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Pineda-Castañeda HM, Maldonado-Villamil M, Parra-Giraldo CM, Leal-Castro AL, Fierro-Medina R, Rivera-Monroy ZJ, García-Castañeda JE. Peptide-Resorcinarene Conjugates Obtained via Click Chemistry: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040773. [PMID: 37107135 PMCID: PMC10135297 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the top ten threats to public health, as reported by the World Health Organization (WHO). One of the causes of the growing AMR problem is the lack of new therapies and/or treatment agents; consequently, many infectious diseases could become uncontrollable. The need to discover new antimicrobial agents that are alternatives to the existing ones and that allow mitigating this problem has increased, due to the rapid and global expansion of AMR. Within this context, both antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and cyclic macromolecules, such as resorcinarenes, have been proposed as alternatives to combat AMR. Resorcinarenes present multiple copies of antibacterial compounds in their structure. These conjugate molecules have exhibited antifungal and antibacterial properties and have also been used in anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, and cardiovascular therapies, as well as being useful in drug and gene delivery systems. In this study, it was proposed to obtain conjugates that contain four copies of AMP sequences over a resorcinarene core. Specifically, obtaining (peptide)4-resorcinarene conjugates derived from LfcinB (20-25): RRWQWR and BF (32-34): RLLR was explored. First, the synthesis routes that allowed obtaining: (a) alkynyl-resorcinarenes and (b) peptides functionalized with the azide group were established. These precursors were used to generate (c) (peptide)4-resorcinarene conjugates by azide-alkyne cycloaddition CuAAC, a kind of click chemistry. Finally, the conjugates' biological activity was evaluated: antimicrobial activity against reference strains and clinical isolates of bacteria and fungi, and the cytotoxic activity over erythrocytes, fibroblast, MCF-7, and HeLa cell lines. Our results allowed establishing a new synthetic route, based on click chemistry, for obtaining macromolecules derived from resorcinarenes functionalized with peptides. Moreover, it was possible to identify promising antimicrobial chimeric molecules that may lead to advances in the development of new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia Marcela Parra-Giraldo
- Human Proteomics and Mycosis Unit, Infectious Diseases Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
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Oh K, Shin DS, Kim HB, Sirion U, Chi DY. Two Facile General Methods for the Conjugation of Three Different Molecules. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keumrok Oh
- Department of Chemistry Sogang University, 35 Baekbeomro Mapogu Seoul 04107 Korea
| | - Dong Seok Shin
- FutureChem Co., Ltd. 26 Seongsuil‐ro 10‐gil, Seongdong‐gu Seoul 04782 Korea
| | - Hyeong Baik Kim
- Department of Chemistry Sogang University, 35 Baekbeomro Mapogu Seoul 04107 Korea
| | - Uthaiwan Sirion
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Burapha University Chonburi 20131 Thailand
| | - Dae Yoon Chi
- Department of Chemistry Sogang University, 35 Baekbeomro Mapogu Seoul 04107 Korea
- FutureChem Co., Ltd. 26 Seongsuil‐ro 10‐gil, Seongdong‐gu Seoul 04782 Korea
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3
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Pineda‐Castañeda HM, Bonilla‐Velásquez LD, Leal‐Castro AL, Fierro‐Medina R, García‐Castañeda JE, Rivera‐Monroy ZJ. Use of Click Chemistry for Obtaining an Antimicrobial Chimeric Peptide Containing the LfcinB and Buforin II Minimal Antimicrobial Motifs. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201903834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hector M. Pineda‐Castañeda
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversidad Nacional de Colombia Carrera 45 No 26–85, Building 451, Office 334 Bogotá Zip Code 11321 Colombia
| | - Laura D. Bonilla‐Velásquez
- Biotechnology InstituteUniversidad Nacional de Colombia Carrera 45 No 26–85, Building 451, Office 334 Bogotá Zip Code 11321 Colombia
| | - Aura Lucía Leal‐Castro
- Medicine FacultyUniversidad Nacional de Colombia Carrera 45 No 26–85, Building 451, Office 334, Bogotá Zip Code 11321 Colombia
| | - Ricardo Fierro‐Medina
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversidad Nacional de Colombia Carrera 45 No 26–85, Building 451, Office 334 Bogotá Zip Code 11321 Colombia
| | - Javier E. García‐Castañeda
- Pharmacy DepartmentUniversidad Nacional de Colombia Carrera 45 No 26–85, Building 451, Office 334 Bogotá Zip Code 11321 Colombia
| | - Zuly J. Rivera‐Monroy
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversidad Nacional de Colombia Carrera 45 No 26–85, Building 451, Office 334 Bogotá Zip Code 11321 Colombia
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4
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Kamal AAM, Habib M, Haupenthal J, Hartmann RW, Empting M. Hit evaluation of an α-helical peptide: Ala-scan, truncation and sidechain-to-sidechain macrocyclization of an RNA polymerase Inhibitor. Biol Chem 2019; 400:333-342. [PMID: 30657738 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA polymerase (RNAP) remains a relatively underexplored target with only rifampicin and fidaxomicin in clinical use. Hence, the concurrent rise in bacterial resistance rate urges the search for novel RNAP inhibitors with a novel mode of action. In this work, we investigated the impact of several systematic modifications including sidechain-to-sidechain macrocylization in the α-helical content and biological activity of a previously identified inhibitory sigma factor fragment. Ala-scan results, peptide truncation from both the N- and C-terminus and modifications inspired by other RNAP inhibitors revealed novel structure activity relationships but did not yield a superior sequence. Additionally, four insertion points for non-natural amino acids bearing side chains required for macrocylization were explored. Linear precursors showed improved stabilization of the α-helical content compared to the original sequence as demonstrated by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. However, this increase in α-helicity did not translate into improved biological activity. Instead, complete abolishment of RNAP inhibitory activity occurred. We hypothesize three possible reasons for such a discrepancy and offer the basis for further optimization efforts for this peptidic RNAP inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ashraf Moustafa Kamal
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Campus E8.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Monica Habib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt.,Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Joerg Haupenthal
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Campus E8.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Wolfgang Hartmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Campus E8.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus E8.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Martin Empting
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Campus E8.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus E8.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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5
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Liu B, Huang H, Yang Z, Liu B, Gou S, Zhong C, Han X, Zhang Y, Ni J, Wang R. Design of novel antimicrobial peptide dimer analogues with enhanced antimicrobial activity in vitro and in vivo by intermolecular triazole bridge strategy. Peptides 2017; 88:115-125. [PMID: 28040477 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Currently, antimicrobial peptides have attracted considerable attention because of their broad-sprectum activity and low prognostic to induce antibiotic resistance. In our study, for the first time, a series of side-chain hybrid dimer peptides J-AA (Anoplin-Anoplin), J-RR (RW-RW), and J-AR (Anoplin-RW) based on the wasp peptide Anoplin and the arginine- and tryptophan-rich hexapeptide RW were designed and synthesized by click chemistry, with the intent to improve the antimicrobial efficacy of peptides against bacterial pathogens. The results showed that all dimer analogues exhibited up to a 4-16 fold increase in antimicrobial activity compared to the parental peptides against bacterial strains. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity was confirmed by time-killing kinetics assay with two strains which showed that these dimer analogues at 1, 2×MIC were rapidly bactericidal and reduced the initial inoculum significantly during the first 2-6h. Notably, dimer peptides showed synergy and additivity effects when used in combination with conventional antibiotics rifampin or penicillin respectively against the multidrug-resistant strains. In the Escherichia coli-infected mouse model, all of hybrid dimer analogues had significantly lower degree of bacterial load than the untreated control group when injected once i.p. at 5mg/kg. In addition, the infected mice by methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strain could be effectively treated with J-RR. All of dimer analogues had membrane-active action mode. And the membrane-dependent mode of action signifies that peptides functions freely and without regard to conventional resistant mechanisms. Circular dichroism analyses of all dimer analogues showed a general predominance of α-helix conformation in 50% trifluoroethanol (TFE). Additionally, the acute toxicities study indicated that J-RR or J-AR did not show the signs of toxicity when adult mice exposed to concentration up to 120mg/kg. The 50% lethal dose (LD50) of J-AA was 53.6mg/kg. In conclusion, to design and synthesize side chain-hybrid dimer analogues via click chemistry may offer a new strategy for antibacterial therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Haifeng Huang
- Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Shanxi 710068, China
| | - Zhibin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D of Yunnan Province, Dali University, Dali 671000, China
| | - Beiyin Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Sanhu Gou
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chao Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiufeng Han
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jingman Ni
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Werkhoven PR, Elwakiel M, Meuleman TJ, Quarles van Ufford HC, Kruijtzer JAW, Liskamp RMJ. Molecular construction of HIV-gp120 discontinuous epitope mimics by assembly of cyclic peptides on an orthogonal alkyne functionalized TAC-scaffold. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:701-710. [PMID: 26552661 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02014j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mimics of discontinuous epitopes of for example bacterial or viral proteins may have considerable potential for the development of synthetic vaccines, especially if conserved epitopes can be mimicked. However, due to the structural complexity and size of discontinuous epitopes molecular construction of these mimics remains challeging. We present here a convergent route for the assembly of discontinuous epitope mimics by successive azide alkyne cycloaddition on an orthogonal alkyne functionalized scaffold. Here the synthesis of mimics of the HIV gp120 discontinuous epitope that interacts with the CD4 receptor is described. The resulting protein mimics are capable of inhibition of the gp120-CD4 interaction. The route is convergent, robust and should be applicable to other discontinuous epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Werkhoven
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Chino M, Leone L, Maglio O, Lombardi A. Designing Covalently Linked Heterodimeric Four-Helix Bundles. Methods Enzymol 2016; 580:471-99. [PMID: 27586346 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
De novo design has proven a powerful methodology for understanding protein folding and function, and for mimicking or even bettering the properties of natural proteins. Extensive progress has been made in the design of helical bundles, simple structural motifs that can be nowadays designed with a high degree of precision. Among helical bundles, the four-helix bundle is widespread in nature, and is involved in numerous and fundamental processes. Representative examples are the carboxylate bridged diiron proteins, which perform a variety of different functions, ranging from reversible dioxygen binding to catalysis of dioxygen-dependent reactions, including epoxidation, desaturation, monohydroxylation, and radical formation. The "Due Ferri" (two-irons; DF) family of proteins is the result of a de novo design approach, aimed to reproduce in minimal four-helix bundle models the properties of the more complex natural diiron proteins, and to address how the amino acid sequence modulates their functions. The results so far obtained point out that asymmetric metal environments are essential to reprogram functions, and to achieve the specificity and selectivity of the natural enzymes. Here, we describe a design method that allows constructing asymmetric four-helix bundles through the covalent heterodimerization of two different α-helical harpins. In particular, starting from the homodimeric DF3 structure, we developed a protocol for covalently linking the two α2 monomers by using the Cu(I) catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. The protocol was then generalized, in order to include the construction of several linkers, in different protein positions. Our method is fast, low cost, and in principle can be applied to any couple of peptides/proteins we desire to link.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chino
- University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - L Leone
- University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - O Maglio
- University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy; Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages-IBB, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - A Lombardi
- University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
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8
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Kurra Y, Odoi KA, Lee YJ, Yang Y, Lu T, Wheeler SE, Torres-Kolbus J, Deiters A, Liu WR. Two rapid catalyst-free click reactions for in vivo protein labeling of genetically encoded strained alkene/alkyne functionalities. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1730-8. [PMID: 25158039 PMCID: PMC4166034 DOI: 10.1021/bc500361d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Detailed
kinetic analyses of inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder
cycloaddition and nitrilimine-alkene/alkyne 1,3-diploar cycloaddition
reactions were conducted and the reactions were applied for rapid
protein bioconjugation. When reacted with a tetrazine or a diaryl
nitrilimine, strained alkene/alkyne entities including norbornene, trans-cyclooctene, and cyclooctyne displayed rapid kinetics.
To apply these “click” reactions for site-specific protein
labeling, five tyrosine derivatives that contain a norbornene, trans-cyclooctene, or cyclooctyne entity were genetically
encoded into proteins in Escherichia coli using an engineered pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase-tRNACUAPyl pair. Proteins
bearing these noncanonical amino acids were successively labeled with
a fluorescein tetrazine dye and a diaryl nitrilimine both in vitro
and in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadagiri Kurra
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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9
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Körner M, Sauer G, Heil A, Nasu D, Empting M, Tietze D, Voigt S, Weidler H, Gutmann T, Avrutina O, Kolmar H, Ratajczyk T, Buntkowsky G. PHIP-label: parahydrogen-induced polarization in propargylglycine-containing synthetic oligopeptides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:7839-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc43978j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Fabritz S, Hörner S, Könning D, Empting M, Reinwarth M, Dietz C, Glotzbach B, Frauendorf H, Kolmar H, Avrutina O. From pico to nano: biofunctionalization of cube-octameric silsesquioxanes by peptides and miniproteins. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:6287-93. [PMID: 22733169 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25728a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyhedral silsesquioxanes are considered valuable conjugation scaffolds. Nevertheless, only a few examples of silsesquioxane-assembled peptide oligomers have been reported to date. We developed a new bioorthogonal cube-octameric silsesquioxane (COSS) scaffold bearing eight aminooxy coupling sites allowing for the conjugation of diverse peptides via oxime ligation. We found that the coupling efficacy depends on the ligand in view of steric hindrance and electrostatic repulsion. For the first time scaffold-based conjugation of cystine-knot miniproteins having a backbone of about thirty amino acids was successfully accomplished without loss of bioactivity. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) provided further knowledge on the size of COSS verifying them as picoscaffolds growing upon bioconjugation to nano-dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Fabritz
- Clemens-Schöpf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstr. 22, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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Verzele D, Figaroli S, Madder A. Shortcut access to peptidosteroid conjugates: building blocks for solid-phase bile acid scaffold decoration by convergent ligation. Molecules 2011; 16:10168-86. [PMID: 22157580 PMCID: PMC6264362 DOI: 10.3390/molecules161210168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We present three versatile solid-supported scaffold building blocks based on the (deoxy)cholic acid framework and decorated with handles for further derivatization by modern ligation techniques such as click chemistry, Staudinger ligation or native chemical ligation. Straightforward procedures are presented for the synthesis and analysis of the steroid constructs. These building blocks offer a new, facile and shorter access route to bile acid-peptide conjugates on solid-phase with emphasis on heterodipodal conjugates with defined spatial arrangements. As such, we provide versatile new synthons to the toolbox for bile acid decoration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Annemieke Madder
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +32-9-264-4472; Fax: +32-9-264-4998
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12
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Empting M, Avrutina O, Meusinger R, Fabritz S, Reinwarth M, Biesalski M, Voigt S, Buntkowsky G, Kolmar H. "Triazole bridge": disulfide-bond replacement by ruthenium-catalyzed formation of 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:5207-11. [PMID: 21544910 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201008142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Empting
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstrasse 22, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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Empting M, Avrutina O, Meusinger R, Fabritz S, Reinwarth M, Biesalski M, Voigt S, Buntkowsky G, Kolmar H. “Triazolbrücke”: ein Disulfidbrückenersatz durch Ruthenium- katalysierte Bildung von 1,5-disubstituierten 1,2,3-Triazolen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201008142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Ouberai M, Brannstrom K, Vestling M, Olofsson A, Dumy P, Chierici S, Garcia J. Clicked tacrine conjugates as acetylcholinesterase and β-amyloid directed compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:1140-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00393j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Peptide and glycopeptide dendrimers and analogous dendrimeric structures and their biomedical applications. Amino Acids 2010; 40:301-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Fabritz S, Heyl D, Bagutski V, Empting M, Rikowski E, Frauendorf H, Balog I, Fessner WD, Schneider JJ, Avrutina O, Kolmar H. Towards click bioconjugations on cube-octameric silsesquioxane scaffolds. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:2212-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b923393h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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