1
|
Kulkarni S, Arunachala S, Chaya SK, ShankaraSetty RV, Karnik M, Bansal N, Ravindran S, Lokesh KS, Mohan M, Kaleem Ullah M, Siddaiah JB, Mahesh PA. The Assessment of Serum Fibronectin Levels as a Potential Biomarker for the Severity of Drug-Sensitive Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Pilot Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 14:50. [PMID: 38201359 PMCID: PMC10804257 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health burden caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Fibronectin (Fn) facilitates Mtb attachment to host cells. We studied the Fn levels in smear-positive TB patients to assess its correlation with disease severity based on sputum smears and chest X-rays. METHODS Newly detected consecutive sputum AFB-positive pulmonary TB patients (n = 78) and healthy control subjects (n = 11) were included. The mycobacterial load in the sputum smear was assessed by IUATLD classification, ranging from 0 to 3. The severity of pulmonary involvement was assessed radiologically in terms of both the number of zones involved (0-6) and as localized (up to 2 zones), moderate (3-4 zones), or extensive (5-6 zones). The serum human fibronectin levels were measured by using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (Catalogue No: CK-bio-11486, Shanghai Coon Koon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). RESULTS The PTB patients showed lower Fn levels (102.4 ± 26.7) compared with the controls (108.8 ± 6.8), but they were not statistically significant. Higher AFB smear grades had lower Fn levels. The chest X-ray zones involved were inversely correlated with Fn levels. The Fn levels, adjusted for age and gender, decreased with increased mycobacterial load and the number of chest radiograph zones affected. A Fn level <109.39 g/mL predicted greater TB severity (sensitivity of 67.57% and specificity of 90.38%), while a level <99.32 pg/mL predicted severity based on the chest radiology (sensitivity of 84.21% and specificity of 100%). CONCLUSIONS The Fn levels are lower in tuberculosis patients and are negatively correlated with severity based on sputum mycobacterial load and chest radiographs. The Fn levels may serve as a potential biomarker for assessing TB severity, which could have implications for early diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shreedhar Kulkarni
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Sumalatha Arunachala
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
- Public Health Research Institute of India, Mysore 570020, India
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Bellur 571448, India
| | - Sindaghatta Krishnarao Chaya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Rekha Vaddarahalli ShankaraSetty
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Medha Karnik
- Centre for Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (A DST-FIST Supported Center), Department of Biochemistry (A DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India; (M.K.)
| | - Nidhi Bansal
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Sukanya Ravindran
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Komarla Sundararaja Lokesh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Mikash Mohan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Mohammed Kaleem Ullah
- Centre for Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (A DST-FIST Supported Center), Department of Biochemistry (A DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India; (M.K.)
- Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jayaraj Biligere Siddaiah
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Padukudru Anand Mahesh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qin Y, Yang W, Chu H, Li Y, Cai S, Yu H, Liu L. Atomic Force Microscopy for Tumor Research at Cell and Molecule Levels. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:1-18. [PMID: 35257653 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927622000290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tumors have posed a serious threat to human life and health. Researchers can determine whether or not cells are cancerous, whether the cancer cells are invasive or metastatic, and what the effects of drugs are on cancer cells by the physical properties such as hardness, adhesion, and Young's modulus. The atomic force microscope (AFM) has emerged as a key important tool for biomechanics research on tumor cells due to its ability to image and collect force spectroscopy information of biological samples with nano-level spatial resolution and under near-physiological conditions. This article reviews the existing results of the study of cancer cells with AFM. The main foci are the operating principle of AFM and research advances in mechanical property measurement, ultra-microtopography, and molecular recognition of tumor cells, which allows us to outline what we do know it in a systematic way and to summarize and to discuss future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Qin
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai264005, China
| | - Wenguang Yang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai264005, China
| | - Honghui Chu
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai264005, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai264005, China
| | - Shuxiang Cai
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai264005, China
| | - Haibo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang110016, China
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang110016, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mycobacterial Adhesion: From Hydrophobic to Receptor-Ligand Interactions. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020454. [PMID: 35208908 PMCID: PMC8875947 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion is crucial for the infective lifestyles of bacterial pathogens. Adhesion to non-living surfaces, other microbial cells, and components of the biofilm extracellular matrix are crucial for biofilm formation and integrity, plus adherence to host factors constitutes a first step leading to an infection. Adhesion is, therefore, at the core of pathogens’ ability to contaminate, transmit, establish residency within a host, and cause an infection. Several mycobacterial species cause diseases in humans and animals with diverse clinical manifestations. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which enters through the respiratory tract, first adheres to alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells leading up to transmigration across the alveolar epithelium and containment within granulomas. Later, when dissemination occurs, the bacilli need to adhere to extracellular matrix components to infect extrapulmonary sites. Mycobacteria causing zoonotic infections and emerging nontuberculous mycobacterial pathogens follow divergent routes of infection that probably require adapted adhesion mechanisms. New evidence also points to the occurrence of mycobacterial biofilms during infection, emphasizing a need to better understand the adhesive factors required for their formation. Herein, we review the literature on tuberculous and nontuberculous mycobacterial adhesion to living and non-living surfaces, to themselves, to host cells, and to components of the extracellular matrix.
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Mycobacteria have unique cell envelopes, surface properties, and growth dynamics, which all play a part in the ability of these important pathogens to infect, evade host immunity, disseminate, and resist antibiotic challenges. Recent atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies have brought new insights into the nanometer-scale ultrastructural, adhesive, and mechanical properties of mycobacteria. The molecular forces with which mycobacterial adhesins bind to host factors, like heparin and fibronectin, and the hydrophobic properties of the mycomembrane have been unraveled by AFM force spectroscopy studies. Real-time correlative AFM and fluorescence imaging have delineated a complex interplay between surface ultrastructure, tensile stresses within the cell envelope, and cellular processes leading to division. The unique capabilities of AFM, which include subdiffraction-limit topographic imaging and piconewton force sensitivity, have great potential to resolve important questions that remain unanswered on the molecular interactions, surface properties, and growth dynamics of this important class of pathogens.
Collapse
|
5
|
Dufrêne YF, Viljoen A. Binding Strength of Gram-Positive Bacterial Adhesins. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1457. [PMID: 32670256 PMCID: PMC7330015 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens are equipped with specialized surface-exposed proteins that bind strongly to ligands on host tissues and biomaterials. These adhesins play critical roles during infection, especially during the early step of adhesion where the cells are exposed to physical stress. Recent single-molecule experiments have shown that staphylococci interact with their ligands through a wide diversity of mechanosensitive molecular mechanisms. Adhesin-ligand interactions are activated by tensile force and can be ten times stronger than classical non-covalent biological bonds. Overall these studies demonstrate that Gram-positive adhesins feature unusual stress-dependent molecular interactions, which play essential roles during bacterial colonization and dissemination. With an increasing prevalence of multidrug resistant infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, chemotherapeutic targeting of adhesins offers an innovative alternative to antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yves F Dufrêne
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Catholic University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Albertus Viljoen
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Catholic University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Viljoen A, Alsteens D, Dufrêne Y. Mechanical Forces between Mycobacterial Antigen 85 Complex and Fibronectin. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030716. [PMID: 32183296 PMCID: PMC7140604 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins is an important first step in host invasion, employed by many bacterial pathogens. In mycobacteria, the secreted Ag85 complex proteins, involved in the synthesis of the cell envelope, are known to bind to fibronectin (Fn) through molecular forces that are currently unknown. In this study, single-molecule force spectroscopy is used to study the strength, kinetics and thermodynamics of the Ag85-Fn interaction, focusing on the multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium abscessus species. Single Ag85 proteins bind Fn with a strength of ~75 pN under moderate tensile loading, which compares well with the forces reported for other Fn-binding proteins. The binding specificity is demonstrated by using free Ag85 and Fn peptides with active binding sequences. The Ag85-Fn rupture force increases with mechanical stress (i.e., loading rate) according to the Friddle–Noy–de Yoreo theory. From this model, we extract thermodynamic parameters that are in good agreement with previous affinity determinations by surface plasmon resonance. Strong bonds (up to ~500 pN) are observed under high tensile loading, which may favor strong mycobacterial attachment in the lung where cells are exposed to high shear stress or during hematogenous spread which leads to a disseminated infection. Our results provide new insight into the pleiotropic functions of an important mycobacterial virulence factor that acts as a stress-sensitive adhesin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albertus Viljoen
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (A.V.); (D.A.)
| | - David Alsteens
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (A.V.); (D.A.)
- Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), 1300 Wavre, Belgium
| | - Yves Dufrêne
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (A.V.); (D.A.)
- Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), 1300 Wavre, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Blakeman JT, Morales-García AL, Mukherjee J, Gori K, Hayward AS, Lant NJ, Geoghegan M. Extracellular DNA Provides Structural Integrity to a Micrococcus luteus Biofilm. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:6468-6475. [PMID: 30995049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Force spectroscopy was used to show that extracellular DNA (eDNA) has a pre-eminent structural role in a biofilm. The adhesive behavior of extracellular polymeric substances to poly(ethylene terephthalate), a model hydrophobic surface, was measured in response to their degradation by hydrolytic enzymes known for their biofilm dispersion potential: DNaseI, protease, cellulase, and mannanase. Only treatment with DNaseI significantly decreased the adhesive force of the model bacterium Micrococcus luteus with the surface, and furthermore this treatment almost completely eliminated any components of the biofilm maintaining the adhesion, establishing a key structural role for eDNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie T Blakeman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , The University of Sheffield , Hounsfield Road , Sheffield S3 7RH , U.K
| | - Ana L Morales-García
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , The University of Sheffield , Hounsfield Road , Sheffield S3 7RH , U.K
- Procter and Gamble Newcastle Innovation Centre , Longbenton, Newcastle upon Tyne NE12 9TS , U.K
| | - Joy Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , The University of Sheffield , Mappin Street , Sheffield S1 3JD , U.K
| | - Klaus Gori
- Novozymes A/S , Krogshøjvej 36 , Bagsværd 2880 , Denmark
| | - Adam S Hayward
- Procter and Gamble Newcastle Innovation Centre , Longbenton, Newcastle upon Tyne NE12 9TS , U.K
| | - Neil J Lant
- Procter and Gamble Newcastle Innovation Centre , Longbenton, Newcastle upon Tyne NE12 9TS , U.K
| | - Mark Geoghegan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , The University of Sheffield , Hounsfield Road , Sheffield S3 7RH , U.K
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schön P. Imaging and force probing RNA by atomic force microscopy. Methods 2016; 103:25-33. [PMID: 27222101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past 30years, the atomic force microscope (AFM) has become a true enabling platform in the life sciences opening entire novel avenues for structural and dynamic studies of biological systems. It enables visualization, probing and manipulation across the length scales, from single molecules to living cells in buffer solution under physiological conditions without the need for labeling or staining of the specimen. In particular, for structural studies of nucleic acids and assemblies thereof, the AFM has matured into a routinely used tool providing nanometer spatial resolution. This includes ssRNA, dsRNA and nucleoprotein complexes thereof, as well as RNA aggregates and 2D RNA assemblies. By AFM unique information can be obtained on RNA based assemblies which are becoming increasingly important as novel unique building blocks in the emerging field of RNA nanotechnology. In addition, the AFM is of fundamental relevance to study biological relevant RNA interactions and dynamics. In this short review first the basic functioning principles of commonly used AFM modes including AFM based force spectroscopy will be briefly described. Next a brief overview will be given on structural studies that have been done related to AFM topographic imaging of RNA, RNA assemblies and aggregates. Finally, an overview on AFM beyond imaging will be provided. This includes force spectroscopy of RNA under physiological conditions in aqueous buffer to probe RNA interaction with proteins and ligands as well as other AFM tip based RNA probing. The main intention of this short review to give the reader a flavor of what AFM contributes to RNA research and engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schön
- NanoBioInterface Chair, Research Center Design and Technology, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, 7500 KB Enschede, The Netherlands; Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pi J, Jin H, Yang F, Chen ZW, Cai J. In situ single molecule imaging of cell membranes: linking basic nanotechniques to cell biology, immunology and medicine. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:12229-12249. [PMID: 25227707 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr04195j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The cell membrane, which consists of a viscous phospholipid bilayer, different kinds of proteins and various nano/micrometer-sized domains, plays a very important role in ensuring the stability of the intracellular environment and the order of cellular signal transductions. Exploring the precise cell membrane structure and detailed functions of the biomolecules in a cell membrane would be helpful to understand the underlying mechanisms involved in cell membrane signal transductions, which could further benefit research into cell biology, immunology and medicine. The detection of membrane biomolecules at the single molecule level can provide some subtle information about the molecular structure and the functions of the cell membrane. In particular, information obtained about the molecular mechanisms and other information at the single molecule level are significantly different from that detected from a large amount of biomolecules at the large-scale through traditional techniques, and can thus provide a novel perspective for the study of cell membrane structures and functions. However, the precise investigations of membrane biomolecules prompts researchers to explore cell membranes at the single molecule level by the use of in situ imaging methods, as the exact conformation and functions of biomolecules are highly controlled by the native cellular environment. Recently, the in situ single molecule imaging of cell membranes has attracted increasing attention from cell biologists and immunologists. The size of biomolecules and their clusters on the cell surface are set at the nanoscale, which makes it mandatory to use high- and super-resolution imaging techniques to realize the in situ single molecule imaging of cell membranes. In the past few decades, some amazing imaging techniques and instruments with super resolution have been widely developed for molecule imaging, which can also be further employed for the in situ single molecule imaging of cell membranes. In this review, we attempt to summarize the characteristics of these advanced techniques for use in the in situ single molecule imaging of cell membranes. We believe that this work will help to promote the technological and methodological developments of super-resolution techniques for the single molecule imaging of cell membranes and help researchers better understand which technique is most suitable for their future exploring of membrane biomolecules; ultimately promoting further developments in cell biology, immunology and medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technique, Macau, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pillet F, Chopinet L, Formosa C, Dague E. Atomic Force Microscopy and pharmacology: from microbiology to cancerology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:1028-50. [PMID: 24291690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has been extensively used to study biological samples. Researchers take advantage of its ability to image living samples to increase our fundamental knowledge (biophysical properties/biochemical behavior) on living cell surface properties, at the nano-scale. SCOPE OF REVIEW AFM, in the imaging modes, can probe cells morphological modifications induced by drugs. In the force spectroscopy mode, it is possible to follow the nanomechanical properties of a cell and to probe the mechanical modifications induced by drugs. AFM can be used to map single molecule distribution at the cell surface. We will focus on a collection of results aiming at evaluating the nano-scale effects of drugs, by AFM. Studies on yeast, bacteria and mammal cells will illustrate our discussion. Especially, we will show how AFM can help in getting a better understanding of drug mechanism of action. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS This review demonstrates that AFM is a versatile tool, useful in pharmacology. In microbiology, it has been used to study the drugs fighting Candida albicans or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The major conclusions are a better understanding of the microbes' cell wall and of the drugs mechanism of action. In cancerology, AFM has been used to explore the effects of cytotoxic drugs or as an innovative diagnostic technology. AFM has provided original results on cultured cells, cells extracted from patient and directly on patient biopsies. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review enhances the interest of AFM technologies for pharmacology. The applications reviewed range from microbiology to cancerology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavien Pillet
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE, UT1, UTM, LAAS, ITAV, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Louise Chopinet
- CNRS, IPBS-UMR 5089, BP64182, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE, UT1, UTM, LAAS, ITAV, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Cécile Formosa
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE, UT1, UTM, LAAS, ITAV, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; CNRS, UMR 7565, SRSMC, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, UMR 7565, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France
| | - Etienne Dague
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE, UT1, UTM, LAAS, ITAV, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; CNRS; ITAV-USR 3505; F31106 Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Herman P, El-Kirat-Chatel S, Beaussart A, Geoghegan JA, Vanzieleghem T, Foster TJ, Hols P, Mahillon J, Dufrêne YF. Forces driving the attachment of Staphylococcus epidermidis to fibrinogen-coated surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:13018-13022. [PMID: 24111821 DOI: 10.1021/la4029172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell surface proteins of bacteria play essential roles in mediating the attachment of pathogens to host tissues and, therefore, represent key targets for anti-adhesion therapy. In the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis , the adhesion protein SdrG mediates attachment of bacteria to the blood plasma protein fibrinogen (Fg) through a binding mechanism that is not yet fully understood. We report the direct measurement of the forces driving the adhesion of S. epidermidis to Fg-coated substrates using single-cell force spectroscopy. We found that the S. epidermidis -Fg adhesion force is of ~150 pN magnitude and that the adhesion strength and adhesion probability strongly increase with the interaction time, suggesting that the adhesion process involves time-dependent conformational changes. Control experiments with mutant bacteria lacking SdrG and substrates coated with the Fg β(6-20) peptide, instead of the full Fg protein, demonstrate that these force signatures originate from the rupture of specific bonds between SdrG and its peptide ligand. Collectively, our results are consistent with a dynamic, multi-step ligand-binding mechanism called "dock, lock, and latch".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Herman
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain , Croix du Sud 1, bte L7.04.01, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Alsteens D, Beaussart A, Derclaye S, El-Kirat-Chatel S, Park HR, Lipke PN, Dufrêne YF. Single-Cell Force Spectroscopy of Als-Mediated Fungal Adhesion. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2013; 5:3657-3662. [PMID: 23956795 PMCID: PMC3743104 DOI: 10.1039/c3ay40473k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Macroscopic assays that are traditionally used to investigate the adhesion behaviour of microbial cells provide averaged information obtained on large populations of cells and do not measure the fundamental forces driving single-cell adhesion. Here, we use single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) to quantify the specific and non-specific forces engaged in the adhesion of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells expressing the C. albicans adhesion protein Als5p were attached on atomic force microscopy tipless cantilevers using a bioinspired polydopamine wet polymer, and force-distance curves were recorded between the obtained cell probes and various solid surfaces. Force signatures obtained on hydrophobic substrates exhibited large adhesion forces (1.25 ± 0.2 nN) with extended rupture lengths (up to 400 nm), attributed to the binding and stretching of the hydrophobic tandem repeats of Als5p. Data collected on fibronectin (Fn) -coated substrates featured strong adhesion forces (2.8 ± 0.6 nN), reflecting specific binding between Fn and the N-terminal immunoglobulin-like regions of Als5p, followed by weakly adhesive macromolecular bonds. Both hydrophobic and Fn adhesion forces increased with contact time, emphasizing the important role that time plays in strengthening adhesion. Our SCFS methodology provides a versatile platform in biomedicine for understanding the fundamental forces driving adhesion and biofilm formation in fungal pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Alsteens
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Life Sciences, Croix du Sud Croix du Sud, 1, bte L7.04.01., B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Audrey Beaussart
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Life Sciences, Croix du Sud Croix du Sud, 1, bte L7.04.01., B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Derclaye
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Life Sciences, Croix du Sud Croix du Sud, 1, bte L7.04.01., B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sofiane El-Kirat-Chatel
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Life Sciences, Croix du Sud Croix du Sud, 1, bte L7.04.01., B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Hye Rim Park
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Life Sciences, Croix du Sud Croix du Sud, 1, bte L7.04.01., B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Peter N. Lipke
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, USA
| | - Yves F. Dufrêne
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Life Sciences, Croix du Sud Croix du Sud, 1, bte L7.04.01., B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Corresponding author: Phone: (32) 10 47 36 00, Fax: (32) 10 47 20 05,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li M, Liu L, Xi N, Wang Y, Xiao X, Zhang W. Imaging and measuring the biophysical properties of Fc gamma receptors on single macrophages using atomic force microscopy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 438:709-14. [PMID: 23916706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fc gamma receptors (FcγR), widely expressed on effector cells (e.g., NK cells, macrophages), play an important role in clinical cancer immunotherapy. The binding of FcγRs to the Fc portions of antibodies that are attached to the target cells can activate the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) killing mechanism which leads to the lysis of target cells. In this work, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to observe the cellular ultra-structures and measure the biophysical properties (affinity and distribution) of FcγRs on single macrophages in aqueous environments. AFM imaging was used to obtain the topographies of macrophages, revealing the nanoscale cellular fine structures. For molecular interaction recognition, antibody molecules were attached onto AFM tips via a heterobifunctional polyethylene glycol (PEG) crosslinker. With AFM single-molecule force spectroscopy, the binding affinities of FcγRs were quantitatively measured on single macrophages. Adhesion force mapping method was used to localize the FcγRs, revealing the nanoscale distribution of FcγRs on local areas of macrophages. The experimental results can improve our understanding of FcγRs on macrophages; the established approach will facilitate further research on physiological activities involved in antibody-based immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Schön P, Kutnyanszky E, ten Donkelaar B, Santonicola MG, Tecim T, Aldred N, Clare AS, Vancso GJ. Probing biofouling resistant polymer brush surfaces by atomic force microscopy based force spectroscopy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 102:923-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
15
|
Surface proteome of "Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis" during the early stages of macrophage infection. Infect Immun 2012; 80:1868-80. [PMID: 22392927 DOI: 10.1128/iai.06151-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
"Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis" is a robust and pervasive environmental bacterium that can cause opportunistic infections in humans. The bacterium overcomes the host immune response and is capable of surviving and replicating within host macrophages. Little is known about the bacterial mechanisms that facilitate these processes, but it can be expected that surface-exposed proteins play an important role. In this study, the selective biotinylation of surface-exposed proteins, streptavidin affinity purification, and shotgun mass spectrometry were used to characterize the surface-exposed proteome of M. avium subsp. hominissuis. This analysis detected more than 100 proteins exposed at the bacterial surface of M. avium subsp. hominissuis. Comparisons of surface-exposed proteins between conditions simulating early infection identified several groups of proteins whose presence on the bacterial surface was either constitutive or appeared to be unique to specific culture conditions. This proteomic profile facilitates an improved understanding of M. avium subsp. hominissuis and how it establishes infection. Additionally, surface-exposed proteins are excellent targets for the host adaptive immune system, and their identification can inform the development of novel treatments, diagnostic tools, and vaccines for mycobacterial disease.
Collapse
|
16
|
Wei YX, Zhang ZY, Liu C, Malakar PK, Guo XK. Safety assessment of Bifidobacterium longum JDM301 based on complete genome sequences. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:479-88. [PMID: 22346255 PMCID: PMC3270512 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i5.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the safety of Bifidobacterium longum (B. longum) JDM301 based on complete genome sequences. METHODS The complete genome sequences of JDM301 were determined using the GS 20 system. Putative virulence factors, putative antibiotic resistance genes and genes encoding enzymes responsible for harmful metabolites were identified by blast with virulence factors database, antibiotic resistance genes database and genes associated with harmful metabolites in previous reports. Minimum inhibitory concentration of 16 common antimicrobial agents was evaluated by E-test. RESULTS JDM301 was shown to contain 36 genes associated with antibiotic resistance, 5 enzymes related to harmful metabolites and 162 nonspecific virulence factors mainly associated with transcriptional regulation, adhesion, sugar and amino acid transport. B. longum JDM301 was intrinsically resistant to ciprofloxacin, amikacin, gentamicin and streptomycin and susceptible to vancomycin, amoxicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, rifampicin, imipenem and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazol. JDM301 was moderately resistant to bacitracin, while an earlier study showed that bifidobacteria were susceptible to this antibiotic. A tetracycline resistance gene with the risk of transfer was found in JDM301, which needs to be experimentally validated. CONCLUSION The safety assessment of JDM301 using information derived from complete bacterial genome will contribute to a wider and deeper insight into the safety of probiotic bacteria.
Collapse
|
17
|
Valentín-Rodríguez C, He Y, Chodavarapu SS, Smith M, Roach AS, Lewis NR, Vaid S, Lin T, Lord DE, Green SM, Tezel TH, Ivanisevic A. Tuning the adhesion of layer-by-layer films to the physicochemical properties of inner limiting membranes using nanoparticles. Micron 2011; 42:616-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
18
|
Alsteens D, Dupres V, Andre G, Dufrêne YF. Frontiers in microbial nanoscopy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 6:395-403. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.10.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress in nanomedicine relies on the development of advanced tools for imaging and manipulating biological systems on the nanoscale. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques have emerged as a powerful platform for analyzing the structure, properties and functions of microbial pathogens. AFM imaging enables researchers to observe microbial cell walls in solution and at high resolution, and to monitor their remodeling upon interaction with drugs. In addition, single-molecule force spectroscopy analyzes the localization, mechanics and interactions of the individual cell wall constituents, thereby contributing to elucidate the molecular bases of cell adhesion (nanoadhesome) and mechanosensing (nanosensosome). In the future, AFM-based nanoscopy should have an important impact on nanomedicine, particularly for understanding microbe–drug and microbe–host interactions, and for developing new antimicrobial strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Alsteens
- Institute of Condensed Matter & Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2/18, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Vincent Dupres
- Institute of Condensed Matter & Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2/18, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Andre
- Institute of Condensed Matter & Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2/18, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhong J. From simple to complex: investigating the effects of lipid composition and phase on the membrane interactions of biomolecules using in situ atomic force microscopy. Integr Biol (Camb) 2011; 3:632-44. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ib00157k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
20
|
Detecting CD20-Rituximab specific interactions on lymphoma cells using atomic force microscopy. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2010; 53:1189-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-010-4070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
21
|
Dupres V, Alsteens D, Andre G, Dufrêne YF. Microbial nanoscopy: a closer look at microbial cell surfaces. Trends Microbiol 2010; 18:397-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
22
|
Valentín-Rodríguez C, Tezel TH, Ivanisevic A. Quantitative analysis of human internal limiting membrane extracted from patients with macular holes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:12810-12816. [PMID: 20597525 DOI: 10.1021/la101797e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report the study of the morphology, topography, and adhesion properties of internal limiting membrane (ILM) from patients with macular holes. The quantitative analysis of human ILM could provide essential information toward the improvement of existing surgical instruments for more efficient and safer surgical removal of ILM. Imaging in air revealed the presence of globular structures in most of the samples analyzed which were coupled with fibrillar structures in some of the samples. Modification of silicon nitride AFM tips with oppositely charged functional groups showed changes in adhesion force at the membrane-tip interface. Defining the surface characteristics of the human ILM is an initial step in the development of improved surgical tools that may allow nontraumatic stripping of ILM during surgery.
Collapse
|
23
|
Buck AW, Fowler VG, Yongsunthon R, Liu J, DiBartola AC, Que YA, Moreillon P, Lower SK. Bonds between fibronectin and fibronectin-binding proteins on Staphylococcus aureus and Lactococcus lactis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:10764-10770. [PMID: 20218549 PMCID: PMC2893610 DOI: 10.1021/la100549u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cell-wall-associated fibronectin binding proteins A and B (FnBPA and FnBPB) form bonds with host fibronectin. This binding reaction is often the initial step in prosthetic device infections. Atomic force microscopy was used to evaluate binding interactions between a fibronectin-coated probe and laboratory-derived Staphylococcus aureus that are (i) defective in both FnBPA and FnBPB (fnbA fnbB double mutant, DU5883), (ii) capable of expressing only FnBPA (fnbA fnbB double mutant complemented with pFNBA4), or (iii) capable of expressing only FnBPB (fnbA fnbB double mutant complemented with pFNBB4). These experiments were repeated using Lactococcus lactis constructs expressing fnbA and fnbB genes from S. aureus. A distinct force signature was observed for those bacteria that expressed FnBPA or FnBPB. Analysis of this force signature with the biomechanical wormlike chain model suggests that parallel bonds form between fibronectin and FnBPs on a bacterium. The strength and covalence of bonds were evaluated via nonlinear regression of force profiles. Binding events were more frequent (p < 0.01) for S. aureus expressing FnBPA or FnBPB than for the S. aureus double mutant. The binding force, frequency, and profile were similar between the FnBPA and FnBPB expressing strains of S. aureus. The absence of both FnBPs from the surface of S. aureus removed its ability to form a detectable bond with fibronectin. By contrast, ectopic expression of FnBPA or FnBPB on the surface of L. lactis conferred fibronectin binding characteristics similar to those of S. aureus. These measurements demonstrate that fibronectin-binding adhesins FnBPA and FnBPB are necessary and sufficient for the binding of S. aureus to prosthetic devices that are coated with host fibronectin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vance G. Fowler
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Jie Liu
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Yok-Ai Que
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chirasatitsin S, Engler AJ. Detecting cell-adhesive sites in extracellular matrix using force spectroscopy mapping. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:194102. [PMID: 21152375 PMCID: PMC2997741 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/19/194102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The cell microenvironment is composed of extracellular matrix (ECM), which contains specific binding sites that allow the cell to adhere to its surroundings. Cells employ focal adhesion proteins, which must be able to resist a variety of forces to bind to ECM. Current techniques for detecting the spatial arrangement of these adhesions, however, have limited resolution and those that detect adhesive forces lack sufficient spatial characterization or resolution. Using a unique application of force spectroscopy, we demonstrate here the ability to determine local changes in the adhesive property of a fibronectin substrate down to the resolution of the fibronectin antibody-functionalized tip diameter, ~20 nm. To verify the detection capabilities of force spectroscopy mapping (FSM), changes in loading rate and temperature were used to alter the bond dynamics and change the adhesion force. Microcontact printing was also used to pattern fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated fibronectin in order to mimic the discontinuous adhesion domains of native ECM. Fluorescent detection was used to identify the pattern while FSM was used to map cell adhesion sites in registry with the initial fluorescent image. The results show that FSM can be used to detect the adhesion domains at high resolution and may subsequently be applied to native ECM with randomly distributed cell adhesion sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somyot Chirasatitsin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Scheuring S, Dufrêne YF. Atomic force microscopy: probing the spatial organization, interactions and elasticity of microbial cell envelopes at molecular resolution. Mol Microbiol 2010; 75:1327-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|