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Review of Non-Crystalline and Crystalline Quaternary Ammonium Ions: Classification, Structural and Thermal Insight into Tetraalkylammonium Ions. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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2
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Kumar P, Bala I, De R, Kumar Pal S, Venkataramani S. Light Modulated Reversible "On-Off" Transformation of Arylazoheteroarene Based Discotics in Nematic Organization. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202876. [PMID: 36205928 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Three benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) core-based molecular systems appended with phenylazo-3,5-dimethylisoxazole photoswitches at the peripheral position through variable-length alkoxy chains have been designed and synthesized. The supramolecular interactions of the mesogens provided discotic nematic liquid crystalline assembly as confirmed by polarized optical microscopy (POM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. Spectroscopic studies confirmed the reversible photoswitching and excellent thermal stability of the photoswitched states in solution phase and thin film. Also, atomic force microscopic (AFM) and POM investigations demonstrated the morphological changes in the self-assembly induced by the photoirradiation as monitored by the changes in the height profiles and optical appearance of the textures, respectively. Remarkably, the liquid crystalline discotic molecules showed reversible "on and off states" controlled by light at ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravesh Kumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City Manauli, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Indu Bala
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City Manauli, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Ritobrata De
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City Manauli, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Santanu Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City Manauli, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Sugumar Venkataramani
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City Manauli, 140306, Punjab, India
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3
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Haege C, Jagiella S, Giesselmann F. Towards Nematic Phases in Ionic Liquid Crystals - A Simulation Study. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200424. [PMID: 36053025 PMCID: PMC10092135 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) are soft matter materials with broad liquid crystalline phases and intrinsic electric conductivity. They typically consist of a rod-shaped mesogenic ion and a smaller spherical counter-ion. Their mesomorphic properties can be easily tuned by exchanging the counter ion. ILCs show a strong tendency to form smectic A phases due to the segregation of ionic and the non-ionic molecular segments. Nematic phases are therefore extremely rare in ILCs and the question of why nematic phases are so exceptional in existing ILCs, and how nematic ILCs might be obtained in the future is of vital interest for both the fundamental understanding and the potential applications of ILCs. Here, we present the result of a simulation study, which highlights the crucial role of the location of the ionic charge on the rod-like mesogenic ions in the phase behaviour of ILCs. We find that shifting the charge from the ends towards the centre of the mesogenic ion destabilizes the liquid crystalline state and induces a change from smectic A to nematic phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Haege
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefan Jagiella
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Frank Giesselmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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4
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Czajkowski M, Feder-Kubis J, Potaniec B, Duda Ł, Cybińska J. On the Miscibility of Nematic Liquid Crystals with Ionic Liquids and Joint Reaction for High Helical Twisting Power Product(s). MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 15:157. [PMID: 35009303 PMCID: PMC8745833 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mixtures of nematic liquid crystals (LCs) with chiral ionic liquids (CILs) may find application as active materials for electrically driven broadband mirrors. Five nematic liquid crystal hosts were mixed with twenty three ionic liquids, including chiral ones, and studied in terms of their miscibility within the nematic phase. Phase diagrams of the mixtures with CILs which exhibited twisted nematic phase were determined. Miscibility, at levels between 2 and 5 wt%, was found in six mixtures with cyanobiphenyl-based liquid crystal host-E7. On the other hand, the highest changes in the isotropization temperature was found in the mixtures with isothiocyanate-based liquid crystal host-1825. Occurrence of chemical reactions was found. A novel chiral binaphtyl-based organic salt [N11116][BNDP] was synthesized and, in reaction to the 1825 host, resulted in high helical twisting power product(s). Selectivity of the reaction with the isothiocyanate-based liquid crystal was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Czajkowski
- Advanced Materials Synthesis Research Group, Łukasiewicz Research Network—PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Stabłowicka 147, 54-066 Wroclaw, Poland; (B.P.); (Ł.D.); (J.C.)
| | - Joanna Feder-Kubis
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Bartłomiej Potaniec
- Advanced Materials Synthesis Research Group, Łukasiewicz Research Network—PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Stabłowicka 147, 54-066 Wroclaw, Poland; (B.P.); (Ł.D.); (J.C.)
| | - Łukasz Duda
- Advanced Materials Synthesis Research Group, Łukasiewicz Research Network—PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Stabłowicka 147, 54-066 Wroclaw, Poland; (B.P.); (Ł.D.); (J.C.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Cybińska
- Advanced Materials Synthesis Research Group, Łukasiewicz Research Network—PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Stabłowicka 147, 54-066 Wroclaw, Poland; (B.P.); (Ł.D.); (J.C.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
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5
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Kapernaum N, Lange A, Ebert M, Grunwald MA, Haege C, Marino S, Zens A, Taubert A, Giesselmann F, Laschat S. Current Topics in Ionic Liquid Crystals. Chempluschem 2021; 87:e202100397. [PMID: 34931472 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquid crystals (ILCs), that is, ionic liquids exhibiting mesomorphism, liquid crystalline phases, and anisotropic properties, have received intense attention in the past years. Among others, this is due to their special properties arising from the combination of properties stemming from ionic liquids and from liquid crystalline arrangements. Besides interesting fundamental aspects, ILCs have been claimed to have tremendous application potential that again arises from the combination of properties and architectures that are not accessible otherwise, or at least not accessible easily by other strategies. The current review highlights recent developments in ILC research, starting with some key fundamental aspects. Further subjects covered include the synthesis and variations of modern ILCs, including the specific tuning of their mesomorphic behavior. The review concludes with reflections on some applications that may be within reach for ILCs and finally highlights a few key challenges that must be overcome prior and during true commercialization of ILCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Kapernaum
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alyna Lange
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Golm, Germany
| | - Max Ebert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marco A Grunwald
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Haege
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Marino
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anna Zens
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Taubert
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Golm, Germany
| | - Frank Giesselmann
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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Mandal S, Gupta RK, Pathak SK, Rao DSS, Prasad SK, Ammathnadu Sudhakar A, Jana CK. Metal-free C–H functionalization of pyrrolidine to pyrrolinium-based room temperature ionic liquid crystals. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00647a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
C–H functionalization of pyrrolidine-enabled synthesis of a new class of ionic liquid crystals
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Mandal
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Guwahati
- India
| | | | - Suraj Kumar Pathak
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Guwahati
- India
| | | | | | | | - Chandan K. Jana
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Guwahati
- India
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Cao W, Senthilkumar B, Causin V, Swamy VP, Wang Y, Saielli G. Influence of the ion size on the stability of the smectic phase of ionic liquid crystals. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:411-420. [PMID: 31789337 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02115a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The thermotropic phase behavior of ionic liquids and ionic liquid crystals based on novel N-alkyl-3-methylpyridinium halides, trihalides and dichloroiodates was experimentally studied by polarized optical spectroscopy (POM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as well as by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. In the experiments, the existence and thermal range of stability of the smectic phase of these ionic liquid crystals are found to strongly depend on the volume ratio between the cation and anion, that is their relative size. Only compounds with a relatively large volume ratio of the cation to anion, i.e., those with longer cationic alkyl chains and monoatomic halide anions, have a stable smectic A phase. Both melting points and clearing points increase with such a ratio. The MD simulation results qualitatively agree very well with the experimental data and provide molecular details which can explain the experimentally observed phenomena: the stronger van der Waals interactions from the longer alkyl chains and the stronger electrostatic interactions from the smaller anions with a higher charge density increase the stability of both the crystal phase and the smectic phase; this also prevents the ionic layers from easily mixing with the hydrophobic regions, a mechanism that ultimately leads to a nanosegregated isotropic liquid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wudi Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 55 East Zhongguancun Road, P. O. Box 2735, Beijing 100190, China.
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Satheesh D, Rajendran A, Chithra K, Saravanan R. Synthesis of some new protic N1-Benzyl/Butyl-2-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-3-ium salts with 3,5-Diaminobenzoate, 3,5-Dinitrobenzoate, (E)-3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acrylate and 2-Carboxy-5-nitrobenzoate as organic anions. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2020.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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9
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Saielli G, Satoh K. A coarse-grained model of ionic liquid crystals: the effect of stoichiometry on the stability of the ionic nematic phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:20327-20337. [PMID: 31495845 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03296g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated, by means of molecular dynamics simulations, the phase behaviour of mixtures of charged ellipsoidal Gay-Berne (GB) particles and spherical Lennard-Jones (LJ) particles, as a coarse-grained model of ionic liquid crystals (ILCs). The anisotropic GB particles represent cations usually found in ILCs, for example, pyridinium or bipyridinium salts, while the spherical LJ particles are taken as a model of anions like common halides, hexafluorophosphate and tetrafluoroborate. Here we have focused our attention on the effect of the stoichiometry of the system (that is, the GB : LJ ratio n : m in the salt formula [GB]n[LJ]m) on the stability and thermal range of the ionic liquid crystal phases formed, with special attention to the ionic nematic phase. To isolate the stoichiometry effect, a comparison of four different systems with GB : LJ ratios of 1 : 3, 1 : 2, 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 is made by keeping the packing fraction and the charge of the minor component fixed. Our results suggest a way to improve the stability of the ionic nematic phase by enhancing the anisotropic van der Waals interaction compared to the Coulomb interaction, and by increasing the proportion of anisotropic particles in the mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Saielli
- CNR Institute on Membrane Technology, Unit of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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10
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Di Pietro ME, Margola T, Celebre G, De Luca G, Saielli G. A combined LX-NMR and molecular dynamics investigation of the bulk and local structure of ionic liquid crystals. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:4486-4497. [PMID: 31093625 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00612e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The unique power of NMR spectroscopy in anisotropic media (LX-NMR) as a tool to obtain local and bulk structural information, combined with the effectiveness of molecular dynamics simulations at the atomistic level, shows very attractive potentialities for the study of interesting, even though still poorly understood, materials such as Ionic Liquid Crystals (ILCs). In this work, we focused our attention, in particular, on the orientational ordering of two mesophases: 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [C12C1im]Cl, and 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [C12C1im][BF4]. Both ILCs were studied by a 2H NMR direct investigation of the molecules forming the phases, suitably deuterated, and by 1H NMR spectroscopy, using the small rigid probe-solutes 1,4-dichlorobenzene (DCB), dissolved in [C12C1im][BF4] and [C12C1im]Cl, and 1,4-dibromobenzene (DBB) dissolved in [C12C1im][BF4], to probe the local, internal structure and organization of the mesophases. The experimental results were then compared with the predictions, by atomistic MD simulations, of the structure of the smectic phase of the two salts, at two selected temperatures, containing a single DCB molecule as a probe. The MD simulations show that the DCB solute is distributed only within the hydrophobic layers of the ILC. Orientational order parameters of the imidazolium cations and of the DCB molecule were obtained and compared with the experiments, showing a general good agreement and allowing a deeper understanding of the microscopic structure of the systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Enrica Di Pietro
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, cubo 14C, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy.
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11
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12
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Weyman A, Bier M, Holm C, Smiatek J. Microphase separation and the formation of ion conductivity channels in poly(ionic liquid)s: A coarse-grained molecular dynamics study. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:193824. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5016814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Weyman
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- ETH Zürich, Department of Materials, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Bier
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics IV, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Holm
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jens Smiatek
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Muenster (HIMS-IEK 12), Forschungszentrum Juelich, Corrensstrasse 46, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
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13
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Simple and double pyridinium salts with cyanobiphenyl groups as ionic liquids and ionic liquid crystals: synthesis and investigation of thermal behavior. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-017-3212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Bala I, Singh H, Battula VR, Gupta SP, De J, Kumar S, Kailasam K, Pal SK. Heptazine: an Electron-Deficient Fluorescent Core for Discotic Liquid Crystals. Chemistry 2017; 23:14718-14722. [PMID: 28881404 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herein, room-temperature discotic liquid crystals based on heptazine, an electron deficient central core, are reported for the first time. Mesomorphic behaviors of the materials are also investigated. Supramolecular assembly of the mesophase derivatives were confirmed by X-ray scattering experiments. Heptazine-based solid thin films are strong blue light emitters, whereas in the solution state, they are weakly emissive or non-emissive. The band gap energy is found to be low in this class of compounds. Formation of room-temperature mesophases, low band-gap behavior, and strong blue-light emission in the solid state are promising attributes for optoelectronic applications of the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Bala
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Sector-81, Knowledge city, Manauli 140306, India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Sector-81, Knowledge city, Manauli 140306, India
| | - Venugopala Rao Battula
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Sector-64, Phase 10, Mohali 160062, India
| | - Santosh Prasad Gupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Sector-81, Knowledge city, Manauli 140306, India
| | - Joydip De
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Sector-81, Knowledge city, Manauli 140306, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Sector-64, Phase 10, Mohali 160062, India
| | - Kamalakannan Kailasam
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Sector-64, Phase 10, Mohali 160062, India
| | - Santanu Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Sector-81, Knowledge city, Manauli 140306, India
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15
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Zhang L, Maity S, Liu K, Liu Q, Göstl R, Portale G, Roos WH, Herrmann A. Nematic DNA Thermotropic Liquid Crystals with Photoresponsive Mechanical Properties. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1701207. [PMID: 28696523 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201701207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, water-based lyotropic liquid crystals of nucleic acids have been extensively investigated because of their important role in biology. Alongside, solvent-free thermotropic liquid crystals (TLCs) from DNA are gaining great interest, owing to their relevance to DNA-inspired optoelectronic applications. Up to now, however, only the smectic phase of DNA TLCs has been reported. The development of new mesophases including nematic, hexagonal, and cubic structures for DNA TLCs remains a significant challenge, which thus limits their technological applications considerably. In this work, a new type of DNA TLC that is formed by electrostatic complexation of anionic oligonucleotides and cationic surfactants containing an azobenzene (AZO) moiety is demonstrated. DNA-AZO complexes form a stable nematic mesophase over a temperature range from -7 to 110 °C and retain double-stranded DNA structure at ambient temperature. Photoisomerization of the AZO moieties from the E- to the Z-form alters the stiffness of the DNA-AZO hybrid materials opening a pathway toward the development of DNA TLCs as stimuli-responsive biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Sensor Analysis of Tumor Marker, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 266042, Qingdao, China
| | - Sourav Maity
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H Roos
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Saielli G, Margola T, Satoh K. Tuning Coulombic interactions to stabilize nematic and smectic ionic liquid crystal phases in mixtures of charged soft ellipsoids and spheres. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:5204-5213. [PMID: 28671229 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00612h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of electrostatic interactions in mixtures of soft ellipsoids and spheres based on the well-known Gay-Berne (GB) and Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential, respectively. These model systems, in their original version, that is without any electrostatic charge, have been thoroughly investigated in the literature both as pure components and mixtures. In particular, mixtures of particles of different shapes, such as spheres and ellipsoids, tend to phase separate because of the excluded volume effects. Common ionic liquid crystals, based on imidazolium or other quaternary ammonium salts, are usually composed of roughly elongated (although flexible) cations and roughly spherical anions, that is, particles with a similar shape such as the GB and LJ models. Therefore, in this work, we present the results of molecular dynamics simulations of mixtures of positively charged GB and negatively charged LJ particles as models of ionic liquid crystals. Interestingly, by modulating the charge of the particles it is possible to stabilize isotropic, nematic, smectic and crystalline ionic phases. The relative weight of Coulomb (a radial, therefore isotropic interaction) and van der Waals (an anisotropic interaction) contributions is a key parameter to tune the stability of various mesophases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Saielli
- Istituto per la Tecnologia delle Membrane del CNR (ITM-CNR), Sede Secondaria di Padova, Via Marzolo, 1-35131, Padova, Italy.
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Di Pietro ME, Celebre G, De Luca G. Doped ionic liquid crystals as effective weakly alignment media for polar solutes. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 267:63-67. [PMID: 27128198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ionic liquid crystal 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate slightly doped with water is presented as a promising NMR alignment medium for the measurement of residual dipolar couplings for polar molecules dissolved therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Enrica Di Pietro
- Lab. LXNMR_S.C.An., Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, via P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Giorgio Celebre
- Lab. LXNMR_S.C.An., Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, via P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Giuseppina De Luca
- Lab. LXNMR_S.C.An., Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, via P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
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Alvarez Fernandez A, Kouwer PHJ. Key Developments in Ionic Liquid Crystals. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E731. [PMID: 27196890 PMCID: PMC4881553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquid crystals are materials that combine the classes of liquid crystals and ionic liquids. The first one is based on the multi-billion-dollar flat panel display industry, whilst the latter quickly developed in the past decades into a family of highly-tunable non-volatile solvents. The combination yields materials with a unique set of properties, but also with many challenges ahead. In this review, we provide an overview of the key concepts in ionic liquid crystals, particularly from a molecular perspective. What are the important molecular parameters that determine the phase behavior? How should they be introduced into the molecules? Finally, which other tools does one have to realize specific properties in the material?
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Alvarez Fernandez
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Blk N4.1 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Paul H J Kouwer
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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19
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Goossens K, Lava K, Bielawski CW, Binnemans K. Ionic Liquid Crystals: Versatile Materials. Chem Rev 2016; 116:4643-807. [PMID: 27088310 DOI: 10.1021/cr400334b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This Review covers the recent developments (2005-2015) in the design, synthesis, characterization, and application of thermotropic ionic liquid crystals. It was designed to give a comprehensive overview of the "state-of-the-art" in the field. The discussion is focused on low molar mass and dendrimeric thermotropic ionic mesogens, as well as selected metal-containing compounds (metallomesogens), but some references to polymeric and/or lyotropic ionic liquid crystals and particularly to ionic liquids will also be provided. Although zwitterionic and mesoionic mesogens are also treated to some extent, emphasis will be directed toward liquid-crystalline materials consisting of organic cations and organic/inorganic anions that are not covalently bound but interact via electrostatic and other noncovalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Goossens
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Lava
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.,Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christopher W Bielawski
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry and Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Koen Binnemans
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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20
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Pană A, Pasuk I, Micutz M, Cîrcu V. Nematic ionic liquid crystals based on pyridinium salts derived from 4-hydroxypyridine. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce00618c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Saielli G, Bagno A, Wang Y. Insights on the isotropic-to-smectic A transition in ionic liquid crystals from coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations: the role of microphase segregation. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:3829-36. [PMID: 25666394 DOI: 10.1021/jp5104565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the role of microphase segregation as the driving force in the stabilization of thermotropic ionic liquid crystals of smectic type. To this end we have applied the heterogeneity order parameter, initially proposed for ionic liquids, to the coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation results for a model system of an imidazolium nitrate ionic liquid crystal, [C16mim][NO3], whose phase diagram was recently studied. We have found that the heterogeneity order parameters become larger when the system goes through the transition from the isotropic phase to the smectic A phase as the temperature decreases. This can be understood by considering that, in the smectic A phase, the layered structure allows the tail groups to have a degree of aggregation larger than that in the isotropic phase. Our results highlight the role of microsegregation in the stabilization of ionic liquid crystals, which cannot be revealed by the commonly used translational and orientational order parameters used to describe liquid crystal phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Saielli
- CNR Institute on Membrane Technology, Unit of Padova , Via Marzolo, 1-35131 Padova, Italy
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22
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Formation and rheological properties of wormlike micelles by N-hexadecyl-N-methylpiperidinium bromide and sodium salicylate. Colloid Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-014-3495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Srivastava JK, Singh RK, Dhar R, Singh S. Studies of dispersed liquid crystals in binary mixtures with ionic liquid and their excitation by electric signals. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19503a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphological changes observed in the binary mixtures of nematic liquid crystal and ionic liquid with externally applied electric signals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ravindra Dhar
- Centre of Material Sciences
- University of Allahabad
- Allahabad
- India
| | - Shri Singh
- Department of Physics
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi
- India
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24
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Casella G, Causin V, Rastrelli F, Saielli G. Viologen-based ionic liquid crystals: induction of a smectic A phase by dimerisation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:5048-51. [PMID: 24481277 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54628d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The stability of thermotropic ionic liquid crystals is essentially due to micro-phase segregation between the ionic heads and the long alkyl chains. Here we show, using newly synthesized viologen dimers, that the structure of the central core is another key parameter to play with in order to tune the mesomorphic behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girolamo Casella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo, 1 - 35131 Padova, Italy
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 China
| | - Lixin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 China
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26
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Pană A, Iliş M, Micutz M, Dumitraşcu F, Pasuk I, Cîrcu V. Liquid crystals based on silver carbene complexes derived from dimeric bis(imidazolium) bromide salts. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11023d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid crystalline bis(imidazolium) salts with different mesogenic groups (cyanobiphenyl or cholesteryl) and their silver carbene complexes with Br− anion with blue emission have been designed and studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Pană
- Dept. of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Bucharest
- Bucharest 020464, Romania
| | - Monica Iliş
- Dept. of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Bucharest
- Bucharest 020464, Romania
| | - Marin Micutz
- Dept. of Physical Chemistry
- University of Bucharest
- Bucharest 030018, Romania
| | - Florea Dumitraşcu
- Centre for Organic Chemistry “C. D. Nenitzescu”
- Romanian Academy
- Bucharest 060023, Romania
| | - Iuliana Pasuk
- National Institute of Materials Physics
- Magurele, Romania
| | - Viorel Cîrcu
- Dept. of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Bucharest
- Bucharest 020464, Romania
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27
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Mansueto M, Frey W, Laschat S. Ionic Liquid Crystals Derived from Amino Acids. Chemistry 2013; 19:16058-65. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Tschierske C. Entwicklung struktureller Komplexität durch Selbstorganisation in flüssigkristallinen Systemen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201300872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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29
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Tschierske C. Development of structural complexity by liquid-crystal self-assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:8828-78. [PMID: 23934786 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201300872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the liquid-crystalline state of matter 125 years ago, this field has developed into a scientific area with many facets. This Review presents recent developments in the molecular design and self-assembly of liquid crystals. The focus is on new exciting soft-matter structures distinct from the usually observed nematic, smectic, and columnar phases. These new structures have enhanced complexity, including multicompartment and cellular structures, periodic and quasiperiodic arrays of spheres, and new emergent properties, such as ferroelctricity and spontaneous achiral symmetry-breaking. Comparisons are made with developments in related fields, such as self-assembled monolayers, multiblock copolymers, and nanoparticle arrays. Measures of structural complexity used herein are the size of the lattice, the number of distinct compartments, the dimensionality, and the logic depth of the resulting supramolecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Tschierske
- Institut für Chemie, Organische Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle Saale, Germany.
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30
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Li B, Zhang J, Wang S, Li W, Wu L. Nematic Ion-Clustomesogens from Surfactant-Encapsulated Polyoxometalate Assemblies. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201200983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Grolik J, Dudek Ł, Eilmes J. Tuning the mesomorphic properties of liquid-crystalline dibenzotetraaza[14]annulenes — discotic nematic phases of tetraalkoxy-substituted derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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32
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Ringstrand B, Jankowiak A, Johnson LE, Kaszynski P, Pociecha D, Górecka E. Anion-driven mesogenicity: a comparative study of ionic liquid crystals based on the [closo-1-CB9H10]− and [closo-1-CB11H12]− clusters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm15448j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Bonchio M, Carraro M, Casella G, Causin V, Rastrelli F, Saielli G. Thermal behaviour and electrochemical properties of bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide and dodecatungstosilicate viologen dimers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:2710-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23580c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Zhang J, Zhou M, Wang S, Carr J, Li W, Wu L. Thermotropic organization of hydrogen-bond-bridged bolaform amphiphiles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:4134-4141. [PMID: 21361358 DOI: 10.1021/la2000574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A series of quaternary ammonium amphiphiles (A-n) bearing carboxylic acid groups were designed and synthesized. The branched bolaform structures can be constructed by dimerizations of carboxylic acid groups through intermolecular hydrogen bonding, as demonstrated by the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra and the temperature-dependent FT-IR spectra. The thermotropic organizations of branched bolaform ammonium dimer complexes were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. We investigated the influence of the spacer between the cationic group and the benzene ring on the thermotropic organization. A-6 with short lateral alkyl chains formed a simple layered structure at room temperature and exhibited smectic A mesophase above 145 °C, whereas A-8 with intermediate lateral chain length organized into smectic A phase over a wide temperature range. A further increase of the length (n = 10, 12) of the lateral chains resulted in the formation of lamellar structure with in-plane layered periodicity, which is rare in the organization of ionic compounds. A packing model of the quasi-2D lamellar was proposed on the basis of the experimental data of X-ray diffraction results. Notably, the quasi-2D lamellar structure could evolve into a simple layer with the increase of temperature. The present results showed a direct relationship in which the branched architecture can be applied to tune the self-assembly behavior of ionic amphiphiles and is allowed to construct new layered superstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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35
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Goossens K, Wellens S, Van Hecke K, Van Meervelt L, Cardinaels T, Binnemans K. T-Shaped Ionic Liquid Crystals Based on the Imidazolium Motif: Exploring Substitution of the C-2 Imidazolium Carbon Atom. Chemistry 2011; 17:4291-306. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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36
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Restolho J, Mata JL, Saramago B. Peculiar surface behavior of some ionic liquids based on active pharmaceutical ingredients. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:074702. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3549122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- José Restolho
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, T U Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais,1049–001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Luis Mata
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, T U Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais,1049–001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Academia Militar, Paço da Rainha, 29, 1150–244 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Benilde Saramago
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, T U Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais,1049–001 Lisbon, Portugal
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37
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Axenov KV, Laschat S. Thermotropic Ionic Liquid Crystals. MATERIALS 2011; 4:206-259. [PMID: 28879986 PMCID: PMC5448481 DOI: 10.3390/ma4010206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The last five years’ achievements in the synthesis and investigation of thermotropic ionic liquid crystals are reviewed. The present review describes the mesomorphic properties displayed by organic, as well as metal-containing ionic mesogens. In addition, a short overview on the ionic polymer and self-assembled liquid crystals is given. Potential and actual applications of ionic mesogens are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill V Axenov
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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38
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Yang Y, Wang Y, Li H, Li W, Wu L. Self-Assembly and Structural Evolvement of Polyoxometalate-Anchored Dendron Complexes. Chemistry 2010; 16:8062-71. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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39
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Olivier JH, Camerel F, Ulrich G, Barberá J, Ziessel R. Luminescent Ionic Liquid Crystals from Self-Assembled BODIPY Disulfonate and Imidazolium Frameworks. Chemistry 2010; 16:7134-42. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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