1
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On the impact of carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) in lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs). Essays Biochem 2022; 67:561-574. [PMID: 36504118 PMCID: PMC10154629 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) have revolutionized our understanding of how enzymes degrade insoluble polysaccharides. Compared with the substantial knowledge developed on the structure and mode of action of the catalytic LPMO domains, the (multi)modularity of LPMOs has received less attention. The presence of other domains, in particular carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs), tethered to LPMOs has profound implications for the catalytic performance of the full-length enzymes. In the last few years, studies on LPMO modularity have led to advancements in elucidating how CBMs, other domains, and linker regions influence LPMO structure and function. This mini review summarizes recent literature, with particular focus on comparative truncation studies, to provide an overview of the diversity in LPMO modularity and the functional implications of this diversity.
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2
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Phosphomannose Isomerase Is Involved in Development, Stress Responses, and Pathogenicity of Aspergillus flavus. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0202722. [PMID: 35980200 PMCID: PMC9603912 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02027-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus causes invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients and severe contamination of agriculturally important crops by producing aflatoxins. The fungal cell wall is absent in animals and is structurally different from that of plants, which makes it a potential antifungal drug target due to its essentiality for fungal survival. Mannose is one of the important components in the fungal cell wall, which requires GDP-mannose (GDP-Man) as the primary donor. Three consecutive enzymes, namely, phosphomannose isomerase (PMI), phosphomannose mutase (PMM), and GDP-mannose phosphorylase (GMPP), are required for GDP-Man biosynthesis. Thus, PMI is of prime importance in cell wall biosynthesis and also has an active role in sugar metabolism. Here, we investigated the functional role of PMI in A. flavus by generating a pmiA-deficient strain. The mutant required exogenous mannose to survive and exhibited reduced growth rate, impaired conidiation, early germination, disturbance in stress responses, and defects in colonization of crop seeds. Furthermore, attenuated virulence of the mutant was documented in both Caenorhabditis elegans and Galleria mellonella infection models. Our results suggested that PMI plays an important role in the development, stress responses, and pathogenicity of A. flavus and therefore could serve as a potential target for battling against infection and controlling aflatoxin contamination caused by A. flavus. IMPORTANCE Aspergillus flavus is a common fungal pathogen of humans, animals, and agriculturally important crops. It causes invasive aspergillosis in humans and also produces highly carcinogenic mycotoxins in postharvest crops that threaten food safety worldwide. To alleviate or eliminate the threats posed by A. flavus, it is necessary to identify genes involved in pathogenicity and mycotoxin contamination. However, little progress has been made in this regard. Here, we focused on PMI, which is the first enzyme involved in the biosynthesis pathway of GDP-Man and thus is important for cell wall synthesis and protein glycosylation. Our study revealed that PMI is important for growth of A. flavus. It is also involved in conidiation, germination, morphogenesis, stress responses, and pathogenicity of A. flavus. Thus, PMI is a potent antifungal target to curb the threats posed by A. flavus.
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3
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Hang J, Wang J, Lu M, Xue Y, Qiao J, Tao L. Protein O-mannosylation across kingdoms and related diseases: From glycobiology to glycopathology. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112685. [PMID: 35149389 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The post-translational glycosylation of proteins by O-linked α-mannose is conserved from bacteria to humans. Due to advances in high-throughput mass spectrometry-based approaches, a variety of glycoproteins are identified to be O-mannosylated. Various proteins with O-mannosylation are involved in biological processes, providing essential necessity for proper growth and development. In this review, we summarize the process and regulation of O-mannosylation. The multi-step O-mannosylation procedures are quite dynamic and complex, especially when considering the structural and functional inspection of the involved enzymes. The widely studied O-mannosylated proteins in human include α-Dystroglycan (α-DG), cadherins, protocadherins, and plexin, and their aberrant O-mannosylation are associated with many diseases. In addition, O-mannosylation also contributes to diverse functions in lower eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Finally, we present the relationship between O-mannosylation and gut microbiota (GM), and elucidate that O-mannosylation in microbiome is of great importance in the dynamic balance of GM. Our study provides an overview of the processes of O-mannosylation in mammalian cells and other organisms, and also associated regulated enzymes and biological functions, which could contribute to the understanding of newly discovered O-mannosylated glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jinpeng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Minzhen Lu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuchuan Xue
- The First Department of Clinical Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Jie Qiao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Lin Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
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4
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Zheng J, Liu L, Wei C, Liu B, Jin Q. Characterization of O-mannosylated proteins profiling in bacillus Calmette-Guérin via gel-based and gel-free approaches. IUBMB Life 2021; 74:221-234. [PMID: 34773437 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) could influence many aspects of protein behavior and function in organisms. Protein glycosylation is one of the major PTMs observed in bacteria, which is crucial for functional regulations of many prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been recognized as an indispensable tool in the global fight against tuberculosis (TB) worldwide over several decades. Nevertheless, analysis of glycoprotein profiles of BCG has not been clearly investigated. In this study, we performed O-mannosylated protein analysis in BCG bacteria using gel-based and gel-free approaches. In total, 1,670 hexosylated peptides derived from 754 mannosylated proteins were identified. Furthermore, 20 novel protein products supported by 78 unique peptides not annotated in the BCG database were detected. Additionally, the translational start sites of 384 proteins were confirmed, and 78 proteins were validated through the extension of translational start sites based on N-terminus-derived peptides. The bioinformatic analysis of the O-mannosylated proteins was performed and the expression profiles of four randomly selected proteins were validated through Western blotting. A number of proteins involved in metabolic pathways, including the tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and two-component system, are discussed. Taken together, these results offer the first O-mannosylated protein analysis of a member of mycobacteria reported to date by using complementary gel-based and gel-free approaches. Some of the proteins identified in this study have important roles involved in metabolic pathways, which could provide insight into the immune molecular mechanisms of this recognized vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liguo Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Candong Wei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Jin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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5
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Labarre C, Dautin N, Grzegorzewicz A, Jackson M, McNeil M, Mohiman N, Sago L, Bayan N. S 16 and T 18 mannosylation sites of LppX are not essential for its activity in phthiocerol dimycocerosates localization at the surface of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Res Microbiol 2021; 172:103874. [PMID: 34492336 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2021.103874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
LppX is an important virulence factor essential for surface localization of phthiocerol dimycocerosates (DIM) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Based on Concanavalin A recognition, M. tuberculosis LppX (LppX-tb) was initially proposed to be glycosylated in M. tuberculosis and more recently this glycosylation was characterized by mass spectrometry analysis on LppX-tb expressed and purified from Corynebacterium glutamicum. Here, using this model organism and Mycobacterium smegmatis, we show that S16 and T18 residues of LppX-tb are indeed glycosylated with several hexoses units. Interestingly this glycosylation is strictly dependent on the mannosyl transferase PMT which, in M. tuberculosis, has been reported to be crucial for virulence. Using a site directed mutagenesis approach, we were able to show that the absence of S16 and T18 glycosylation does not alter phthiocerol dimycocerosates (DIM) localization in M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Labarre
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
| | - Nathalie Dautin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France; Present address: Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, Université de Paris, LBPC-PM, CNRS, UMR7099, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Anna Grzegorzewicz
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Colorado, Fort Collins, USA.
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Colorado, Fort Collins, USA.
| | - Michael McNeil
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Colorado, Fort Collins, USA.
| | - Niloofar Mohiman
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
| | - Laila Sago
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
| | - Nicolas Bayan
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
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6
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Jia L, Sha S, Yang S, Taj A, Ma Y. Effect of Protein O-Mannosyltransferase (MSMEG_5447) on M. smegmatis and Its Survival in Macrophages. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:657726. [PMID: 34276591 PMCID: PMC8278756 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.657726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein O-mannosyltransferase (PMT) catalyzes an initial step of protein O-mannosylation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and plays a crucial role for Mtb survival in the host. To better understand the role of PMT in the host innate immune response during mycobacterial infection, in this study, we utilized Mycobacterium smegmatis pmt (MSMEG_5447) gene knockout strain, ΔM5447, to infect THP-1 cells. Our results revealed that the lack of MSMEG_5447 not only impaired the growth of M. smegmatis in 7H9 medium but also reduced the resistance of M. smegmatis against lysozyme and acidic stress in vitro. Macrophage infection assay showed that ΔM5447 displayed attenuated growth in macrophages at 24 h post-infection. The production of TNF-α and IL-6 and the activation of transcription factor NF-κB were decreased in ΔM5447-infected macrophages, which were further confirmed by transcriptomic analysis. Moreover, ΔM5447 failed to inhibit phagosome–lysosome fusion in macrophages. These findings revealed that PMT played a role in modulating the innate immune responses of the host, which broaden our understanding for functions of protein O-mannosylation in mycobacterium–host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiu Jia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shanshan Sha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shufeng Yang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ayaz Taj
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yufang Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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7
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Potential Plasticity of the Mannoprotein Repertoire Associated to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Virulence Unveiled by Mass Spectrometry-Based Glycoproteomics. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102348. [PMID: 32443484 PMCID: PMC7287972 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains the world’s greatest infectious killer. The rise of multidrug-resistant strains stresses the need to identify new therapeutic targets to fight the epidemic. We previously demonstrated that bacterial protein-O-mannosylation is crucial for Mtb infectiousness, renewing the interest of the bacterial-secreted mannoproteins as potential drug-targetable virulence factors. The difficulty of inventorying the mannoprotein repertoire expressed by Mtb led us to design a stringent multi-step workflow for the reliable identification of glycosylated peptides by large-scale mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Applied to the differential analyses of glycoproteins secreted by the wild-type Mtb strain—and by its derived mutant invalidated for the protein-O-mannosylating enzyme PMTub—this approach led to the identification of not only most already known mannoproteins, but also of yet-unknown mannosylated proteins. In addition, analysis of the glycoproteome expressed by the isogenic recombinant Mtb strain overexpressing the PMTub gene revealed an unexpected mannosylation of proteins, with predicted or demonstrated functions in Mtb growth and interaction with the host cell. Since in parallel, a transient increased expression of the PMTub gene has been observed in the wild-type bacilli when infecting macrophages, our results strongly suggest that the Mtb mannoproteome may undergo adaptive regulation during infection of the host cells. Overall, our results provide deeper insights into the complexity of the repertoire of mannosylated proteins expressed by Mtb, and open the way to novel opportunities to search for still-unexploited potential therapeutic targets.
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8
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Tomek MB, Maresch D, Windwarder M, Friedrich V, Janesch B, Fuchs K, Neumann L, Nimeth I, Zwickl NF, Dohm JC, Everest-Dass A, Kolarich D, Himmelbauer H, Altmann F, Schäffer C. A General Protein O-Glycosylation Gene Cluster Encodes the Species-Specific Glycan of the Oral Pathogen Tannerella forsythia: O-Glycan Biosynthesis and Immunological Implications. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2008. [PMID: 30210478 PMCID: PMC6120980 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell surface of the oral pathogen Tannerella forsythia is heavily glycosylated with a unique, complex decasaccharide that is O-glycosidically linked to the bacterium’s abundant surface (S-) layer, as well as other proteins. The S-layer glycoproteins are virulence factors of T. forsythia and there is evidence that protein O-glycosylation underpins the bacterium’s pathogenicity. To elucidate the protein O-glycosylation pathway, genes suspected of encoding pathway components were first identified in the genome sequence of the ATCC 43037 type strain, revealing a 27-kb gene cluster that was shown to be polycistronic. Using a gene deletion approach targeted at predicted glycosyltransferases (Gtfs) and methyltransferases encoded in this gene cluster, in combination with mass spectrometry of the protein-released O-glycans, we show that the gene cluster encodes the species-specific part of the T. forsythia ATCC 43037 decasaccharide and that this is assembled step-wise on a pentasaccharide core. The core was previously proposed to be conserved within the Bacteroidetes phylum, to which T. forsythia is affiliated, and its biosynthesis is encoded elsewhere on the bacterial genome. Next, to assess the prevalence of protein O-glycosylation among Tannerella sp., the publicly available genome sequences of six T. forsythia strains were compared, revealing gene clusters of similar size and organization as found in the ATCC 43037 type strain. The corresponding region in the genome of a periodontal health-associated Tannerella isolate showed a different gene composition lacking most of the genes commonly found in the pathogenic strains. Finally, we investigated whether differential cell surface glycosylation impacts T. forsythia’s overall immunogenicity. Release of proinflammatory cytokines by dendritic cells (DCs) upon stimulation with defined Gtf-deficient mutants of the type strain was measured and their T cell-priming potential post-stimulation was explored. This revealed that the O-glycan is pivotal to modulating DC effector functions, with the T. forsythia-specific glycan portion suppressing and the pentasaccharide core activating a Th17 response. We conclude that complex protein O-glycosylation is a hallmark of pathogenic T. forsythia strains and propose it as a valuable target for the design of novel antimicrobials against periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus B Tomek
- NanoGlycobiology Unit, Department of NanoBiotechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Windwarder
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentin Friedrich
- NanoGlycobiology Unit, Department of NanoBiotechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Janesch
- NanoGlycobiology Unit, Department of NanoBiotechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina Fuchs
- NanoGlycobiology Unit, Department of NanoBiotechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Neumann
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Nimeth
- NanoGlycobiology Unit, Department of NanoBiotechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolaus F Zwickl
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biotechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Juliane C Dohm
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biotechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arun Everest-Dass
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel Kolarich
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Heinz Himmelbauer
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biotechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Schäffer
- NanoGlycobiology Unit, Department of NanoBiotechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Howlett R, Read N, Varghese A, Kershaw C, Hancock Y, Smith MCM. Streptomyces coelicolor strains lacking polyprenol phosphate mannose synthase and protein O-mannosyl transferase are hyper-susceptible to multiple antibiotics. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2018; 164:369-382. [PMID: 29458553 PMCID: PMC5882110 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyprenol phosphate mannose (PPM) is a lipid-linked sugar donor used by extra-cytoplasmic glycosyl tranferases in bacteria. PPM is synthesized by polyprenol phosphate mannose synthase, Ppm1, and in most Actinobacteria is used as the sugar donor for protein O-mannosyl transferase, Pmt, in protein glycosylation. Ppm1 and Pmt have homologues in yeasts and humans, where they are required for protein O-mannosylation. Actinobacteria also use PPM for lipoglycan biosynthesis. Here we show that ppm1 mutants of Streptomyces coelicolor have increased susceptibility to a number of antibiotics that target cell wall biosynthesis. The pmt mutants also have mildly increased antibiotic susceptibilities, in particular to β-lactams and vancomycin. Despite normal induction of the vancomycin gene cluster, vanSRJKHAX, the pmt and ppm1 mutants remained highly vancomycin sensitive indicating that the mechanism of resistance is blocked post-transcriptionally. Differential RNA expression analysis indicated that catabolic pathways were downregulated and anabolic ones upregulated in the ppm1 mutant compared to the parent or complemented strains. Of note was the increase in expression of fatty acid biosynthetic genes in the ppm1- mutant. A change in lipid composition was confirmed using Raman spectroscopy, which showed that the ppm1- mutant had a greater relative proportion of unsaturated fatty acids compared to the parent or the complemented mutant. Taken together, these data suggest that an inability to synthesize PPM (ppm1) and loss of the glycoproteome (pmt- mutant) can detrimentally affect membrane or cell envelope functions leading to loss of intrinsic and, in the case of vancomycin, acquired antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anpu Varghese
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Y Hancock
- Department of Physics, University of York, York, UK.,York Centre for Complex Systems Analysis, University of York, York, UK
| | - Margaret C M Smith
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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10
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Sugar and Spice Make Bacteria Not Nice: Protein Glycosylation and Its Influence in Pathogenesis. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:3206-3220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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11
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Wakarchuk WW, Brochu D, Foote S, Robotham A, Saxena H, Erak T, Kelly J. Proteomic Analysis of the Secretome of Cellulomonas fimi ATCC 484 and Cellulomonas flavigena ATCC 482. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151186. [PMID: 26950732 PMCID: PMC4780727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacteria in the genus Cellulomonas are known for their ability to degrade plant cell wall biomass. Cellulomonas fimi ATCC 484 and C. flavigena ATCC 482 have been the subject of much research into secreted cellulases and hemicellulases. Recently the genome sequences of both C. fimi ATCC 484 and C. flavigena ATCC 482 were published, and a genome comparison has revealed their full spectrum of possible carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). Using mass spectrometry, we have compared the proteins secreted by C. fimi and C. flavigena during growth on the soluble cellulose substrate, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), as well as a soluble xylan fraction. Many known C. fimi CAZymes were detected, which validated our analysis, as were a number of new CAZymes and other proteins that, though identified in the genome, have not previously been observed in the secretome of either organism. Our data also shows that many of these are co-expressed on growth of either CMC or xylan. This analysis provides a new perspective on Cellulomonas enzymes and provides many new CAZyme targets for characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren W. Wakarchuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Denis Brochu
- Human Health Therapeutics Program, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simon Foote
- Human Health Therapeutics Program, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Robotham
- Human Health Therapeutics Program, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hirak Saxena
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tamara Erak
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Kelly
- Human Health Therapeutics Program, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Sethi D, Mahajan S, Singh C, Lama A, Hade MD, Gupta P, Dikshit KL. Lipoprotein LprI of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Acts as a Lysozyme Inhibitor. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:2938-53. [PMID: 26589796 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.662593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis executes numerous defense strategies for the successful establishment of infection under a diverse array of challenges inside the host. One such strategy that has been delineated in this study is the abrogation of lytic activity of lysozyme by a novel glycosylated and surface-localized lipoprotein, LprI, which is exclusively present in M. tuberculosis complex. The lprI gene co-transcribes with the glbN gene (encoding hemoglobin (HbN)) and both are synchronously up-regulated in M. tuberculosis during macrophage infection. Recombinant LprI, expressed in Escherichia coli, exhibited strong binding (Kd ≤ 2 nm) with lysozyme and abrogated its lytic activity completely, thereby conferring protection to fluorescein-labeled Micrococcus lysodeikticus from lysozyme-mediated hydrolysis. Expression of the lprI gene in Mycobacterium smegmatis (8-10-fold) protected its growth from lysozyme inhibition in vitro and enhanced its phagocytosis and survival during intracellular infection of peritoneal and monocyte-derived macrophages, known to secrete lysozyme, and in the presence of exogenously added lysozyme in secondary cell lines where lysozyme levels are low. In contrast, the presence of HbN enhanced phagocytosis and intracellular survival of M. smegmatis only in the absence of lysozyme but not under lysozyme stress. Interestingly, co-expression of the glbN-lprI gene pair elevated the invasion and survival of M. smegmatis 2-3-fold in secondary cell lines in the presence of lysozyme in comparison with isogenic cells expressing these genes individually. Thus, specific advantage against macrophage-generated lysozyme, conferred by the combination of LprI-HbN during invasion of M. tuberculosis, may have vital implications on the pathogenesis of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Sethi
- From the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Sahil Mahajan
- From the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Chaahat Singh
- From the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Amrita Lama
- From the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Mangesh Dattu Hade
- From the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Pawan Gupta
- From the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Kanak L Dikshit
- From the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India
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13
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Tan FY, Tang CM, Exley RM. Sugar coating: bacterial protein glycosylation and host–microbe interactions. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:342-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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14
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van Els CACM, Corbière V, Smits K, van Gaans-van den Brink JAM, Poelen MCM, Mascart F, Meiring HD, Locht C. Toward Understanding the Essence of Post-Translational Modifications for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Immunoproteome. Front Immunol 2014; 5:361. [PMID: 25157249 PMCID: PMC4127798 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are prominent effector cells in controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection but may also contribute to immunopathology. Studies probing the CD4+ T cell response from individuals latently infected with Mtb or patients with active tuberculosis using either small or proteome-wide antigen screens so far revealed a multi-antigenic, yet mostly invariable repertoire of immunogenic Mtb proteins. Recent developments in mass spectrometry-based proteomics have highlighted the occurrence of numerous types of post-translational modifications (PTMs) in proteomes of prokaryotes, including Mtb. The well-known PTMs in Mtb are glycosylation, lipidation, or phosphorylation, known regulators of protein function or compartmentalization. Other PTMs include methylation, acetylation, and pupylation, involved in protein stability. While all PTMs add variability to the Mtb proteome, relatively little is understood about their role in the anti-Mtb immune responses. Here, we review Mtb protein PTMs and methods to assess their role in protective immunity against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile A C M van Els
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , Netherlands
| | - Véronique Corbière
- Laboratory for Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.) , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Kaat Smits
- Laboratory for Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.) , Brussels , Belgium
| | | | - Martien C M Poelen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , Netherlands
| | - Francoise Mascart
- Laboratory for Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.) , Brussels , Belgium ; Immunobiology Clinic, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.) , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Hugo D Meiring
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology , Bilthoven , Netherlands
| | - Camille Locht
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille , Lille , France ; INSERM U1019 , Lille , France ; CNRS UMR8204 , Lille , France ; Université Lille Nord de France , Lille , France
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15
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Putative Role of a Streptomyces coelicolor-Derived α-Mannosidase in Deglycosylation and Antibiotic Production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 172:1639-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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16
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Córdova-Dávalos LE, Espitia C, González-Cerón G, Arreguín-Espinosa R, Soberón-Chávez G, Servín-González L. LipoproteinN-acyl transferase (Lnt1) is dispensable for proteinO-mannosylation byStreptomyces coelicolor. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 350:72-82. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Elena Córdova-Dávalos
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad Universitaria; Ciudad de Mexico DF México
| | - Clara Espitia
- Departamento de Inmunología; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad Universitaria; Ciudad de Mexico DF México
| | - Gabriela González-Cerón
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad Universitaria; Ciudad de Mexico DF México
| | - Roberto Arreguín-Espinosa
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas; Instituto de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad Universitaria; Ciudad de Mexico DF México
| | - Gloria Soberón-Chávez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad Universitaria; Ciudad de Mexico DF México
| | - Luis Servín-González
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad Universitaria; Ciudad de Mexico DF México
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17
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Differential properties of native and tagged or untagged recombinant glucose isomerases of Streptomyces sp. SK and possible implication of the glycosylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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18
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Fredriksen L, Moen A, Adzhubei AA, Mathiesen G, Eijsink VGH, Egge-Jacobsen W. Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 O-linked protein glycosylation: an extended spectrum of target proteins and modification sites detected by mass spectrometry. Glycobiology 2013; 23:1439-51. [PMID: 24000282 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has recently been shown that the major autolysin Acm2 from Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 undergoes intracellular O-GlcNAcylation [Fredriksen L, Mathiesen G, Moen A, Bron PA, Kleerebezem M, Eijsink VG, Egge-Jacobsen W. 2012. The major autolysin Acm2 from Lactobacillus plantarum undergoes cytoplasmic O-glycosylation. J Bacteriol. 194(2):325-333]. To gain more insight into the occurrence of this protein modification, methods based on the higher energy collisional fragmentation of the Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer to generate both diagnostic oxonium (glycan) ions and significant peptide sequencing information were used to detect and identify novel glycoproteins. This led to the identification of 10 novel glycoproteins, including four proteins with well-known functions in the cytoplasm, a compartment not previously recognized to contain glycosylated proteins in bacteria: the molecular chaperone DnaK, the E2 subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex PdhC, the signal recognition particle receptor FtsY and the DNA translocase FtsK1. Among the other, glycosylated proteins were two extracellular peptidoglycan hydrolases and a mucus-binding protein. In total, 49 glycosylation sites for N-acetylhexosamine (HexNAc) were detected in the 11 Lactobacillus glycoproteins found so far. Most of the attached glycans consisted of a single HexNAc per site, whereas hexose moieties were also found in a few cases (in both of the peptidoglycan hydrolases and in DnaK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Fredriksen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Aas, Norway
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19
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Iwashkiw JA, Vozza NF, Kinsella RL, Feldman MF. Pour some sugar on it: the expanding world of bacterial proteinO-linked glycosylation. Mol Microbiol 2013; 89:14-28. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A. Iwashkiw
- Alberta Glycomics Centre; Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; CW405 Biological Sciences Building; Edmonton; Alberta; Canada; T6G 2E9
| | - Nicolas F. Vozza
- Alberta Glycomics Centre; Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; CW405 Biological Sciences Building; Edmonton; Alberta; Canada; T6G 2E9
| | - Rachel L. Kinsella
- Alberta Glycomics Centre; Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; CW405 Biological Sciences Building; Edmonton; Alberta; Canada; T6G 2E9
| | - Mario F. Feldman
- Alberta Glycomics Centre; Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; CW405 Biological Sciences Building; Edmonton; Alberta; Canada; T6G 2E9
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20
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Smith GT, Sweredoski MJ, Hess S. O-linked glycosylation sites profiling in Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture filtrate proteins. J Proteomics 2013; 97:296-306. [PMID: 23702328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes tuberculosis, one of the leading causes of fatal infectious diseases worldwide. Cell-cell recognition between the pathogen Mtb and its host is mediated in part by glycosylated proteins. So far, glycoproteins in Mtb are understudied and for only very few glycoproteins glycosylation sites have been described, e.g., alanine and proline rich secreted protein apa, superoxide dismutase SODC, lipoprotein lpqH and MPB83/MPT83. In this study, glycosylated proteins in Mtb culture filtrate were investigated using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approaches and bioinformatic analyses. To validate the presence of glycoproteins, several strategies were pursued including collision induced dissociation, high energy collision dissociation and electron transfer dissociation techniques, and bioinformatics analyses involving a neutral loss search for glycosylated moieties. After extensive data curation, we report glycosylation sites for thirteen Mtb glycoproteins using a combination of mass spectrometry techniques on a dataset collected from culture filtrate proteins. This is the first glycoproteomics study identifying glycosylation sites on mycobacterial culture filtrate proteins (CFP) on a global scale. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE In this study, glycosylation sites in Mtb were characterized by collision-induced dissociation, electron-transfer dissociation and high energy collision dissociation techniques. The identification of glycosylation sites is important for our understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of Mtb. Glycoproteins are often responsible for protein-protein interactions between host and pathogen and thus represent interesting targets for vaccine development. In addition, our strategy is not limited to Mtb, but could be extended to other organisms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Trends in Microbial Proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey T Smith
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Sweredoski
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Sonja Hess
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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21
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Coyne MJ, Fletcher CM, Chatzidaki-Livanis M, Posch G, Schaffer C, Comstock LE. Phylum-wide general protein O-glycosylation system of the Bacteroidetes. Mol Microbiol 2013; 88:772-83. [PMID: 23551589 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The human gut symbiont Bacteroides fragilis has a general protein O-glycosylation system in which numerous extracytoplasmic proteins are glycosylated at a three amino acid motif. In B. fragilis, protein glycosylation is a fundamental and essential property as mutants with protein glycosylation defects have impaired growth and are unable to competitively colonize the mammalian intestine. In this study, we analysed the phenotype of B. fragilis mutants with defective protein glycosylation and found that the glycan added to proteins is comprised of a core glycan and an outer glycan. The genetic region encoding proteins for the synthesis of the outer glycan is conserved within a Bacteroides species but divergent between species. Unlike the outer glycan, an antiserum raised to the core glycan reacted with all Bacteroidetes species tested, from all four classes of the phylum. We found that diverse Bacteroidetes species synthesize numerous glycoproteins and glycosylate proteins at the same three amino acid motif. The wide-spread conservation of this protein glycosylation system within the phylum suggests that this system of post-translational protein modification evolved early, before the divergence of the four classes of Bacteroidetes, and has been maintained due to its physiological importance to the diverse species of this phylum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Coyne
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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22
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Bacterial protein-O-mannosylating enzyme is crucial for virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:6560-5. [PMID: 23550160 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1219704110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A posttranslational protein O-mannosylation process resembling that found in fungi and animals has been reported in the major human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and related actinobacteria. However, the role and incidence of this process, which is essential in eukaryotes, have never been explored in Mtb. We thus analyzed the impact of interrupting O-mannosylation in the nonpathogenic saprophyte Mycobacterium smegmatis and in the human pathogen Mtb by inactivating the respective putative protein mannosyl transferase genes Msmeg_5447 and Rv1002c. Loss of protein O-mannosylation in both mutant strains was unambiguously demonstrated by efficient mass spectrometry-based glycoproteomics analysis. Unexpectedly, although the M. smegmatis phenotype was unaffected by the lack of manno-proteins, the Mtb mutant had severely impacted growth in vitro and in cellulo associated with a strong attenuation of its pathogenicity in immunocompromised mice. These data are unique in providing evidence of the biological significance of protein O-mannosylation in mycobacteria and demonstrate the crucial contribution of this protein posttranslational modification to Mtb virulence in the host.
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23
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A convenient and efficient synthetic approach to mono-, di-, and tri-O-mannosylated Fmoc amino acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Loibl M, Strahl S. Protein O-mannosylation: what we have learned from baker's yeast. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2438-46. [PMID: 23434682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein O-mannosylation is a vital type of glycosylation that is conserved among fungi, animals, and humans. It is initiated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where the synthesis of the mannosyl donor substrate and the mannosyltransfer to proteins take place. O-mannosylation defects interfere with cell wall integrity and ER homeostasis in yeast, and define a pathomechanism of severe neuromuscular diseases in humans. SCOPE OF REVIEW On the molecular level, the O-mannosylation pathway and the function of O-mannosyl glycans have been characterized best in the eukaryotic model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this review we summarize general features of protein O-mannosylation, including biosynthesis of the mannosyl donor, characteristics of acceptor substrates, and the protein O-mannosyltransferase machinery in the yeast ER. Further, we discuss the role of O-mannosyl glycans and address the question why protein O-mannosylation is essential for viability of yeast cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding of the molecular mechanisms of protein O-mannosylation in yeast could lead to the development of novel antifungal drugs. In addition, transfer of the knowledge from yeast to mammals could help to develop diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in the frame of neuromuscular diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Functional and structural diversity of endoplasmic reticulum.
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Gamboa-Suasnavart RA, Valdez-Cruz NA, Cordova-Dávalos LE, Martínez-Sotelo JA, Servín-González L, Espitia C, Trujillo-Roldán MA. The O-mannosylation and production of recombinant APA (45/47 KDa) protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Streptomyces lividans is affected by culture conditions in shake flasks. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10:110. [PMID: 22185589 PMCID: PMC3266650 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Ala-Pro-rich O-glycoprotein known as the 45/47 kDa or APA antigen from Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an immunodominant adhesin restricted to mycobacterium genus and has been proposed as an alternative candidate to generate a new vaccine against tuberculosis or for diagnosis kits. In this work, the recombinant O-glycoprotein APA was produced by the non-pathogenic filamentous bacteria Streptomyces lividans, evaluating three different culture conditions. This strain is known for its ability to produce heterologous proteins in a shorter time compared to M. tuberculosis. Results Three different shake flask geometries were used to provide different shear and oxygenation conditions; and the impact of those conditions on the morphology of S. lividans and the production of rAPA was characterized and evaluated. Small unbranched free filaments and mycelial clumps were found in baffled and coiled shake flasks, but one order of magnitude larger pellets were found in conventional shake flasks. The production of rAPA is around 3 times higher in small mycelia than in larger pellets, most probably due to difficulties in mass transfer inside pellets. Moreover, there are four putative sites of O-mannosylation in native APA, one of which is located at the carboxy-terminal region. The carbohydrate composition of this site was determined for rAPA by mass spectrometry analysis, and was found to contain different glycoforms depending on culture conditions. Up to two mannoses residues were found in cultures carried out in conventional shake flasks, and up to five mannoses residues were determined in coiled and baffled shake flasks. Conclusions The shear and/or oxygenation parameters determine the bacterial morphology, the productivity, and the O-mannosylation of rAPA in S. lividans. As demonstrated here, culture conditions have to be carefully controlled in order to obtain recombinant O-glycosylated proteins with similar "quality" in bacteria, particularly, if the protein activity depends on the glycosylation pattern. Furthermore, it will be an interesting exercise to determine the effect of shear and oxygen in shake flasks, to obtain evidences that may be useful in scaling-up these processes to bioreactors. Another approach will be using lab-scale bioreactors under well-controlled conditions, and study the impact of those on rAPA productivity and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsés A Gamboa-Suasnavart
- Unidad de Bioprocesos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP, 70228, México, D,F,, CP, 04510, México
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Fletcher CM, Coyne MJ, Comstock LE. Theoretical and experimental characterization of the scope of protein O-glycosylation in Bacteroides fragilis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:3219-26. [PMID: 21115495 PMCID: PMC3030326 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.194506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Among bacterial species demonstrated to have protein O-glycosylation systems, that of Bacteroides fragilis and related species is unique in that extracytoplasmic proteins are glycosylated at serine or threonine residues within the specific three-amino acid motif D(S/T)(A/I/L/M/T/V). This feature allows for computational analysis of the proteome to identify candidate glycoproteins. With the criteria of a signal peptidase I or II cleavage site or a predicted transmembrane-spanning region and the presence of at least one glycosylation motif, we identified 1021 candidate glycoproteins of B. fragilis. In addition to the eight glycoproteins identified previously, we confirmed that another 12 candidate glycoproteins are in fact glycosylated. These included four glycoproteins that are predicted to localize to the inner membrane, a compartment not previously shown to include glycosylated proteins. In addition, we show that four proteins involved in cell division and chromosomal segregation, two of which are encoded by candidate essential genes, are glycosylated. To date, we have not identified any extracytoplasmic proteins containing a glycosylation motif that are not glycosylated. Therefore, based on the list of 1021 candidate glycoproteins, it is likely that hundreds of proteins, comprising more than half of the extracytoplasmic proteins of B. fragilis, are glycosylated. Site-directed mutagenesis of several glycoproteins demonstrated that all are glycosylated at the identified glycosylation motif. By engineering glycosylation motifs into a naturally unglycosylated protein, we are able to bring about site-specific glycosylation at the engineered sites, suggesting that this glycosylation system may have applications for glycoengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Mark Fletcher
- From the Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Michael J. Coyne
- From the Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Laurie E. Comstock
- From the Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Similarities and differences in the glycosylation mechanisms in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Int J Microbiol 2011; 2010:148178. [PMID: 21490701 PMCID: PMC3068309 DOI: 10.1155/2010/148178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a rapid growth in the number and diversity of prokaryotic proteins shown to carry N- and/or O-glycans, with protein glycosylation now considered as fundamental to the biology of these organisms as it is in eukaryotic systems. This article overviews the major glycosylation pathways that are known to exist in eukarya, bacteria and archaea. These are (i) oligosaccharyltransferase (OST)-mediated N-glycosylation which is abundant in eukarya and archaea, but is restricted to a limited range of bacteria; (ii) stepwise cytoplasmic N-glycosylation that has so far only been confirmed in the bacterial domain; (iii) OST-mediated O-glycosylation which appears to be characteristic of bacteria; and (iv) stepwise O-glycosylation which is common in eukarya and bacteria. A key aim of the review is to integrate information from the three domains of life in order to highlight commonalities in glycosylation processes. We show how the OST-mediated N- and O-glycosylation pathways share cytoplasmic assembly of lipid-linked oligosaccharides, flipping across the ER/periplasmic/cytoplasmic membranes, and transferring “en bloc” to the protein acceptor. Moreover these hallmarks are mirrored in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Like in eukaryotes, stepwise O-glycosylation occurs on diverse bacterial proteins including flagellins, adhesins, autotransporters and lipoproteins, with O-glycosylation chain extension often coupled with secretory mechanisms.
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