticle-filled solution is demonstrated as a simple approach to control the structure of porous composites. These composites are subsequently demonstrated as the active component for sodium ion battery anode. To synthesize the composites, we dissolved/dispersed titanium oxide (anatase) nanoparticles (for sodium insertion) and poly(hydroxybutyl methacrylate) (PHBMA, porogen) in furfuryl alcohol (carbon precursor) containing a photoacid generator (PAG). UV exposure converts the PAG to a strong acid that catalyzes the furfuryl alcohol polymerization. This polymerization simultaneously decreases the miscibility of the PHBMA and reduces the mobility in the mixture to kinetically trap the phase separation. Carbonization of this polymer composite yields a porous nanocomposite. This nanocomposite exhibits nearly 3-fold greater gravimetric capacity in Na-ion batteries than the same titanium oxide nanoparticles that have been coated with carbon. This improved performance is attributed to the morphology as the carbon content in the composite is five times that of the coated nanoparticles. The porous composite materials exhibit stable cyclic performance. Moreover, the battery performance using materials from this polymerization-induced phase separation method is reproducible (capacity within 10% batch-to-batch). This simple fabrication methodology may be extendable to other systems and provides a facile route to generate reproducible hierarchical porous morphology that can be beneficial in energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongwoo Lee
- Department of Polymer Engineering and ‡Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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13
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Zimmermann M, Garnweitner G. Einfluss von Prozessparametern auf die nichtwässrige Synthese von Titandioxid-Nanopartikeln. CHEM-ING-TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201300119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Hu M, Xu J, Gao J, Yang S, Wong JSP, Li RKY. Benzyl alcohol-based synthesis of oxide nanoparticles: the perspective of SN1 reaction mechanism. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:9777-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt50680k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Ludi B, Süess MJ, Werner IA, Niederberger M. Mechanistic aspects of molecular formation and crystallization of zinc oxide nanoparticles in benzyl alcohol. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:1982-1995. [PMID: 22159429 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr11557j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanostructures are known to exist in a great variety of morphologies. However, the underlying mechanisms leading to these architectures are far from being fully understood. Here, we present a time dependent study of the generation of zinc oxide nanorods, which arrange into bundles with a fan- or bouquet-like structure, using the benzyl alcohol route. The structural evolution of the nanoparticles was monitored by electron microscopy techniques, whereas the progress of the chemical reaction was followed by quantification of the organic by-products using gas chromatography. With this study we give a detailed insight into the formation of the zinc oxide structures, which involves a complex pathway based on many in parallel occurring processes such as crystallization of primary particles, their oriented attachment and surface reconstruction inside the nanoparticulate agglomerates. However, in spite of such an intricate growth behavior, the ZnO nanostructures are surprisingly uniform in size and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Ludi
- Laboratory of Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Olliges-Stadler I, Stötzel J, Koziej D, Rossell MD, Grunwaldt JD, Nachtegaal M, Frahm R, Niederberger M. Study of the Chemical Mechanism Involved in the Formation of Tungstite in Benzyl Alcohol by the Advanced QEXAFS Technique. Chemistry 2012; 18:2305-12. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Zimmermann M, Garnweitner G. Spontaneous water release inducing nucleation during the nonaqueous synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce25934f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Koziej D, Rossell MD, Ludi B, Hintennach A, Novák P, Grunwaldt JD, Niederberger M. Interplay between size and crystal structure of molybdenum dioxide nanoparticles--synthesis, growth mechanism, and electrochemical performance. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:377-387. [PMID: 21294267 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201001606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A detailed study is presented on the formation of MoO(2) nanoparticles from the dissolution of the precursor to the final rodlike product, with a focus on the exploration of the inorganic reaction occurring ahead of the nucleation step, and interplay between size and crystal structure of MoO(2). In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments show that the crystallization and the growth process of MoO(2) nanorods is initiated by rapid reduction of the MoO(2) Cl(2) precursor in benzyl alcohol and acetophenone. This reaction triggers the nucleation of 2 nm MoO(2) particles with spherical shape and hexagonal crystal structure. The transformation from spheres into rods emerges as a complex process driven by oriented attachment. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction results provide evidence that the 2 nm particles first aggregate into 5-20 nm-large oriented assemblies. The increase in particle size induces the phase transition from hexagonal to the less symmetrical monoclinic crystal structure, and finally the transformation into rods. Is it shown that electrodes for lithium-ion batteries based on MoO(2) nanorods have a long-term cycling life. The specific discharge capacity even after 200 cycles at a discharge rate of 1 C is about 300 Ah kg(-1) .
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Koziej
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Wagner S, Bloh J, Kasper C, Bahnemann D. Toxicological Issues of Nanoparticles Employed in Photocatalysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1515/green.2011.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA huge amount of different nanomaterials is nowadays on the market used for various specific applications. Some nanomaterials such as TiOHence these materials are used for many applications, e.g., for self-cleaning and antibacterial coatings on different surfaces and for the purification of wastewater where the cleaning can be induced by simple exposure to sunlight. Because of the frequent use of these nanoparticles it is important to investigate the life cycles of these nanostructured materials as well as their environmental impact and their toxicity to animals and humans.This review first gives a short overview about nanotechnology and nanotechnological products as well as about photocatalysis and semiconductors used in this field. We then discuss the need for a new technology named nanotoxicology and the problems occurring when investigating the toxic potential of nanomaterials as well as the life cycle of nanomaterials. Furthermore, we focus on the environmental impact of TiO
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Garnweitner G, Ghareeb H, Grote C. Small-molecule in situ stabilization of TiO2 nanoparticles for the facile preparation of stable colloidal dispersions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Patzke GR, Zhou Y, Kontic R, Conrad F. Oxidische Nanomaterialien: Von der Synthese über den Mechanismus zur technologischen Innovation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Patzke GR, Zhou Y, Kontic R, Conrad F. Oxide Nanomaterials: Synthetic Developments, Mechanistic Studies, and Technological Innovations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 50:826-59. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bradtmöller C, Garnweitner G. Prozesstechnik der nichtwässrigen Synthese von Metalloxidnanopartikeln. CHEM-ING-TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201050546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Garnweitner G, Grote C. Die nicht-wässrige Sol-Gel-Synthese - eine Alternative für die Herstellung hochqualitativer Metalloxid- Nanopartikel. CHEM-ING-TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.200900151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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