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Li Z, Tan Y, Ding M, Tang L, Zeng F. Keto-Adamantane-Based Macrocycle Crystalline Supramolecular Assemblies Showing Selective Vapochromism to Tetrahydrofuran. Molecules 2024; 29:719. [PMID: 38338463 PMCID: PMC10856198 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the synthesis of adamantane-based macrocycle 2 by combining adamantane building blocks with π-donor 1,3-dimethoxy-benzene units. An unpredictable keto-adamantane-based macrocycle 3 was obtained by the oxidation of 2 using DDQ as an oxidant. Moreover, a new type of macrocyclic molecule-based CT cocrystal was prepared through exo-wall CT interactions between 3 and DDQ. The cocrystal material showed selective vapochromism behavior towards THF, specifically, among nine volatile organic solvents commonly used in the laboratory. Powder X-ray diffraction; UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy; 1H NMR; and single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that color changes are attributed to the vapor-triggered decomplexation of cocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manhua Ding
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 415199, China; (Z.L.); (Y.T.); (L.T.)
| | | | - Fei Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 415199, China; (Z.L.); (Y.T.); (L.T.)
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2
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Zhang J, Jing Y, Wan M, Xue J, Liu J, Li J, Du Y. Investigation into polymorphism within ethenzamide-ethylmalonic acid cocrystal using Raman and terahertz vibrational spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 305:123478. [PMID: 37832447 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Two cocrystal polymorphs of ethenzamide (ETZ) and ethylmalonic acid (EMA) were synthesized by solvent evaporation. Crystal structure analysis revealed that the main amide - carboxyl heterosynthon in ETZ-EMA cocrystal Form I and Form II are the same, but the crystal structure of these two polymorphs are different. Terahertz (THz) and Raman vibrational spectroscopy were used to characterize ETZ, EMA, ETZ-EMA cocrystal polymorph Form I and Form II respectively. The experimental results showed that ETZ, EMA, ETZ-EMA cocrystal Form I and ETZ-EMA cocrystal Form II exhibited completely different characteristic peaks. Both THz and Raman vibrational spectroscopy can be used to distinguish ETZ-EMA cocrystal Form I from Form II. Furthermore, the investigation of phase transition induced by temperature and solid-state grinding was also performed. In the temperature phase transition experiments, when the powder sample was heated to a temperature range of 80-82 °C, the metastable ETZ-EMA cocrystal Form I transformed into the more stable ETZ-EMA cocrystal Form II. Solid-state grinding analysis revealed that the results of the ETZ-EMA cocrystal polymorph synthesis in grinding experiments depended on the polarity of the solvents used. Grinding without solvent or with high polarity solvents tended to result in the stable ETZ-EMA cocrystal Form II. Moreover, the metastable ETZ-EMA cocrystal Form I would transform into Form II after further grinding process. These results demonstrate that THz and Raman vibrational spectroscopy have high sensitivity and accuracy in the detection of both cocrystal synthesis and cocrystal polymorph phase transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Zhang
- Centre for THz Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yaqi Jing
- Centre for THz Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Mei Wan
- Centre for THz Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jiadan Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Centre for THz Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jiusheng Li
- Centre for THz Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yong Du
- Centre for THz Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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3
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Yu M, Liang M, An Q, Wang W, Zhang B, Yang S, Zhou J, Yang X, Yang D, Zhang L, Du G, Lu Y. Versatile Solid Modifications of Multicomponent Pharmaceutical Salts: Novel Metformin-Rhein Salts Based on Advantage Complementary Strategy Design. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041196. [PMID: 37111681 PMCID: PMC10142746 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop an effective treatment for diabetes and diabetic complications, based on the advantage complementary strategy of drug-drug salt, by designing and synthesizing the multicomponent molecular salts containing metformin (MET) and rhein (RHE). Finally, the salts of MET-RHE (1:1), MET-RHE-H2O (1:1:1), MET-RHE-ethanol-H2O (1:1:1:1), and MET-RHE-acetonitrile (2:2:1) were obtained, indicating the polymorphism of salts formed by MET and RHE. The structures were analyzed by the combination of characterization experiments and theoretical calculation, and the formation mechanism of polymorphism was discussed. The obtained results of in vitro evaluation showed that MET-RHE had a similar hygroscopicity with metformin hydrochloride (MET·HCl), and the solubility of the component of RHE increased by approximately 93 times, which laid a foundation for improving the bioavailability of MET and RHE in vivo. The evaluation of hypoglycemic activity in mice (C57BL/6N) indicated that MET-RHE exhibited better hypoglycemic activity than the parent drugs and the physical mixtures of MET and RHE. The above findings demonstrate that this study achieved the complementary advantages of MET and RHE through the multicomponent pharmaceutical salification technique, and provides new possibilities for the treatment of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Yu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Meidai Liang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qi An
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Baoxi Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shiying Yang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiuying Yang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Dezhi Yang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Beijing 100050, China
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4
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Madanayake SN, Manipura A, Thakuria R, Adassooriya NM. Opportunities and Challenges in Mechanochemical Cocrystallization toward Scaled-Up Pharmaceutical Manufacturing. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sithmi Nimashi Madanayake
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Aruna Manipura
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Ranjit Thakuria
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India
| | - Nadeesh M. Adassooriya
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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5
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Cersonsky RK, Pakhnova M, Engel EA, Ceriotti M. A data-driven interpretation of the stability of organic molecular crystals. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1272-1285. [PMID: 36756329 PMCID: PMC9891366 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06198h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the subtle balance of intermolecular interactions that govern structure-property relations, predicting the stability of crystal structures formed from molecular building blocks is a highly non-trivial scientific problem. A particularly active and fruitful approach involves classifying the different combinations of interacting chemical moieties, as understanding the relative energetics of different interactions enables the design of molecular crystals and fine-tuning of their stabilities. While this is usually performed based on the empirical observation of the most commonly encountered motifs in known crystal structures, we propose to apply a combination of supervised and unsupervised machine-learning techniques to automate the construction of an extensive library of molecular building blocks. We introduce a structural descriptor tailored to the prediction of the binding (lattice) energy and apply it to a curated dataset of organic crystals, exploiting its atom-centered nature to obtain a data-driven assessment of the contribution of different chemical groups to the lattice energy of the crystal. We then interpret this library using a low-dimensional representation of the structure-energy landscape and discuss selected examples of the insights into crystal engineering that can be extracted from this analysis, providing a complete database to guide the design of molecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose K. Cersonsky
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling (COSMO), École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Maria Pakhnova
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling (COSMO), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Edgar A. Engel
- TCM Group, Trinity College, Cambridge UniversityCambridgeUK
| | - Michele Ceriotti
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling (COSMO), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
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6
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Lozano JD, Velasquez-Diaz S, Galindo-Leon L, Sanchez C, Jiménez E, Macías MA. Co-crystals of pyrazinamide (PZA) with terephthalic (TPH) and trimesic (TMS) acids: Structural insights and dissolution study. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Saha BK, Nath NK, Thakuria R. Polymorphs with Remarkably Distinct Physical and/or Chemical Properties. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202200173. [PMID: 36166697 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphism in crystals is known since 1822 and the credit goes to Mitscherlich who realized the existence of different crystal structures of the same compound while working with some arsenate and phosphate salts. Later on, this phenomenon was observed also in organic crystals. With the advent of different technologies, especially the easy availability of single crystal XRD instruments, polymorphism in crystals has become a common phenomenon. Almost 37 % of compounds (single component) are polymorphic to date. As the energies of the different polymorphic forms are very close to each other, small changes in crystallization conditions might lead to different polymorphic structures. As a result, sometimes it is difficult to control polymorphism. For this reason, it is considered to be a nuisance to crystal engineering. It has been realized that the property of a material depends not only on the molecular structure but also on its crystal structure. Therefore, it is not only of interest to academia but also has widespread applications in the materials science as well as pharmaceutical industries. In this review, we have discussed polymorphism which causes significant changes in materials properties in different fields of solid-state science, such as electrical, magnetic, SHG, thermal expansion, mechanical, luminescence, color, and pharmaceutical. Therefore, this review will interest researchers from supramolecular chemistry, materials science as well as medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binoy K Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Naba K Nath
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong, Meghalaya 793003, India
| | - Ranjit Thakuria
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati, 781014, India
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8
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Pharmaceutical Cocrystals of Ethenzamide: Molecular Structure Analysis Based on Vibrational Spectra and DFT Calculations. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158550. [PMID: 35955684 PMCID: PMC9369141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical cocrystals can offer another advanced strategy for drug preparation and development and can facilitate improvements to the physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) without altering their chemical structures and corresponding pharmacological activities. Therefore, cocrystals show a great deal of potential in the development and research of drugs. In this work, pharmaceutical cocrystals of ethenzamide (ETZ) with 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid (26DHBA), 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (24DHBA) and gallic acid (GA) were synthesized by the solvent evaporation method. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the structural changes after ETZ cocrystallization, terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the single starting samples, corresponding physical mixtures and the cocrystals. In addition, the possible molecular structures of ETZ-GA, ETZ-26DHBA and ETZ-24DHBA cocrystals were optimized by density functional theory (DFT). The results of THz and Raman spectra with the DFT simulations for the three cocrystals revealed that the ETZ-GA cocrystal formed an O−H∙∙∙O hydrogen bond between the -OH of GA and oxygen of the amide group of the ETZ molecule, and it was also found that ETZ formed a dimer through a supramolecular amide–amide homosynthon; meanwhile, the ETZ-26DHBA cocrystal was formed by a powerful supramolecular acid–amide heterosynthon, and the ETZ-24DHBA cocrystal formed the O−H∙∙∙O hydrogen bond between the 4-hydroxy group of 24DHBA and oxygen of the amide group of the ETZ molecule. It could be seen that in the molecular structure analysis of the three cocrystals, the position and number of hydroxyl groups in the coformers play an essential role in guiding the formation of specific supramolecular synthons.
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9
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Xiao Y, Jin T, Geng X, Zhu X. Azilsartan-nicotinamide cocrystal: Preparation, characterization and in vitro / vivo evaluation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 176:106241. [PMID: 35716990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Azilsartan (AZL) is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, which is mainly used for the treatment of hypertension. AZL has the advantages of high selectivity, hypotensive effect, protection of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. In order to improve the water solubility of AZL and its bioavailability, AZL -nicotinamide (NA) cocrystal was prepared by mechanical ball milling, and the effect of ball milling conditions on cocrystal preparation were studied. AZL-NA cocrystal was identified and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The results showed that AZL-NA cocrystal with the molar ratio of 1:2 was successfully prepared. And the optimum ball milling condition was milling speed of 300 rpm, milling time of 50 min, the solvent was ethanol/acetonitrile (1:1, v/v), and the solvent dosage (η) was 0.8 μL/mg. The results of solubility tests showed that the solubility of AZL in the cocrystal was 3.39 times higher than the pure drug at 24 h. And the results of vitro dissolution tests showed that the cumulative dissolution of AZL in 2 h was about 10%. While distilled water, pH 1.2 and pH 4.5 acid or buffered solutions and pH 6.8 buffer phosphate salt solution was used as the dissolution medium, the cumulative dissolution of AZL in cocrystal reached 50%, 35%, 55% and 90%, respectively, showing obvious improvement of dissolution. In addition, the accelerated stability tests showed that the AZL-NA cocrystal had good chemical stability. And the pharmacokinetic results showed that AZL-NA cocrystal could significantly improve the bioavailability of AZL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Xiao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Tingyu Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xuerong Geng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xingyi Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road NO. 18, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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10
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Bolla G, Sarma B, Nangia AK. Crystal Engineering of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals in the Discovery and Development of Improved Drugs. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11514-11603. [PMID: 35642550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The subject of crystal engineering started in the 1970s with the study of topochemical reactions in the solid state. A broad chemical definition of crystal engineering was published in 1989, and the supramolecular synthon concept was proposed in 1995 followed by heterosynthons and their potential applications for the design of pharmaceutical cocrystals in 2004. This review traces the development of supramolecular synthons as robust and recurring hydrogen bond patterns for the design and construction of supramolecular architectures, notably, pharmaceutical cocrystals beginning in the early 2000s to the present time. The ability of a cocrystal between an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and a pharmaceutically acceptable coformer to systematically tune the physicochemical properties of a drug (i.e., solubility, permeability, hydration, color, compaction, tableting, bioavailability) without changing its molecular structure is the hallmark of the pharmaceutical cocrystals platform, as a bridge between drug discovery and pharmaceutical development. With the design of cocrystals via heterosynthons and prototype case studies to improve drug solubility in place (2000-2015), the period between 2015 to the present time has witnessed the launch of several salt-cocrystal drugs with improved efficacy and high bioavailability. This review on the design, synthesis, and applications of pharmaceutical cocrystals to afford improved drug products and drug substances will interest researchers in crystal engineering, supramolecular chemistry, medicinal chemistry, process development, and pharmaceutical and materials sciences. The scale-up of drug cocrystals and salts using continuous manufacturing technologies provides high-value pharmaceuticals with economic and environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Bolla
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Building 43, Room 201, Sderot Ben-Gurion 1, Be'er Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Bipul Sarma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India
| | - Ashwini K Nangia
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
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Yang X, Zhu J, Chen Z, Chen B, Jin S, Liu B, Wang D. Seven cocrystals of pyrazinamide and organic acids by H-bonds and some noncovalent associations. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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12
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Multicomponent Materials to Improve Solubility: Eutectics of Drug Aminoglutethimide. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the synthesis and experimental characterization of three drug-drug eutectic mixtures of drug aminoglutethimide (AMG) with caffeine (CAF), nicotinamide (NIC) and ethenzamide (ZMD). The eutectic mixtures i.e., AMG-CAF (1:0.4, molar ratio), AMG-NIC (1:1.9, molar ratio) and AMG-ZMD (1:1.4, molar ratio) demonstrate significant melting point depressions ranging from 99.2 to 127.2 °C compared to the melting point of the drug AMG (151 °C) and also show moderately higher aqueous solubilities than that of the AMG. The results presented include the determination of the binary melt phase diagrams and accompanying analytical characterization via X-ray powder diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
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Synthesis, Characterization, and Intrinsic Dissolution Studies of Drug-Drug Eutectic Solid Forms of Metformin Hydrochloride and Thiazide Diuretics. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111926. [PMID: 34834341 PMCID: PMC8620433 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanochemical synthesis of drug–drug solid forms containing metformin hydrochloride (MET·HCl) and thiazide diuretics hydrochlorothiazide (HTZ) or chlorothiazide (CTZ) is reported. Characterization of these new systems indicates formation of binary eutectic conglomerates, i.e., drug–drug eutectic solids (DDESs). Further analysis by construction of binary diagrams (DSC screening) exhibited the characteristic V-shaped form indicating formation of DDESs in both cases. These new DDESs were further characterized by different techniques, including thermal analysis (DSC), solid state NMR spectroscopy (SSNMR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (SEM–EDS). In addition, intrinsic dissolution rate experiments and solubility assays were performed. In the case of MET·HCl-HTZ (χMET·HCl = 0.66), we observed a slight enhancement in the dissolution properties compared with pure HTZ (1.21-fold). The same analysis for the solid forms of MET·HCl-CTZ (χMET·HCl = 0.33 and 0.5) showed an enhancement in the dissolved amount of CTZ accompanied by a slight improvement in solubility. From these dissolution profiles and saturation solubility studies and by comparing the thermodynamic parameters (ΔHfus and ΔSfus) of the pure drugs with these new solid forms, it can be observed that there was a limited modification in these properties, not modifying the free energy of the solution (ΔG) and thus not allowing an improvement in the dissolution and solubility properties of these solid forms.
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Mechanochemical synthesis and characterization of Zidovudine-lamivudine solid dispersion (binary eutectic mixture). J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Nugrahani I, Parwati RD. Challenges and Progress in Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Co-Crystal Development. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144185. [PMID: 34299458 PMCID: PMC8303568 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-crystal innovation is an opportunity in drug development for both scientists and industry. In line with the “green pharmacy” concept for obtaining safer methods and advanced pharmaceutical products, co-crystallization is one of the most promising approaches to find novel patent drugs, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). This kind of multi-component system improves previously poor physicochemical and mechanical properties through non-covalent interactions. Practically, there are many challenges to find commercially viable co-crystal drugs. The difficulty in selecting co-formers becomes the primary problem, followed by unexpected results, such as decreased solubility and dissolution, spring and parachute effect, microenvironment pH effects, changes in instability, and polymorphisms, which can occur during the co-crystal development. However, over time, NSAID co-crystals have been continuously updated regarding co-formers selection and methods development.
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Kendall T, Stratford S, Patterson AR, Lunt RA, Cruickshank D, Bonnaud T, Scott CD. An industrial perspective on co-crystals: Screening, identification and development of the less utilised solid form in drug discovery and development. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2021; 60:345-442. [PMID: 34147205 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Active pharmaceutical ingredients are commonly marketed as a solid form due to ease of transport, storage and administration. In the design of a drug formulation, the selection of the solid form is incredibly important and is traditionally based on what polymorphs, hydrates or salts are available for that compound. Co-crystals, another potential solid form available, are currently not as readily considered as a viable solid form for the development process. Even though co-crystals are gaining an ever-increasing level of interest within the pharmaceutical community, their acceptance and application is still not as standard as other solid forms such as the ubiquitous pharmaceutical salt and stabilised amorphous formulations. Presented in this chapter is information that would allow for a co-crystal screen to be planned and conducted as well as scaled up using solution and mechanochemistry based methods commonly employed in both the literature and industry. Also presented are methods for identifying the formation of a co-crystal using a variety of analytical techniques as well as the importance of confirming the formation of co-crystals from a legal perspective and demonstrating the legal precedent by looking at co-crystalline products already on the market. The benefits of co-crystals have been well established, and presented in this chapter are a selection of examples which best exemplify their potential. The goal of this chapter is to increase the understanding of co-crystals and how they may be successfully exploited in early stage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kendall
- Technobis Crystallization Systems, Alkmaar, The Netherlands.
| | - Sam Stratford
- Johnson Matthey, Pharmorphix, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ruth A Lunt
- Johnson Matthey, Pharmorphix, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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17
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In-silico methods of cocrystal screening: A review on tools for rational design of pharmaceutical cocrystals. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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18
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Liu W, Ma R, Liang F, Duan C, Zhang G, Chen Y, Hao C. New Cocrystals of Antipsychotic Drug Aripiprazole: Decreasing the Dissolution through Cocrystallization. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092414. [PMID: 33919175 PMCID: PMC8122301 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocrystallization is an important route to tuning the solubility in drugs development, including improving and reducing. Five cocrystals of aripiprazole (ARI) with resveratrol (RSV) and kaempferol (KAE), ARI-RSV, ARI2-RSV1·MeOH, ARI-KAE, ARI-KAE·EtOH, ARI-KAE·IPA, were synthesized and characterized. The single crystal of ARI2-RSV1·MeOH, ARI-KAE·EtOH, and ARI-KAE·IPA were analyzed by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD). The SCXRD showed multiple intermolecular interactions between API and the coformers, including hydrogen bond, halogen bond, and π-π interactions. Dissolution rate of the two nonsolvate ARI-RSV and ARI-KAE cocrystals were investigated through powder dissolution experiment in pH = 4.0 acetate buffer and pH = 6.8 phosphate buffer. The result showed that RSV could reduce the dissolution rate and solubility of ARI in both medium through cocrystallization. However, KAE improved the dissolution rate and solubility of ARI in pH = 4.0 medium, on the contrary, the two solubility indicators of ARI were both reduced for ARI-KAE cocrystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (W.L.); (R.M.); (F.L.); (C.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Ru Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (W.L.); (R.M.); (F.L.); (C.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Feifei Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (W.L.); (R.M.); (F.L.); (C.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Chenxin Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (W.L.); (R.M.); (F.L.); (C.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Guisen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (W.L.); (R.M.); (F.L.); (C.D.); (G.Z.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (W.L.); (R.M.); (F.L.); (C.D.); (G.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (C.H.); Tel.: +86-27-87792235 (C.H.)
| | - Chao Hao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (W.L.); (R.M.); (F.L.); (C.D.); (G.Z.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (C.H.); Tel.: +86-27-87792235 (C.H.)
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19
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Ngilirabanga JB, Samsodien H. Pharmaceutical co‐crystal: An alternative strategy for enhanced physicochemical properties and drug synergy. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202000201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Halima Samsodien
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science University of the Western Cape Bellville South Africa
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20
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Faroque MU, Mehmood A, Noureen S, Ahmed M. Crystal engineering and electrostatic properties of co-crystals of pyrimethamine with benzoic acid and gallic acid. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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21
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Mohan M, Rana LK, Maris T, Duong A. Intercalated 2D+2D hydrogen-bonded sheets in co-crystals of cobalt salt with 1 H,1′ H-[3,3′]bipyridinyl-6,6′-dione. CAN J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2019-0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Co-crystals of Co(II) salt and 1H,1′H-[3,3′]bipyridinyl-6,6′-dione 1 with the composition 1·Co(CHOO)2(H2O)4 were obtained by mixing both reactants. The single-crystal structure reveals that the metal salt and organic ratio is 1:1. The supramolecular organization of the two components in the co-crystal was mainly dictated by hydrogen bonds between 1 and Co(II) complex. Infrared and powder X-ray diffraction were used to confirm the homogeneity and the phase purity of the bulk crystalline sample of 1·Co(CHOO)2(H2O)4. TGA/DTA was recorded to evaluate the thermal stability of the co-crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midhun Mohan
- Département de chimie, biochimie et physique and Institut de recherche sur l’hydrogène, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Love Karan Rana
- Département de chimie, biochimie et physique and Institut de recherche sur l’hydrogène, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Adam Duong
- Département de chimie, biochimie et physique and Institut de recherche sur l’hydrogène, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
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22
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Sran BS, Sharma S, Pointillart F, Cador O, Hundal G. Field-Induced Single Molecular Magnetism and Photoluminescence in Rare Cocrystals of Isomorphic Lanthanide(III) Coordination Compounds with Fully Substituted Pyridine-4-carboxamide Ligand. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:9227-9238. [PMID: 32538622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Balkaran Singh Sran
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored-Centre for Advanced Studies-II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005 Punjab, India
| | - Sanyog Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored-Centre for Advanced Studies-II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005 Punjab, India
| | - Fabrice Pointillart
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Cador
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Geeta Hundal
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored-Centre for Advanced Studies-II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005 Punjab, India
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23
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Khan S, Alothman ZA, Mohammad M, Islam MS, Slawin A, Wabaidur SM, Islam MM, Mir MH. Synthesis and characterization of a hydrogen bonded metal-organic cocrystal: Exploration of its DNA binding study. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Screening, crystal structures and solubility studies of a series of multidrug salt hydrates and cocrystals of fenamic acids with trimethoprim and sulfamethazine. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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25
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Topić F, Lisac K, Arhangelskis M, Rissanen K, Cinčić D, Friščić T. Cocrystal trimorphism as a consequence of the orthogonality of halogen- and hydrogen-bonds synthons. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:14066-14069. [PMID: 31693025 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06735c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
True trimorphic cocrystals, i.e. multi-component molecular crystals of identical composition that exhibit three polymorphic structures, are exceedingly rare and so far no halogen-bonded cocrystal system has been reported to exhibit trimorphism. Here we describe a unique example of a trimorphic cocrystal exhibiting both hydrogen and halogen bonds in which the differences between polymorphs reveal their orthogonality, evident by the apparently independent variation of well-defined hydrogen- and halogen-bonded motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Topić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., H3A 0B8, Montreal, Canada.
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26
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Identification of novel adefovir dipivoxil-saccharin cocrystal polymorphs and their thermodynamic polymorphic transformations. Int J Pharm 2019; 566:361-370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Zhou WX, Zhao HW, Chen HH, Zhang ZY, Chen DY. Characterization of drug–drug salt forms of metformin and aspirin with improved physicochemical properties. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce00377k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A salt between two old drugs was synthesized and two phases were discovered with improved physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xiu Zhou
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Quality Control and Solid-State Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Hong-Wei Zhao
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Quality Control and Solid-State Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Huan-Huan Chen
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Quality Control and Solid-State Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Zai-Yong Zhang
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Quality Control and Solid-State Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Dong-Ying Chen
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Quality Control and Solid-State Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
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28
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Nechipadappu SK, Trivedi DR. Cocrystal of nutraceutical sinapic acid with Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ethenzamide and 2-chloro-4-Nitrobenzoic acid: Equilibrium solubility and stability study. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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29
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Kersten KM, Breen ME, Mapp AK, Matzger AJ. Pharmaceutical solvate formation for the incorporation of the antimicrobial agent hydrogen peroxide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:9286-9289. [PMID: 30059090 PMCID: PMC6163058 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04530e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial functionality is introduced into a pharmaceutical formulation of miconazole while improving solubility. The work leverages hydrate formation propensity in order to produce hydrogen peroxide solvates. The ubiquity of hydrate formation suggests that hydrogen peroxide can be broadly deployed in pharmaceuticals, rendering a liquid excipient suitable for solid pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kortney M Kersten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA.
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30
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da Silva CCP, de Melo CC, Souza MS, Diniz LF, Carneiro RL, Ellena J. 5-Fluorocytosine/5-Fluorouracil Drug-Drug Cocrystal: a New Development Route Based on Mechanochemical Synthesis. J Pharm Innov 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-018-9333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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31
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Drug‑Drug and Drug‑Nutraceutical Cocrystal/Salt as Alternative Medicine for Combination Therapy: A Crystal Engineering Approach. CRYSTALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst8020101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Abstract
Pharmaceutical cocrystals belong to a sub-class of cocrystals wherein one of the components is a drug molecule (or an active pharmaceutical ingredient, API) and the second is a benign food or drug grade additive (generally regarded as safe, GRAS). The two components are hydrogen-bonded in a fixed stoichiometric ratio in the crystal lattice. In the past decade, pharmaceutical cocrystals have demonstrated significant promise in their ability to modify the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of drug substances, such as the solubility and dissolution rate, bioavailability, particle morphology and size, tableting and compaction, melting point, physical form, biochemical and hydration stability, and permeability. In this feature review, we highlight some prominent examples of drug cocrystals which exhibit variable hardness/softness and elasticity/plasticity depending on coformer selection, improvement of solubility and permeability in the same cocrystal, increase of the melting point for solid formulation, enhanced color performance, photostability and hydration stability, and a longer half-life. Cocrystals of flavanoids and polyphenols can make improved pharmaceuticals and also extend to the larger class of nutraceuticals. The application of crystal engineering to assemble ternary cocrystals expands this field to drug-drug cocrystals which may be useful in multi-drug resistance, mitigating side effects of drugs, or attenuating/enhancing drug action synergistically by rational selection. The advent of new techniques for structural characterization beyond the standard X-ray diffraction will provide a better understanding of drug phases which are at the borderline of crystalline-amorphous nature and even newer opportunities in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Bolla
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, India.
| | - Ashwini Nangia
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, India. and CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India.
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33
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Wang FY, Zhang Q, Zhang Z, Gong X, Wang JR, Mei X. Solid-state characterization and solubility enhancement of apremilast drug–drug cocrystals. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00689j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Three isostructural cocrystals of apremilast with nicotinamide, caffeine, and acetylsalicylic acid were successfully designed and synthesized on the basis of its solvated structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Yuan Wang
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Zaiyong Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Xiaoyi Gong
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Jian-Rong Wang
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Xuefeng Mei
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
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34
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Bhattacharya B, Mondal A, Soni SR, Das S, Bhunia S, Bal Raju K, Ghosh A, Malla Reddy C. Multidrug salt forms of norfloxacin with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: solubility and membrane permeability studies. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00900g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dissolution properties and membrane permeability studies were conducted for four newly prepared multidrug salts of norfloxacin with four NSAIDs, diclofenac, diflunisal, mefenamic acid and indomethacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata
- Mohanpur Campus
- Nadia-741246
- India
| | - Amit Mondal
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata
- Mohanpur Campus
- Nadia-741246
- India
| | - Saundray Raj Soni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology
- Birla Institute of Technology
- Ranchi 835215
- India
| | - Susobhan Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata
- Mohanpur Campus
- Nadia-741246
- India
| | - Surojit Bhunia
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata
- Mohanpur Campus
- Nadia-741246
- India
| | - K. Bal Raju
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata
- Mohanpur Campus
- Nadia-741246
- India
| | - Animesh Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology
- Birla Institute of Technology
- Ranchi 835215
- India
| | - C. Malla Reddy
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata
- Mohanpur Campus
- Nadia-741246
- India
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35
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Szeleszczuk Ł, Pisklak DM, Zielińska-Pisklak M. Comment on “Trimorphs of a pharmaceutical cocrystal involving two active pharmaceutical ingredients: potential relevance to combination drugs” by S. Aitipamula, P. S. Chow and R. B. H. Tan, CrystEngComm, 2009, 11, 1823. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce01448a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This is a commentary on a paper by S. Aitipamula et al. (CrystEngComm, 2009, 11, 1823–1827) on the detailed analysis of the stability of trimorphic cocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Szeleszczuk
- Faculty of Pharmacy with the Laboratory Medicine Division
- Medical University of Warsaw
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Chair and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Bioanalysis
- 02-093 Warsaw
| | - Dariusz Maciej Pisklak
- Faculty of Pharmacy with the Laboratory Medicine Division
- Medical University of Warsaw
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Chair and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Bioanalysis
- 02-093 Warsaw
| | - Monika Zielińska-Pisklak
- Faculty of Pharmacy with the Laboratory Medicine Division
- Medical University of Warsaw
- Department of Biomaterials Chemistry
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- 02-093 Warsaw
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36
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Aitipamula S, Chow PS, Tan RBH. Reply to the ‘Comment on “Trimorphs of a pharmaceutical cocrystal involving two active pharmaceutical ingredients: potential relevance to combination drugs” by S. Aitipamula, P. S. Chow and R. B. H. Tan, CrystEngComm, 2009, 11, 1823’. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce01979c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The inadvertent errors in the lattice energy calculations of the cocrystal polymorphs reported in our previous article were rectified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasulu Aitipamula
- Crystallization and Formulation Science
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences
- A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research)
- Jurong Island
- Singapore
| | - Pui Shan Chow
- Crystallization and Formulation Science
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences
- A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research)
- Jurong Island
- Singapore
| | - Reginald B. H. Tan
- Crystallization and Formulation Science
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences
- A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research)
- Jurong Island
- Singapore
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37
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Lin J, Chen Y, Zhao D, Lu X, Lin Y. Co-crystal of 4,4′ -sulfonyldianiline and hexamethylenetetramine: Supramolecular interactions and thermal stability studies. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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38
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Kaur R, Cavanagh KL, Rodríguez-Hornedo N, Matzger AJ. Multidrug Cocrystal of Anticonvulsants: Influence of Strong Intermolecular Interactions on Physiochemical Properties. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2017; 17:5012-5016. [PMID: 31537980 PMCID: PMC6752747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.7b00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A drug-drug cocrystal of two anticonvulsants, lamotrigine and phenobarbital, is presented. In the crystal structure, molecules form heterodimers via N-H···O and N-H···N hydrogen bonding. The intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) and solubility of the cocrystal were measured in phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) and simulated gastric fluid (without pepsin), and compared to pure APIs. Dissolution experiments found suppressed IDR of the cocrystal with rates in the order pure PB > pure LTG > cocrystal. The solubility measurements were consistent with the dissolution behavior. The presence of strong heterodimers in the cocrystal compared to weaker homodimers in the parent drugs is implicated for the reduced solubility and dissolution rate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adam J. Matzger
- Department of Chemistry
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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39
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Haneef J, Chadha R. Drug-Drug Multicomponent Solid Forms: Cocrystal, Coamorphous and Eutectic of Three Poorly Soluble Antihypertensive Drugs Using Mechanochemical Approach. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:2279-2290. [PMID: 28101724 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0701-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study deals with the application of mechanochemical approach for the preparation of drug-drug multicomponent solid forms of three poorly soluble antihypertensive drugs (telmisartan, irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide) using atenolol as a coformer. The resultant solid forms comprise of cocrystal (telmisartan-atenolol), coamorphous (irbesartan-atenolol) and eutectic (hydrochlorothiazide-atenolol). The study emphasizes that solid-state transformation of drug molecules into new forms is a result of the change in structural patterns, diminishing of dimers and creating new facile hydrogen bonding network based on structural resemblance. The propensity for heteromeric or homomeric interaction between two different drugs resulted into diverse solid forms (cocrystal/coamorphous/eutectics) and become one of the interesting aspects of this research work. Evaluation of these solid forms revealed an increase in solubility and dissolution leading to better antihypertensive activity in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) salt-induced animal model. Thus, development of these drug-drug multicomponent solid forms is a promising and viable approach to addressing the issue of poor solubility and could be of considerable interest in dual drug therapy for the treatment of hypertension.
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40
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Sokal A, Pindelska E, Szeleszczuk L, Kolodziejski W. Pharmaceutical properties of two ethenzamide-gentisic acid cocrystal polymorphs: Drug release profiles, spectroscopic studies and theoretical calculations. Int J Pharm 2017; 522:80-89. [PMID: 28274662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the stability and solubility of the polymorphic forms of the ethenzamide (ET) - gentisic acid (GA) cocrystals during standard technological processes leading to tablet formation, such as compression and excipient addition. In this work two polymorphic forms of pharmaceutical cocrystals (ETGA) were characterized by 13C and 15N solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. Spectroscopic studies were supported by gauge including projector augmented wave (GIPAW) calculations of chemical shielding constants.Polymorphs of cocrystals were easily identified and characterized on the basis of solid-state spectroscopic studies. ETGA cocrystals behaviour during direct compressionand tabletting with excipient addition were tested. In order to choose the best tablet composition with suitable properties for the pharmaceutical industry dissolution profile studies of tablets containing polymorphic forms of cocrystals with selected excipients were carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sokal
- Faculty of Pharmacy with Laboratory Medicine Division, Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Banacha 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Edyta Pindelska
- Faculty of Pharmacy with Laboratory Medicine Division, Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Banacha 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Lukasz Szeleszczuk
- Faculty of Pharmacy with Laboratory Medicine Division, Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Physical Chemistry, Banacha 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Waclaw Kolodziejski
- Faculty of Pharmacy with Laboratory Medicine Division, Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Banacha 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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41
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Sarmah KK, Boro K, Arhangelskis M, Thakuria R. Crystal structure landscape of ethenzamide: a physicochemical property study. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce02057g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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42
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Usman M, Arjmand F, Khan RA, Alsalme A, Ahmad M, Tabassum S. Biological evaluation of dinuclear copper complex/dichloroacetic acid cocrystal against human breast cancer: design, synthesis, characterization, DFT studies and cytotoxicity assays. RSC Adv 2017; 7:47920-47932. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08262b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Binuclear copper(ii) cocrystal “[Cu2(valdien)2⋯2Cl2CHCOOH],” 1 was synthesized from H2valdien scaffold and anticancer drug pharmacophore “dichloroacetic acid” embedded with two Cu(ii) connected via a hydrogen bonded network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Usman
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh-202002
- India
| | - Farukh Arjmand
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh-202002
- India
| | - Rais Ahmad Khan
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alsalme
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Musheer Ahmad
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh-202002
- India
| | - Sartaj Tabassum
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh-202002
- India
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43
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Drozd KV, Manin AN, Churakov AV, Perlovich GL. Novel drug–drug cocrystals of carbamazepine with para-aminosalicylic acid: screening, crystal structures and comparative study of carbamazepine cocrystal formation thermodynamics. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce00831g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cocrystal formation of the anticonvulsant drug carbamazepine (CBZ) with para-aminosalicylic acid (PASA, antituberculous drug) has been studied by varying methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia V. Drozd
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Ivanovo
- Russia
| | - Alex N. Manin
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Ivanovo
- Russia
| | | | - German L. Perlovich
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Ivanovo
- Russia
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44
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Nechipadappu SK, R. Trivedi D. Pharmaceutical salts of ethionamide with GRAS counter ion donors to enhance the solubility. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 96:578-589. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Khatioda R, Saikia B, Das PJ, Sarma B. Solubility and in vitro drug permeation behavior of ethenzamide cocrystals regulated in physiological pH environments. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce01626c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Drug release behavior of few ethenzamide cocrystals was investigated at different pH buffers. Change in lipophilic behavior and conformational adjustment of drug along with supramolecular synthons were probed for their improved drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Khatioda
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Tezpur University
- Tezpur-784028
- India
| | - Basanta Saikia
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Tezpur University
- Tezpur-784028
- India
| | - Pranab Jyoti Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Tezpur University
- Tezpur-784028
- India
| | - Bipul Sarma
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Tezpur University
- Tezpur-784028
- India
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46
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Gadade DD, Pekamwar SS. Pharmaceutical Cocrystals: Regulatory and Strategic Aspects, Design and Development. Adv Pharm Bull 2016; 6:479-494. [PMID: 28101455 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2016.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocrystal is a concept of the supramolecular chemistry which is gaining the extensive interest of researchers from pharmaceutical and chemical sciences and of drug regulatory agencies. The prominent reason of which is its ability to modify physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients. During the development of the pharmaceutical product, formulators have to optimize the physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Pharmaceutical cocrystals can be employed to improve vital physicochemical characteristics of a drug, including solubility, dissolution, bioavailability and stability of pharmaceutical compounds while maintaining its therapeutic activity. It is advantageous being a green synthesis approach for production of pharmaceutical compounds. The formation polymorphic forms, solvates, hydrates and salts of cocrystals during the synthesis reported in the literature which can be a potential issue in the development of pharmaceutical cocrystals. The approaches like hydrogen bonding rules, solubility parameters, screening through the CSD database or thermodynamic characteristics can be utilized for the rational design of cocrystals and selection of coformers for synthesis multi-component cocrystals. Considering the significance of pharmaceutical cocrystals pharmaceutical regulatory authorities in the United States and Europe issued guidance documents which may be helpful for pharmaceutical product registration in these regions. In this article, we deal with the design, synthesis, strategic aspects and characteristics of cocrystals along perspectives on its regulatory and intellectual property considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Dilip Gadade
- School of Pharmacy, S.R.T.M. University, Vishnupuri, Nanded - 431606, India
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47
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Arafa MF, El-Gizawy SA, Osman MA, El Maghraby GM. Xylitol as a potential co-crystal co-former for enhancing dissolution rate of felodipine: preparation and evaluation of sublingual tablets. Pharm Dev Technol 2016; 23:454-463. [PMID: 27681386 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2016.1242625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Dissolution enhancement is a promising strategy for improving drug bioavailability. Co-crystallization of drugs with inert material can help in this direction. The benefit will become even greater if the inert material can form co-crystal while maintaining its main function as excipient. Accordingly, the objective of the current study was to investigate xylitol as a potential co-crystal co-former for felodipine with the goal of preparing felodipine sublingual tablets. Co-crystallization was achieved by wet co-grinding of the crystals deposited from methanolic solutions containing felodipine with increasing molar ratios of xylitol (1:1, 1:2 and 1:3). The developed co-crystals were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before monitoring drug dissolution. These results reflected the development of new crystalline species depending on the relative proportions of felodipine and xylitol with complete co-crystallization of felodipine being achieved in the presence of double its molar concentration of xylitol. This co-crystal formulation was compressed into sublingual tablet with ultrashort disintegration time with subsequent fast dissolution. Co-crystal formation was associated with enhanced dissolution with the optimum formulation producing the fastest dissolution rate. In conclusion, xylitol can be considered as a co-crystal co-former for enhanced dissolution rate of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona F Arafa
- a Department of pharmaceutical technology , college of pharmacy, university of Tanta , Tanta , Egypt
| | - Sanaa A El-Gizawy
- a Department of pharmaceutical technology , college of pharmacy, university of Tanta , Tanta , Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Osman
- a Department of pharmaceutical technology , college of pharmacy, university of Tanta , Tanta , Egypt
| | - Gamal M El Maghraby
- a Department of pharmaceutical technology , college of pharmacy, university of Tanta , Tanta , Egypt
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48
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Tong Y, Zhang P, Dang L, Wei H. Monitoring of cocrystallization of ethenzamide–saccharin: Insight into kinetic process by in situ Raman spectroscopy. Chem Eng Res Des 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2016.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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49
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Alhalaweh A, Bergström CAS, Taylor LS. Compromised in vitro dissolution and membrane transport of multidrug amorphous formulations. J Control Release 2016; 229:172-182. [PMID: 27006280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the thermodynamic properties of solutions evolving from the non-sink dissolution of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) containing two or more drugs have been evaluated, focusing on the maximum achievable supersaturation and tendency of the system to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Ritonavir (RTV) and atazanavir (ATV) were co-formulated with polyvinylpyrrolidone to produce ASDs with different molar ratios of each drug, and the dissolution profile of each drug was studied under non-sink conditions. The phase behavior of the supersaturated solutions generated by ASD dissolution was compared to that of supersaturated solutions generated by antisolvent addition. Dissolution of an ASD containing RTV, ATV and lopinavir (LPV) was also investigated. A thermodynamic model was used to predict the maximum achievable supersaturation for ASDs containing two and three drugs. In addition, a transport study with Caco-2 cells was conducted to evaluate the impact of co-addition of drugs on membrane transport. It was found that the formulation containing a 1:1 molar ratio of RTV and ATV achieved only 50% of the supersaturation attained by dissolution of the single drug systems. The maximum achievable concentration of ATV decreased linearly as the mole fraction of ATV in the formulation decreased and a similar trend was observed for RTV. For the dispersion containing a 1:1:1 molar ratio of RTV, ATV and LPV, the maximum concentration of each drug was only one third of that achieved for the single drug formulations. The decrease in the achievable supersaturation was well-predicted by the thermodynamic model for both the binary and ternary drug combinations. These observations can be explained by a decrease in the concentration at which the drugs undergo LLPS in the presence of other miscible drugs, thereby reducing the maximum achievable supersaturation of each drug. The reduced free drug concentration was reflected by a decreased flux across Caco-2 cells for the drug combinations compared to drug alone. This study sheds light on the complex dissolution and solution phase behavior of multicomponent amorphous dosage forms, in particular those containing poorly water soluble drugs, which may undergo supersaturation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Alhalaweh
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States.
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50
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Thipparaboina R, Kumar D, Chavan RB, Shastri NR. Multidrug co-crystals: towards the development of effective therapeutic hybrids. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:481-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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