1
|
Zhao Q, Li D, Peng J. Meticulous Molecular Engineering of Crystal Orientation and Morphology in Conjugated Polymer Thin Films for Field-Effect Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:9098-9107. [PMID: 38319877 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The ability to precisely tailor molecular packing and film morphology in conjugated polymers offers a robust means to control their optoelectronic properties. This, however, remains a grand challenge. Herein, we report the dependency of molecular packing of an important conjugated polymer, poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (PBTTT), on a set of intrinsic parameters and unveil the correlation between their crystalline structures and charge transport characteristics. Specifically, a family of PBTTT with varying side chains (i.e., hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, and hexadecyl referred to as C6, C8, C10, C12, C14, and C16, respectively) and molecular weights (MWs) with a focus on C14 are judiciously designed and synthesized. Various crystalline structures are yielded by tuning the alkyl chain and MW of PBTTT together with thermal annealing. It reveals that extending the alkyl chain length of PBTTT to C14, along with a larger MW and heating at 180 °C, promotes the formation of edge-on crystallites with significantly improved orientation and ordering. Furthermore, these distinct crystalline structures greatly impact their charge mobilities. This study sheds light on the tailored design of crystalline structures in PBTTT through a synergetic approach, which paves the way for potential applications of PBTTT and other conjugated polymers in optoelectronic devices with enhanced performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Dingke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Juan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Strain JM, Ruiz GN, Roberts ST, Rose MJ. Methylation of Si(111) Modulates Molecular Orientation in Perylenediimide Thin Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:2519-2530. [PMID: 38284168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Singlet fission produces a pair of low-energy spin-triplet excitons from a single high-energy spin-singlet exciton. While this process offers the potential to enhance the efficiency of silicon solar cells by ∼30%, meeting this goal requires overlayer materials that can efficiently transport triplet excitons to an underlying silicon substrate. Herein, we demonstrate that the chemical functionalization of silicon surfaces controls the structure of vapor-deposited thin films of perylenediimide (PDI) dyes, which are prototypical singlet fission materials. Using a combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS), we find terminating Si(111) with either a thin, polar oxide layer (SiOx) or with hydrophobic methyl groups (Si-CH3) alters the structures of the resulting PDI films. While PDI films grown on SiOx are comprised of small crystalline grains that largely adopt an "edge-on" orientation with respect to the silicon surface, films grown on Si-CH3 contain large grains that prefer to align in a "face-on" manner with respect to the substrate. This "face-on" orientation is expected to enhance exciton transport to silicon. Interestingly, we find that the preferred mode of growth for different PDIs correlates with the space group associated with bulk crystals of these compounds. While PDIs that inhabit a monoclinic (P21/c) space group nucleate films by forming tall and sparse crystalline columns, PDIs that inhabit triclinic (P1̅) space groups afford films comprised of uniform, lamellar PDI domains. The results highlight that silicon surface functionalization profoundly impacts PDI thin film growth, and rational selection of a hydrophobic surface that promotes "face-on" adsorption may improve energy transfer to silicon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Strain
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Gabriella N Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sean T Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Michael J Rose
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Luo S, Li Y, Li N, Cao Z, Zhang S, Ocheje MU, Gu X, Rondeau-Gagné S, Xue G, Wang S, Zhou D, Xu J. Real-time correlation of crystallization and segmental order in conjugated polymers. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:196-206. [PMID: 37807887 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00956d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Modulating the segmental order in the morphology of conjugated polymers is widely recognized as a crucial factor for achieving optimal electronic properties and mechanical deformability. However, it is worth noting that the segmental order is typically associated with the crystallization process, which can result in rigid and brittle long-range ordered crystalline domains. To precisely control the morphology, a comprehensive understanding of how highly anisotropic conjugated polymers form segmentally ordered structures with ongoing crystallization is essential, yet currently elusive. To fill this knowledge gap, we developed a novel approach with a combination of stage-type fast scanning calorimetry and micro-Raman spectroscopy to capture the series of specimens with a continuum in the polymer percent crystallinity and detect the segmental order in real-time. Through the investigation of conjugated polymers with different backbones and side-chain structures, we observed a generally existing phenomenon that the degree of segmental order saturates before the maximum crystallinity is achieved. This disparity allows the conjugated polymers to achieve good charge carrier mobility while retaining good segmental dynamic mobility through the tailored treatment. Moreover, the crystallization temperature to obtain optimal segmental order can be predicted based on Tg and Tm of conjugated polymers. This in-depth characterization study provides fundamental insights into the evolution of segmental order during crystallization, which can aid in designing and controlling the optoelectronic and mechanical properties of conjugated polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaochuan Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology, MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Yukun Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology, MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Nan Li
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Cao
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, USA
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, USA
| | - Michael U Ocheje
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B3P4, Canada
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, USA
| | - Simon Rondeau-Gagné
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B3P4, Canada
| | - Gi Xue
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology, MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Sihong Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA.
| | - Dongshan Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology, MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Jie Xu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tardío C, Donoso B, Fernández P, Torres-Moya I. Rational Design of a Multifunctional Benzothiadiazole Derivative in Organic Photonics and Electronics. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302524. [PMID: 37811670 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to achieve a multifunctional compound with potential application in organic photonics and electronics, a multidonor benzothiadiazole derivative was rationally designed and synthesized employing microwave irradiation as energy source, increasing the process efficiency about yields and reaction times in comparison with conventional conditions. This powerful compound displayed solvatochromism and showed efficient behavior as red optical waveguide with low OLC around 10-2 dB μm-1 and with the capacity of light transmission in two directions. In addition, the proposed derivative acted as efficient p-type semiconductor in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) with hole mobilities up 10-1 cm2 V-1 s-1 . This corroborates its multifunctional character, thus making it a potential candidate to be applied in hybrid organic field-effect optical waveguides (OFEWs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Tardío
- Department of Inorganic, Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry. Faculty of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha-IRICA, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Beatriz Donoso
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus of Fuentenueva, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Fernández
- Department of Inorganic, Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry. Faculty of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha-IRICA, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Iván Torres-Moya
- Department of Organic Chemistry. Faculty of Chemical Sciences. Campus of Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sui Y, Zhang X, Xu C, Shi Y, Deng Y, Han Y, Geng Y. Conjugated Polymers from Direct Arylation Polycondensation of 3,4-Difluorothiophene-Substituted Aryls: Synthesis and Properties. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300393. [PMID: 37640284 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
3,4-Difluorothiophene-substituted aryls, i.e., 1,4-bis(3,4-difluorothiophen-2-yl)-benzene (Ph-2FTh), 1,4-bis(3,4-difluorothiophen-2-yl)-2,5-difluorobenzene (2FPh-2FTh), and 4,7-bis(3,4-difluorothiophen-2-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTz-2FTh), are synthesized as C─H monomers for the synthesis of conjugated polymers (CPs) via direct arylation polycondensation (DArP) with diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) and isoindigo (IID) derivatives as C─Br monomers. The Gibbs free energies of activation for direct arylation (ΔG298 K , kcal mol-1 ) for α─C─H bonds of thiophene moieties as calculated by density functional theory (DFT) are 14.3, 16.5, and 16.4 kcal mol-1 for Ph-2FTh, 2FPh-2FTh and BTz-2FTh, respectively, meaning that inserting an electron-deficient unit in 3,3',4,4'-tetrafluoro-2,2'-bithiophene (4FBT, ΔG298K : 14.6 kcal mol-1 ) may cause a reactivity decrease of the C─H monomers. Photophysical and semiconducting properties of the resulting six CPs (i.e., DPP-Ph, DPP-2FPh, DPP-BTz, 2FIID-Ph, 2FIID-2FPh, and 2FIID-BTz) are characterized in detail. DPP-based CPs show ambipolar transport properties while IID-based ones exhibited n-type behavior owing to the deeper frontier molecular orbital energy levels of IID-based CPs. With source/drain electrodes modified with polyethylenimine ethoxylated, n-channel organic thin-film transistors with maximum electron mobility of 0.40, 0.54, 0.29, 0.05, 0.16, and 0.01 cm2 V-1 s-1 for DPP-Ph, DPP-2FPh, DPP-BTz, 2FIID-Ph, 2FIID-2FPh, and 2FIID-BTz, respectively, are fabricated. DPP-2FPh exhibits the best device performance due to the good film morphology and the highest intermolecular packing order.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, 300384, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xuwen Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Chenhui Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yibo Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tung WY, Pu C, Huang YF, Xie W, Cheng CF, Lai YY, Li X, Lin HY, Lai YT, Chen K, Wang CL, Zhu Y. Benzimidazolone-Dioxazine Pigments-Based Conjugated Polymers for Organic Field-Effect Transistor. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200297. [PMID: 35621302 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecules based on benzimidazolone-dioxazine are known as blue/violet pigments and have been commercialized for decades. However, unfavorable solubility limits the application of these structures as building blocks of conjugated polymers despite their low band gaps. Herein, a series of donor-acceptor conjugated polymers containing soluble benzimidazolone-dioxazine structures as the acceptors and oligothiophene as donors are synthesized and investigated. With increasing numbers of thiophene rings, the steric hindrance diminishes and high molecular weight polymers can be achieved, leading to an improved performance in organic field effect transistor devices. The hole mobility of polymers with three to six thiophene units is in the order of 10-1 cm2 V-1 s -1 . Among all the polymers, polymer P3 with three thiophene units between benzimidazolone-dioxazine structures shows the best hole mobility of 0.4 cm2 V-1 s -1 . Grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering results reveal that the high mobility of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) can be accredited by matched donor-acceptor packing in the solid thin films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yao Tung
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Cheng Pu
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Yi-Fan Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Wei Xie
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Chung-Fu Cheng
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Yun-Yu Lai
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Heng-Yi Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Ting Lai
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Kun Chen
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Chien-Lung Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yu Zhu
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao Q, Li D, Peng J. Interrogating Polymorphism in Conjugated Poly(thieno)thiophene Thin Films for Field-Effect Transistors. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Dingke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Juan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Memon WA, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Yan Y, Wang Y, Wei Z. Alignment of organic conjugated molecules for high-performance device applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100931. [PMID: 35338681 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
High-performance organic semiconductor materials as the electroactive components of optoelectronic devices have attracted much attention and made them ideal candidates for solution-processable, large-area, and low-cost flexible electronics. Especially, organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) based on conjugated semiconductor materials have experienced stunning progress in device performance. To make these materials economically viable, comprehensive knowledge of charge transport mechanisms is required. The alignment of organic conjugated molecules in the active layer is vital to charge transport properties of devices. The present review highlights the recent progress of processing-structure-transport correlations that allow the precise and uniform alignment of organic conjugated molecules over large areas for multiple electronic applications, including OFETs, organic thermoelectric devices (OTEs), and organic phototransistors (OPTs). Different strategies for regulating crystallinity and macroscopic orientation of conjugated molecules are introduced to correlate the molecular packing, the device performance and charge transport anisotropy in multiple organic electronic devices. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Ali Memon
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jianqi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yangjun Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhixiang Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wenderott JK, Dong BX, Green PF. Morphological design strategies to tailor out-of-plane charge transport in conjugated polymer systems for device applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:27076-27102. [PMID: 34571525 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02476k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The transport of charge carriers throughout an active conjugated polymer (CP) host, characterized by a heterogeneous morphology of locally varying degrees of order and disorder, profoundly influences the performance of CP-based electronic devices, including diodes, photovoltaics, sensors, and supercapacitors. Out-of-plane charge carrier mobilities (μout-of-plane) across the bulk of the active material host and in-plane mobilities (μin-plane) parallel to a substrate are highly sensitive to local morphological features along their migration pathways. In general, the magnitudes of μout-of-plane and μin-plane are very different, in part because these carriers experience different morphological environments along their migration pathways. Suppressing the impact of variations in the morphological order/disorder on carrier migration remains an important challenge. While much is known about μin-plane and its optimization for devices, the current challenges are associated with μout-of-plane and its optimization for device performance. Therefore, this review is devoted to strategies for improving μout-of-plane in neat CP films and the implications for more complex systems, such as D:A blends which are relevant to OPV devices. The specific strategies discussed for improving μout-of-plane include solvent/field processing methods, chemical modification, thickness confinement, chemical additives, and different post-annealing strategies, including annealing with supercritical fluids. This review leverages the most recent fundamental understanding of mechanisms of charge transport and connections to morphology, identifying robust design strategies for targeted improvements of μout-of-plane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J K Wenderott
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ban Xuan Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter F Green
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver W Pkwy, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Madhu M, Ramakrishnan R, Vijay V, Hariharan M. Free Charge Carriers in Homo-Sorted π-Stacks of Donor-Acceptor Conjugates. Chem Rev 2021; 121:8234-8284. [PMID: 34133137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the high photoconversion efficiency observed in natural light-harvesting systems, the hierarchical organization of molecular building blocks has gained impetus in the past few decades. Particularly, the molecular arrangement and packing in the active layer of organic solar cells (OSCs) have garnered significant attention due to the decisive role of the nature of donor/acceptor (D/A) heterojunctions in charge carrier generation and ultimately the power conversion efficiency. This review focuses on the recent developments in emergent optoelectronic properties exhibited by self-sorted donor-on-donor/acceptor-on-acceptor arrangement of covalently linked D-A systems, highlighting the ultrafast excited state dynamics of charge transfer and transport. Segregated organization of donors and acceptors promotes the delocalization of photoinduced charges among the stacks, engendering an enhanced charge separation lifetime and percolation pathways with ambipolar conductivity and charge carrier yield. Covalently linking donors and acceptors ensure a sufficient D-A interface and interchromophoric electronic coupling as required for faster charge separation while providing better control over their supramolecular assemblies. The design strategies to attain D-A conjugate assemblies with optimal charge carrier generation efficiency, the scope of their application compared to state-of-the-art OSCs, current challenges, and future opportunities are discussed in the review. An integrated overview of rational design approaches derived from the comprehension of underlying photoinduced processes can pave the way toward superior optoelectronic devices and bring in new possibilities to the avenue of functional supramolecular architectures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meera Madhu
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695551
| | - Remya Ramakrishnan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695551
| | - Vishnu Vijay
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695551
| | - Mahesh Hariharan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695551
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mun J, Ochiai Y, Wang W, Zheng Y, Zheng YQ, Wu HC, Matsuhisa N, Higashihara T, Tok JBH, Yun Y, Bao Z. A design strategy for high mobility stretchable polymer semiconductors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3572. [PMID: 34117254 PMCID: PMC8196107 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23798-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As a key component in stretchable electronics, semiconducting polymers have been widely studied. However, it remains challenging to achieve stretchable semiconducting polymers with high mobility and mechanical reversibility against repeated mechanical stress. Here, we report a simple and universal strategy to realize intrinsically stretchable semiconducting polymers with controlled multi-scale ordering to address this challenge. Specifically, incorporating two types of randomly distributed co-monomer units reduces overall crystallinity and longer-range orders while maintaining short-range ordered aggregates. The resulting polymers maintain high mobility while having much improved stretchability and mechanical reversibility compared with the regular polymer structure with only one type of co-monomer units. Interestingly, the crystalline microstructures are mostly retained even under strain, which may contribute to the improved robustness of our stretchable semiconductors. The proposed molecular design concept is observed to improve the mechanical properties of various p- and n-type conjugated polymers, thus showing the general applicability of our approach. Finally, fully stretchable transistors fabricated with our newly designed stretchable semiconductors exhibit the highest and most stable mobility retention capability under repeated strains of 1,000 cycles. Our general molecular engineering strategy offers a rapid way to develop high mobility stretchable semiconducting polymers. Designing intrinsically stretchable semiconducting polymers with suitable charge transport and mechanical properties required for stretchable electronic devices remains a challenge. Here, the authors report terpolymer-based semiconductors with intrinsically high stretchability and mobility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaewan Mun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuto Ochiai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Weichen Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yu Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Qing Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hung-Chin Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Naoji Matsuhisa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Keio University, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomoya Higashihara
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Jeffrey B-H Tok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Youngjun Yun
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics, Suwon, South Korea.
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Suleymanova AF, Yakovleva YA, Eltsov OS, Lantushenko AO, Evstigneev MP, Donnio B, Heinrich B, Kozhevnikov VN. Comparative analysis of self-aggregation of liquid crystalline Pt(II) complexes in solution and in neat films. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
13
|
Gu K, Wang Y, Li R, Tsai E, Onorato JW, Luscombe CK, Priestley RD, Loo YL. Role of Postdeposition Thermal Annealing on Intracrystallite and Intercrystallite Structuring and Charge Transport in Poly(3-hexylthiophene). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:999-1007. [PMID: 33372509 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The performance of electronic devices comprising conjugated polymers as the active layer depends not only on the intrinsic characteristics of the materials but also on the details of the extrinsic processing conditions. In this study, we examine the effect of postdeposition thermal treatments on the microstructure of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) thin films and its impact on their electrical properties. Unsurprisingly, we find thermal annealing of P3HT thin films to generally increase their crystallinity and crystallite coherence length while retaining the same crystal structure. Despite such favorable structural improvements of the polymer active layers, however, thermal annealing at high temperatures can lead to a net reduction in the mobility of transistors, implicating structural changes in the intercrystallite amorphous regions of these semicrystalline active layers take place on annealing, and the simplistic picture that crystallinity governs charge transport is not always valid. Our results instead suggest tie-chain pullout, which occurs during crystal growth and perfection upon thermal annealing to govern charge transport, particularly in low-molecular-weight systems in which the tie-chain fraction is low. By demonstrating the interplay between intracrystallite and intercrystallite structuring in determining the macroscopic charge transport, we shed light on how structural evolution and charge-transport properties of nominally the same polymer can vary depending on the details of processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaichen Gu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Esther Tsai
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Jonathan W Onorato
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2120, United States
| | - Christine K Luscombe
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2120, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
- Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Rodney D Priestley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Yueh-Lin Loo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kellett CW, Berlinguette CP. Defining Direct Orbital Pathways for Intermolecular Electron Transfer Using Sensitized Semiconducting Surfaces. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14696-14705. [PMID: 32997937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High-performance electronic materials and redox catalysts often rely on fast rates of intermolecular electron transfer (IET). Maximizing IET rates requires strong electronic coupling (HDA) between the electron donor and acceptor, yet universal structure-property relationships governing HDA in outer-sphere IET reactions have yet to be developed. For ground-state IET reactions, HDA is reasonably approximated by the extent of overlap between the frontier donor and acceptor orbitals involved in the electron-transfer reaction. Intermolecular interactions that encourage overlap between these orbitals, thereby creating a direct orbital pathway for IET, have a strong impact on HDA and, by extension, the IET rates. In this Forum Article, we present a set of intuitive molecular design strategies employing this direct orbital pathway principle to maximize HDA for IET reactions. We highlight how the careful design of redox-active molecules anchored to solid semiconducting substrates provides a powerful experimental platform for elucidating how electronic structure and specific intermolecular interactions affect IET reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron W Kellett
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Curtis P Berlinguette
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tachiki M, Tagawa R, Hoshino K. Oligo(3-methoxythiophene)s as Water-Soluble Dyes for Highly Lustrous Gold- and Bronze-like Metal-Effect Coatings and Printings. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:24379-24388. [PMID: 33015454 PMCID: PMC7528169 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To overcome various shortcomings associated with commercial metal-effect gloss paints containing metal flakes, we examine possible candidates to be used as novel organic-only metal-effect dyes for both paints and inks. Recently, one of the authors developed a potential candidate (ClO4 --doped oligo(3-methoxythiophene)), but the required solvent was not industrially acceptable and the cured paint displayed low glossiness. Herein, we synthesized and characterized Cl--doped oligo(3-methoxythiophene) dyes that were water-soluble and displayed a highly lustrous gold- and bronze-like hue upon curing. Additionally, we found that films derived from these oligomers form extremely regular and compact edge-on lamella crystallites through self-organization; these films also display a highly glossy metallic appearance due to the extremely high optical constants of the crystallites. These as-prepared films were easily soluble in water, but we also found that the films become insoluble in water upon dehydration, making industrial implementation feasible.
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang Y, Hao W, Huang W, Zhao H, Zhu J, Fang W. Tuning the Ambipolar Character of Copolymers with Substituents: A Density Functional Theory Study. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:3928-3933. [PMID: 32326705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ambipolar copolymers play a vital role in reducing the cost and simplifying the fabrication of ambipolar organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). However, the development of them lags behind that of p-type and n-type copolymers. Herein, we aim to obtain ambipolar copolymers by introducing appropriate substituents into DPP-TVT [diketopyrrolopyrrole-(E)-1,2-di(2-thienyl)ethane]. We study the effects of substituents (-NH2, -OCH3, -F, -CF3, and -CN) on backbone planarity, electronic structures, and charge carrier mobility by density functional simulations. Electronic structure analyses show that the CN-substituted DPP-TVT lies in the trap-free energy window and has the narrowest band gap, suggesting promising ambipolar character. This was further confirmed by the results of its charge carrier mobility along both intra- and interchain directions. Besides the -CN group, the -NH2 group also proved to be effective in turning DPP-TVT into the ambipolar copolymer. Our study provides insights into modulating the performances of OFETs by introducing appropriate substituents into the copolymers to achieve ambipolar character.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yishan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Wei Hao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Wanying Huang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Hu Zhao
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Jia Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Weihai Fang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li JK, Shao MY, Yu M, Zhang W, Yang ZY, Yu G, Xu J, Cui W. Revealing the Influences of Solvent Boiling Point and Alkyl Chains on the Adlayer Crystallinity of Furan-Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Thienylene Copolymer at Molecular Level. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:141-147. [PMID: 31841009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Crystallinity of the polymer poly(3,6-difuran-2-yl-2,5-di(2-octyldodecyl)-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione-altthieylenevinylene) (PDVF) adlayers casted from low-boiling-point (L-bp), medium-bp (M-bp), and high-bp (H-bp) solvents was investigated through scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and analyzed by the assistance of Hansen solubility parameter (HSP) theory and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Crystallinity of the PDVF adlayers increases evidently from the L- to H-bp solvents. Also, the solvent with an alkyl chain such as ethylbenzene (EB) facilitates in improving the crystallinity than the one without an alkyl chain such as chlorobenzene (CB) if the solvent bp is present in the same group. The HSP space discloses that EB is a marginal solvent for PDVF in contrast to CB. Quasi-isolate PDVF in the EB solution revealed by MD simulations facilitates the formation of crystallized domains through surface assembling mechanism. However, in CB, interconnected PDVF molecules through intermolecular overlapping tend to generate amorphous structures through direct deposition of the preformed structures in solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Kuo Li
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19A Yuquanlu , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Ming-Yue Shao
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19A Yuquanlu , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Miao Yu
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19A Yuquanlu , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 2 Zhongguancun North First Street , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Yong Yang
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19A Yuquanlu , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 2 Zhongguancun North First Street , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Jingcheng Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , 516 Jungong Road , Shanghai 200093 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Cui
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19A Yuquanlu , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wadsworth A, Chen H, Thorley KJ, Cendra C, Nikolka M, Bristow H, Moser M, Salleo A, Anthopoulos TD, Sirringhaus H, McCulloch I. Modification of Indacenodithiophene-Based Polymers and Its Impact on Charge Carrier Mobility in Organic Thin-Film Transistors. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 142:652-664. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wadsworth
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Hu Chen
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karl J. Thorley
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Camila Cendra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mark Nikolka
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thompson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Bristow
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Thomas D. Anthopoulos
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thompson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chai Z, Abbasi SA, Busnaina AA. Solution-processed organic field-effect transistors using directed assembled carbon nanotubes and 2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (C8-BTBT). NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:485203. [PMID: 31469108 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab3eed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Achieving low-cost fabrication of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) has long been pursued in the semiconductor industry. Solution-based process allows the fabrication of OFETs cost-effective because of its merit of vacuum-free and room temperature operation. Here, we show a facile and scalable fabrication of solution-processed OFETs using carbon nanotube (CNT) as source/drain electrodes and 2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (C8-BTBT) as semiconducting layer on silicon as well as on flexible and transparent polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. The CNT electrodes and the C8-BTBT film are fabricated using a dip coating-based directed assembly process, and two dip coating parameters, the pulling speed and the solution concentration, are carefully chosen so that the thickness of the C8-BTBT film is close to that of the CNT electrodes. The fabricated OFET devices show typical p-channel behavior. Low-cost, ease of processing, wafer level scalability and good compatibility with various substrates make the fabrication process presented in this paper well suited for next-generation electronics and sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Chai
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing (CHN), Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chung K, Yang DS, Sul WH, Kim BG, Kim J, Jang G, Kwon MS, Barłóg M, Lee TS, Park SY, Al-Hashimi M, Kim J. Molecular Design Approach for Directed Alignment of Conjugated Polymers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongwoon Chung
- 3D Printing Materials Center, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon 51508, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Woo-Hwan Sul
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Polymeric Nanomaterials Laboratory, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Gi Kim
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongho Kim
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials and Textile System Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Geunseok Jang
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials and Textile System Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Maciej Barłóg
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Taek Seung Lee
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials and Textile System Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Young Park
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Polymeric Nanomaterials Laboratory, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammed Al-Hashimi
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Guo L, Qin Y, Gu X, Zhu X, Zhou Q, Sun X. Spin Transport in Organic Molecules. Front Chem 2019; 7:428. [PMID: 31275920 PMCID: PMC6591472 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the considerable advantages of functional molecules as well as supramolecules, such as the low cost, light weight, flexibility, and large area preparation via the solution method, molecular electronics has grown into an active and rapidly developing research field over the past few decades. Beyond those well-known advantages, a very long spin relaxation time of π-conjugated molecules, due to the weak spin-orbit coupling, facilitates a pioneering but fast-growing research field, known as molecular spintronics. Recently, a series of sustained progresses have been achieved with various π-conjugated molecular matrixes where spin transport is undoubtedly an important point for the spin physical process and multifunctional applications. Currently, most studies on spin transport are carried out with a molecule-based spin valve, which shows a typical geometry with a thin-film molecular layer sandwiched between two ferromagnetic electrodes. In such a device, the spin transport process has been demonstrated to have a close correlation with spin relaxation time and charge carrier mobility of π-conjugated molecules. In this review, the recent advances of spin transport in these two aspects have been systematically summarized. Particularly, spin transport in π-conjugated molecular materials, considered as promising for spintronics development, have also been highlighted, including molecular single crystal, cocrystal, solid solution as well as other highly ordered supramolecular structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, CAS (Chinese Academy of Sciences) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, CAS (Chinese Academy of Sciences) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianrong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, CAS (Chinese Academy of Sciences) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, CAS (Chinese Academy of Sciences) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangnan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, CAS (Chinese Academy of Sciences) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Son SY, Lee GY, Kim S, Park WT, Park SA, Noh YY, Park T. Control of Crystallite Orientation in Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Semiconducting Polymers via Tuning of Intermolecular Interactions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:10751-10757. [PMID: 30777426 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b20297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerous previous studies have focused on the notion that semiconducting polymers with an edge-on dominant orientation are advantageous for horizontal charge transport, whereas polymers with a face-on dominant orientation are advantageous for vertical charge transport, since the crystallite orientation determines the π-π stacking direction, which in turn affects the interchain charge transport direction. Here, we report that the crystallite orientation is dependent on the intermolecular interactions in the semiconducting polymer. In this study, we control the intermolecular interactions in a donor-acceptor (D-A) semiconducting polymer via side chain engineering. To perform side chain engineering, we use two different polymers: one with side chains on only A units (PDPP-B) and the other with side chains on both D and A units (PDPP-C8). We observe that PDPP-C8 is characterized by weaker intermolecular interactions due to the additional side chains on D units. A morphological analysis reveals that PDPP-B and PDPP-C8 films have microstructures that are characterized by edge-on and face-on dominant orientations, respectively. Therefore, we demonstrate that our strategies effectively control intermolecular interactions and, consequently, the crystallite orientation. Finally, we compare the vertical and horizontal mobilities of both polymer films. These results show that the crystallite orientation has significant influence on charge transport behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Yun Son
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang , Gyeongbuk 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Gang-Young Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang , Gyeongbuk 37673 , Republic of Korea
- Korea Conformity Laboratories , Seoul 08503 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang , Gyeongbuk 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Tae Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang , Gyeongbuk 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ah Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang , Gyeongbuk 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Young Noh
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang , Gyeongbuk 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Taiho Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang , Gyeongbuk 37673 , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu CF, Liu X, Lai WY, Huang W. Organic Light-Emitting Field-Effect Transistors: Device Geometries and Fabrication Techniques. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1802466. [PMID: 30101548 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic light-emitting transistors (OLETs), as novel and attractive kinds of organic electronic devices, have gained extensive attention from both academia and industry. The unique device architectures can simultaneously combine the electrical switching functionality of organic field-effect transistors and the light generation capability of organic light-emitting diodes in a single device, thereby holding great promise for reducing the complicated processes of next-generation pixel circuitry. This review involves the design, fabrication, and applications of OLETs with a comprehensive coverage of this field with the aim to give a deep insight into the intrinsic mechanisms of devices. Challenges and future prospects of OLETs are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wen-Yong Lai
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127, West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127, West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ye S, Janasz L, Zajaczkowski W, Manion JG, Mondal A, Marszalek T, Andrienko D, Müllen K, Pisula W, Seferos DS. Self-Organization and Charge Transport Properties of Selenium and Tellurium Analogues of Polythiophene. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800596. [PMID: 30417480 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A series of conjugated polymers comprising polythiophene, polyselenophene, and polytellurophene with branched 3,7-dimethyloctyl side chains, well-matched molecular weight, dispersity, and regioregularity is synthesized. The ionization potential is found to vary from 5.14 to 5.32 eV, with polytellurophene having the lowest potential. Field-effect transistors based on these materials exhibit distinct hole transport mobility that varies by nearly three orders of magnitude, with polytellurophene having the highest mobility (2.5 × 10-2 cm² V-1 s-1 ). The large difference in mobility demonstrates the significant impact of heteroatom substitution. Although the series of polymers are very similar in structure, their solid-state properties are different. While the thin film microstructure of polythiophene and polyselenophene is identical, polytellurophene reveals globular features in the film topography. Polytellurophenes also appear to be the least crystalline, even though their charge transport properties are superior to other samples. The torsional barrier and degree of planarity between repeat units increase as one moves down group-16 elements. These studies show how a single atom in a polymer chain can have a substantial influence on the bulk properties of a material, and that heavy group-16 atoms have a positive influence on charge transport properties when all other variables are kept unchanged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Ye
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratory, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Lukasz Janasz
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116,, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Joseph G Manion
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratory, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Anirban Mondal
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10,, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tomasz Marszalek
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116,, 90-924, Lodz, Poland.,Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10,, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Denis Andrienko
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10,, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10,, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116,, 90-924, Lodz, Poland.,Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10,, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dwight S Seferos
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratory, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yang Y, Liu Z, Chen J, Cai Z, Wang Z, Chen W, Zhang G, Zhang X, Chi L, Zhang D. A Facile Approach to Improve Interchain Packing Order and Charge Mobilities by Self-Assembly of Conjugated Polymers on Water. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1801497. [PMID: 30479941 PMCID: PMC6247062 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Development of facile and economic approaches for assembling organic semiconductors into more ordered structures toward high charge mobilities is highly demanding for the fabrication of organic circuits. Here a simple and facile approach is reported to prepare conjugated polymer thin films with improved crystallinities and charge mobilities by self-assembling semiconducting polymers on water. The formation of polymer thin films with more ordered structures is attributed to coffee ring effect induced by solvent-evaporation on water, and the hydrophobic nature of conjugated polymers that forces the polymer chains to pack densely and orderly on water surface. This approach is applicable to typical semiconducting polymers, and charge mobilities of their thin films are boosted remarkably. Finally, this new method can be utilized to easily fabricate the array of field-effect transistors with high charge mobilities in an economic way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsCAS Center of Excellence in Molecular ScienceInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Zitong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsCAS Center of Excellence in Molecular ScienceInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Jianmei Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials and DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Zhengxu Cai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green ApplicationsSchool of Material Science & EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsCAS Center of Excellence in Molecular ScienceInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute for Molecular Engineering and Materials Science DivisionArgonne National Laboratory9700 Cass AvenueLemontIL60439USA
- Institute for Molecular EngineeringThe University of Chicago5640 South Ellis AvenueChicagoIL60637USA
| | - Guanxin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsCAS Center of Excellence in Molecular ScienceInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Xisha Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsCAS Center of Excellence in Molecular ScienceInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials and DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsCAS Center of Excellence in Molecular ScienceInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
McFarland FM, Liu X, Zhang S, Tang K, Kreis NK, Gu X, Guo S. Electric field induced assembly of macroscopic fibers of poly(3-hexylthiophene). POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
27
|
Domínguez SE, Cangiotti M, Fattori A, Ääritalo T, Damlin P, Ottaviani MF, Kvarnström C. Effect of Spacer Length and Solvent on the Concentration-Driven Aggregation of Cationic Hydrogen-Bonding Donor Polythiophenes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:7364-7378. [PMID: 29783844 PMCID: PMC6150719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation of cationic isothiouronium polythiophenes with alkoxy-spacers of different lengths at the 3-position of the thiophene ring was studied in solvents of different polarities. Hydrogen-bonding capacity was assessed by steady-state absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, whereas the aggregation in aqueous solutions was studied by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, using paramagnetic probes of different polarities. The two polymers displayed similar features in respect to conformation, effect of cosolvents on aggregation, unstructured absorption-fluorescence spectra, Stokes shifts when aggregated, solvatochromic effect, and self-quenching concentration. However, these polymers also showed different specific interactions with water, Stokes shifts in water, effect of the solvent on the extent of dominant state of the S1 level, and also different inner cavities and hydrophobic-hydrophilic surface area in aqueous solution aggregates. Water maximized the difference between the polymers concerning the effect of specific increases in concentration, whereas the presence of 1,4-dioxane generated almost identical effects on both polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Domínguez
- Turku
University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), Laboratory
of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Analysis, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - M. Cangiotti
- Department
of Earth, Life and Environment Sciences (DiSTeVA), University of Urbino, Via Ca’ Le Suore 2/4, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - A. Fattori
- Department
of Earth, Life and Environment Sciences (DiSTeVA), University of Urbino, Via Ca’ Le Suore 2/4, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - T. Ääritalo
- Turku
University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), Laboratory
of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Analysis, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - P. Damlin
- Turku
University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), Laboratory
of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Analysis, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - M. F. Ottaviani
- Department
of Earth, Life and Environment Sciences (DiSTeVA), University of Urbino, Via Ca’ Le Suore 2/4, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - C. Kvarnström
- Turku
University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), Laboratory
of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Analysis, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chai Z, Abbasi SA, Busnaina AA. Scalable Directed Assembly of Highly Crystalline 2,7-Dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2- b][1]benzothiophene (C8-BTBT) Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:18123-18130. [PMID: 29738663 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Assembly of organic semiconductors with ordered crystal structure has been actively pursued for electronics applications such as organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Among various film deposition methods, solution-based film growth from small molecule semiconductors is preferable because of its low material and energy consumption, low cost, and scalability. Here, we show scalable and controllable directed assembly of highly crystalline 2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2- b][1]benzothiophene (C8-BTBT) films via a dip-coating process. Self-aligned stripe patterns with tunable thickness and morphology over a centimeter scale are obtained by adjusting two governing parameters: the pulling speed of a substrate and the solution concentration. OFETs are fabricated using the C8-BTBT films assembled at various conditions. A field-effect hole mobility up to 3.99 cm2 V-1 s-1 is obtained. Owing to the highly scalable crystalline film formation, the dip-coating directed assembly process could be a great candidate for manufacturing next-generation electronics. Meanwhile, the film formation mechanism discussed in this paper could provide a general guideline to prepare other organic semiconducting films from small molecule solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Chai
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing (CHN) , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Salman A Abbasi
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing (CHN) , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Ahmed A Busnaina
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing (CHN) , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Conjugation break spacers and flexible linkers as tools to engineer the properties of semiconducting polymers. Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-018-0069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
30
|
Li M, An C, Pisula W, Müllen K. Cyclopentadithiophene-Benzothiadiazole Donor-Acceptor Polymers as Prototypical Semiconductors for High-Performance Field-Effect Transistors. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:1196-1205. [PMID: 29664608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated polymers are of great interest as organic semiconductors, because they offer a rational tailoring of the electronic properties by modification of the donor and acceptor units. Nowadays, D-A polymers exhibit field-effect mobilities on the order of 10-2-100 cm2 V-1 s-1, while several examples showed a mobility over 10 cm2 V-1 s-1. The development of cyclopentadithiophene-benzothiadiazole (CDT-BTZ) copolymers one decade ago represents an important step toward high-performance organic semiconductors for field-effect transistors. The significant rise in field-effect mobility of CDT-BTZ in comparison to the existing D-A polymers at that time opened the door to a new research field with a large number of novel D-A systems. From this point, the device performance of CDT-BTZ was gradually improved by a systematic optimization of the synthesis and polymer structure as well as by an efficient solution processing into long-range ordered thin films. The key aspect was a comprehensive understanding of the relation between polymer structure and solid-state organization. Due to their fundamental role for the field of D-A polymers in general, this Account will for the first time explicitly focus on prototypical CDT-BTZ polymers, while other reviews provide an excellent general overview on D-A polymers. The first part of this Account discusses strategies for improving the charge carrier transport, focusing on chemical aspects. Improved synthesis as an essential stage toward high purity, and high molecular weight is a prerequisite for molecular order. The modification of substituents is a further crucial feature to tune the CDT-BTZ packing and self-assembly. Linear alkyl side chains facilitate intermolecular π-stacking interactions, while branched ones increase solubility and alter the polymer packing. Additional control over the supramolecular organization of CDT-BTZ polymers is introduced by alkenyl substituents via their cis-trans isomerization. The last discussed chemical concept is based on heteroatom variation within the CDT unit. The relationships found experimentally for CDT-BTZ between polymer chemical structure, solid-state organization, and charge carrier transport are explained by means of theoretical simulations. Besides the effects of molecular design, the second part of this Account discusses the processing conditions from solution. The film microstructure, defined as a mesoscopic domain organization, is critically affected by solution processing. Suitable processing techniques allow the formation of a long-range order and a uniaxial orientation of the CDT-BTZ chains, thus lowering the trapping density of grain boundaries for charge carriers. For instance, alignment of the CDT-BTZ polymer by dip-coating yields films with a pronounced structural and electrical anisotropy and favors a fast migration of charge carriers along the conjugated backbones in the deposition direction. By using film compression with the assistance of an ionic liquid, one even obtains CDT-BTZ films with a band-like transport and a transistor hole mobility of 10 cm2 V-1 s-1. This device performance is attributed to large domains in the compressed films being formed by CDT-BTZ with longer alkyl chains, which establish a fine balance between polymer interactions and growth kinetics during solvent evaporation. On the basis of the prototypical semiconductor CDT-BTZ, this Account provides general guidelines for achieving high-performance polymer transistors by taking into account the subtle balance of synthetic protocol, molecular design, and processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Cunbin An
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Yang J, Park H, Kaufman LJ. In Situ Optical Imaging of the Growth of Conjugated Polymer Aggregates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaesung Yang
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Heungman Park
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy Texas A&M University—Commerce Commerce TX 75429 USA
| | - Laura J. Kaufman
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tenopala-Carmona F, Fronk S, Bazan GC, Samuel IDW, Penedo JC. Real-time observation of conformational switching in single conjugated polymer chains. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaao5786. [PMID: 29487904 PMCID: PMC5817931 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao5786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs) are an important class of organic semiconductors that combine novel optoelectronic properties with simple processing from organic solvents. It is important to study CP conformation in solution to understand the physics of these materials and because it affects the properties of solution-processed films. Single-molecule techniques are unique in their ability to extract information on a chain-to-chain basis; however, in the context of CPs, technical challenges have limited their general application to host matrices or semiliquid environments that constrain the conformational dynamics of the polymer. We introduce a conceptually different methodology that enables measurements in organic solvents using the single-end anchoring of polymer chains to avoid diffusion while preserving polymer flexibility. We explore the effect of organic solvents and show that, in addition to chain-to-chain conformational heterogeneity, collapsed and extended polymer segments can coexist within the same chain. The technique enables real-time solvent-exchange measurements, which show that anchored CP chains respond to sudden changes in solvent conditions on a subsecond time scale. Our results give an unprecedented glimpse into the mechanism of solvent-induced reorganization of CPs and can be expected to lead to a new range of techniques to investigate and conformationally manipulate CPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Tenopala-Carmona
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Stephanie Fronk
- Department of Materials and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- Department of Materials and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Ifor D. W. Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
| | - J. Carlos Penedo
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yang J, Park H, Kaufman LJ. In Situ Optical Imaging of the Growth of Conjugated Polymer Aggregates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1826-1830. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaesung Yang
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Heungman Park
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy Texas A&M University—Commerce Commerce TX 75429 USA
| | - Laura J. Kaufman
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Jeong H, Chowdhury M, Wang Y, Sezen-Edmonds M, Loo YL, Register RA, Arnold CB, Priestley RD. Tuning Morphology and Melting Temperature in Polyethylene Films by MAPLE. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyuncheol Jeong
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering, §Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, and ∥Andlinger Center
for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Mithun Chowdhury
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering, §Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, and ∥Andlinger Center
for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering, §Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, and ∥Andlinger Center
for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Melda Sezen-Edmonds
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering, §Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, and ∥Andlinger Center
for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Yueh-Lin Loo
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering, §Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, and ∥Andlinger Center
for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Richard A. Register
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering, §Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, and ∥Andlinger Center
for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Craig B. Arnold
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering, §Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, and ∥Andlinger Center
for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Rodney D. Priestley
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering, §Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, and ∥Andlinger Center
for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wang M, Ford MJ, Zhou C, Seifrid M, Nguyen TQ, Bazan GC. Linear Conjugated Polymer Backbones Improve Alignment in Nanogroove-Assisted Organic Field-Effect Transistors. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17624-17631. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, ‡Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, ∇Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, §Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael J. Ford
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, ‡Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, ∇Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, §Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, ‡Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, ∇Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, §Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Martin Seifrid
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, ‡Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, ∇Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, §Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, ‡Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, ∇Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, §Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, ‡Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, ∇Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, §Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chung JW, Park WT, Park JI, Yun Y, Gu X, Lee J, Noh YY. Thiophene-Thiazole-Based Semiconducting Copolymers for High-Performance Polymer Field-Effect Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:38728-38736. [PMID: 29047273 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report a newly synthesized donor (D)-acceptor (A)type semiconducting copolymer, consisting of thiophene as an electron-donating unit and thiazole as an electron-accepting unit (PQTBTz-TT-C8) for the active layer of the organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Specifically, this study investigates the structure and electrical property relationships of PQTBTz-TT-C8 with comprehensive analyses on the charge-transporting properties corresponding to the spin rate of the spin coater during the formation of the PQTBTz-TT-C8 film. The crystallinity of PQTBTz-TT-C8 films is examined with grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. Temperature-dependent transfer measurements of the OFETs are conducted to extract the density of states (DOS) and characterize the charge-transport properties. Comparative analyses on charge transports within the framework of the physical model, based on polaron hopping and Gaussian DOS, reveal that the prefactors of both physical charge-transport models are independent of the spin-coating condition for the films. For staggered structural transistors, however, the thickness of the PQTBTz-TT-C8 films, which strongly affect the series resistance along the charge-transfer path in a vertical direction, is changed in accordance with the spin-coating rate. In other words, the spin-coating rate of the PQTBTz-TT-C8 films influences the thickness of the polymer films, yet any significant changes in the crystallinity of the film or electronic coupling between the neighboring molecules upon the spin-coating condition were barely noticeable. Because the PQTBTz-TT-C8 backbone chains inside the thin film are stacked up with the edge-on, the series resistances are changed according to the thickness of the film and thus the performance of the device varies depending on the thickness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Won Chung
- Organic Material Lab., Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd , 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon 16678, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Tae Park
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University , 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Il Park
- Organic Material Lab., Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd , 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon 16678, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjun Yun
- Organic Material Lab., Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd , 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon 16678, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg 39406, Mississippi, United States
| | - Jiyoul Lee
- Department of Graphic Arts Information Engineering, Pukyong National University , 365 Sinseon-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48547, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Young Noh
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University , 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cai M, Zhao Z, Liu Y, Wang X, Liu Y, Lan Z, Wan X. N-Alkylation vs O-Alkylation: Influence on the Performance of a Polymeric Field-Effect Transistors Based on a Tetracyclic Lactam Building Block. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mian Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhao
- Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanfang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenggang Lan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sun J, Park H, Jung Y, Rajbhandari G, Maskey BB, Sapkota A, Azuma Y, Majima Y, Cho G. Proving Scalability of an Organic Semiconductor To Print a TFT-Active Matrix Using a Roll-to-Roll Gravure. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:5766-5774. [PMID: 31457835 PMCID: PMC6644715 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductor-based thin-film transistors' (TFTs) charge-carrier mobility has been enhanced up to 25 cm2/V s through the improvement of fabrication methods and greater understanding of the microstructure charge-transport mechanism. To expand the practical feasibility of organic semiconductor-based TFTs, their electrical properties should be easily accessed from the fully printed devices through a scalable printing method, such as a roll-to-roll (R2R) gravure. In this study, four commercially available organic semiconductors were separately formulated into gravure inks. They were then employed in the R2R gravure system (silver ink for printing gate and drain-source electrodes and BaTiO3 ink for printing dielectric layers) for printing 20 × 20 TFT-active matrix with the resolution of 10 pixels per inch on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) foils to attain electrical properties of organic semiconductors a practical printing method. Electrical characteristics (mobility, on-off current ratio, threshold voltage, and transconductance) of the R2R gravure-printed 20 × 20 TFT-active matrices fabricated with organic semiconducting ink were analyzed statistically, and the results showed more than 98% device yield and 50 % electrical variations in the R2R gravure TFT-active matrices along the PET web.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Sun
- Department
of Printed Electronics Engineering of Sunchon National University, National University, Sunchon 540-742, Korea
| | - Hyejin Park
- Department
of Printed Electronics Engineering of Sunchon National University, National University, Sunchon 540-742, Korea
| | - Younsu Jung
- Department
of Printed Electronics Engineering of Sunchon National University, National University, Sunchon 540-742, Korea
| | - Grishmi Rajbhandari
- Department
of Printed Electronics Engineering of Sunchon National University, National University, Sunchon 540-742, Korea
| | - Bijendra Bishow Maskey
- Department
of Printed Electronics Engineering of Sunchon National University, National University, Sunchon 540-742, Korea
| | - Ashish Sapkota
- Department
of Printed Electronics Engineering of Sunchon National University, National University, Sunchon 540-742, Korea
| | - Yasuo Azuma
- Materials
and Structure Laboratory, Tokyo Institute
of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yutaka Majima
- Materials
and Structure Laboratory, Tokyo Institute
of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Gyoujin Cho
- Department
of Printed Electronics Engineering of Sunchon National University, National University, Sunchon 540-742, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhang L, Li S, Squillaci MA, Zhong X, Yao Y, Orgiu E, Samorì P. Supramolecular Self-Assembly in a Sub-micrometer Electrodic Cavity: Fabrication of Heat-Reversible π-Gel Memristor. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:14406-14411. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Songlin Li
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Marco A. Squillaci
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Xiaolan Zhong
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Yifan Yao
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Emanuele Orgiu
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Paolo Samorì
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Yang J, Zhao Z, Geng H, Cheng C, Chen J, Sun Y, Shi L, Yi Y, Shuai Z, Guo Y, Wang S, Liu Y. Isoindigo-Based Polymers with Small Effective Masses for High-Mobility Ambipolar Field-Effect Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1702115. [PMID: 28736833 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
So far, most of the reported high-mobility conjugated polymers are p-type semiconductors. By contrast, the advances in high-mobility ambipolar polymers fall greatly behind those of p-type counterparts. Instead of unipolar p-type and n-type materials, ambipolar polymers, especially balanced ambipolar polymers, are potentially serviceable for easy-fabrication and low-cost complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor circuits. Therefore, it is a critical issue to develop high-mobility ambipolar polymers. Here, three isoindigo-based polymers, PIID-2FBT, P1FIID-2FBT, and P2FIID-2FBT are developed for high-performance ambipolar organic field-effect transistors. After the incorporation of fluorine atoms, the polymers exhibit enhanced coplanarity, lower energy levels, higher crystallinity, and thus increased µe . P2FIID-2FBT exhibits n-type dominant performance with a µe of 9.70 cm2 V-1 s-1 . Moreover, P1FIID-2FBT exhibits a highly balanced µh and µe of 6.41 and 6.76 cm2 V-1 s-1 , respectively, which are among the highest values for balanced ambipolar polymers. Moreover, a concept "effective mass" is introduced to further study the reasons for the high performance of the polymers. All the polymers have small effective masses, indicating good intramolecular charge transport. The results demonstrate that high-mobility ambipolar semiconductors can be obtained by designing polymers with fine-tuned energy levels, small effective masses, and high crystallinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hua Geng
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, P. R. China
| | - Changli Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jinyang Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Longxian Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yuanping Yi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Shuai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bohle A, Dudenko D, Koenen N, Sebastiani D, Allard S, Scherf U, Spiess HW, Hansen MR. A Generalized Packing Model for Bulk Crystalline Regioregular Poly(3-alkylthiophenes) with Extended Side Chains. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bohle
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Dmytro Dudenko
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Nils Koenen
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gauss-Straße 20 42097 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Daniel Sebastiani
- Department of Chemistry; Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 06120 Halle/Saale Germany
| | - Sybille Allard
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gauss-Straße 20 42097 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gauss-Straße 20 42097 Wuppertal Germany
| | | | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstr. 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Janasz L, Luczak A, Marszalek T, Dupont BGR, Jung J, Ulanski J, Pisula W. Balanced Ambipolar Organic Field-Effect Transistors by Polymer Preaggregation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:20696-20703. [PMID: 28560870 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Ambipolar organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) based on heterojunction active films still suffer from an imbalance in the transport of electrons and holes. This problem is related to an uncontrolled phase separation between the donor and acceptor organic semiconductors in the thin films. In this work, we have developed a concept to improve the phase separation in heterojunction transistors to enhance their ambipolar performance. This concept is based on preaggregation of the donor polymer, in this case poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), before solution mixing with the small-molecular-weight acceptor, phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). The resulting heterojunction transistor morphology consists of self-assembled P3HT fibers embedded in a PCBM matrix, ensuring balanced mobilities reaching 0.01 cm2/V s for both holes and electrons. These are the highest mobility values reported so far for ambipolar OFETs based on P3HT/PCBM blends. Preaggregation of the conjugated polymer before fabricating binary blends can be regarded as a general concept for a wider range of semiconducting systems applicable in organic electronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Janasz
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Adam Luczak
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Marszalek
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- InnovationLab , Speyererstr. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bertrand G R Dupont
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Jung
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek Ulanski
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hasegawa T, Ashizawa M, Aoyagi K, Masunaga H, Hikima T, Matsumoto H. Thiadiazole-fused Quinoxalineimide as an Electron-deficient Building Block for N-type Organic Semiconductors. Org Lett 2017; 19:3275-3278. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Hasegawa
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1
Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Minoru Ashizawa
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1
Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Koutarou Aoyagi
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1
Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Masunaga
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI)/SPring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Sayo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Takaaki Hikima
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1
Kouto, Sayo, Sayo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1
Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Janasz L, Gradzka M, Chlebosz D, Zajaczkowski W, Marszalek T, Kiersnowski A, Ulanski J, Pisula W. Microstructure-Dependent Charge Carrier Transport of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Ultrathin Films with Different Thicknesses. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:4189-4197. [PMID: 28383267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the interfacial order of conjugated polymers plays an essential role for the performance of field-effect transistors, comprehensive understanding on the charge carrier transport in ultrathin semiconducting films below thicknesses of 10 nm is required for the development of transparent and flexible organic electronics. In this study, ultrathin films based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) as conjugated polymer model system with a thickness range from single monolayer up to several multilayers are investigated in terms of microstructure evolution and electrical properties of different molecular weights. Interestingly, a characteristic leap in field-effect mobility is observed for films with thickness greater than four layers. This threshold mobility regarding film thickness is attributed to the transition from 2D to 3D charge carrier transport along with an increased size of the P3HT aggregates in the upper layers of the film. These results disclose key aspects on the role of the film interlayer on the charge carrier transport through conjugated polymers in transistors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Janasz
- Lodz University of Technology , Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Physics, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marzena Gradzka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Chlebosz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Marszalek
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyererstrasse 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adam Kiersnowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Ulanski
- Lodz University of Technology , Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Physics, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Lodz University of Technology , Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Physics, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
El Nahhas A, Shameem MA, Chabera P, Uhlig J, Orthaber A. Synthesis and Characterization of Cyclopentadithiophene Heterofulvenes: Design Tools for Light-Activated Processes. Chemistry 2017; 23:5673-5677. [PMID: 28248442 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The development of new materials for solar-to-energy conversion should consider stability, ease of fabrication, and beneficial photophysical properties. In this context, a set of novel π-conjugated building blocks, with phospha- and arsaalkenes possessing a unique dithienyl annulated heterofulvenoid core, have been prepared as air- and moisture-stable sensitizers. These compounds unify electron-donor and -acceptor moieties, making them potential candidates for light-harvesting applications. Optical characterization of these systems was performed by steady-state and time-resolved absorption spectroscopy, supported by time-dependent DFT calculations. Tuning of the optical properties of these systems can be achieved by varying the pnictogen element at the bridgehead position, giving a bathochromic shift of ≈40 nm and coordinating the phosphaalkene towards gold AuI centers. The latter results in a ≈2000-fold extension of the ≈10 ps lifetime of uncoordinated systems well into the ns regime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pavel Chabera
- Chemical Physics Department, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Jens Uhlig
- Chemical Physics Department, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Andreas Orthaber
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström laboratories, Uppsala University, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Gao Y, Deng Y, Tian H, Zhang J, Yan D, Geng Y, Wang F. Multifluorination toward High-Mobility Ambipolar and Unipolar n-Type Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Polymers Based on Isoindigo. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1606217. [PMID: 28165172 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201606217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Using a "multifluorination" strategy, ambipolar donor-acceptor conjugated polymer with hole and electron mobility (μh and μe ) up to 3.94 and 3.50 cm2 V-1 s-1 , respectively, and unipolar n-type donor-acceptor conjugated polymers with μe up to 4.97 cm2 V-1 s-1 is synthesized with isoindigo as acceptor units.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Material Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Hongkun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Jidong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Donghang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Fosong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Efrem A, Wang K, Jia T, Wang M. Direct arylation polymerization toward a narrow bandgap donor-acceptor conjugated polymer of alternating 5,6-difluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole and alkyl-quarternarythiophene: From synthesis, optoelectronic properties to devices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amsalu Efrem
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 62 Nanyang Drive 637459 Singapore
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 62 Nanyang Drive 637459 Singapore
| | - Tao Jia
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 62 Nanyang Drive 637459 Singapore
| | - Mingfeng Wang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 62 Nanyang Drive 637459 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Bonacchi S, Gobbi M, Ferlauto L, Stoeckel MA, Liscio F, Milita S, Orgiu E, Samorì P. High, Anisotropic, and Substrate-Independent Mobility in Polymer Field-Effect Transistors Based on Preassembled Semiconducting Nanofibrils. ACS NANO 2017; 11:2000-2007. [PMID: 28117966 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b08184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Achieving nanoscale control over the crystalline structure and morphology of electroactive polymer films and the possibility to transfer them onto any solid substrate are important tasks for the fabrication of high-performance organic/polymeric field-effect transistors (FETs). In this work, we demonstrate that ultrathin active layers preassembled at the water/air interface can possess high, anisotropic, and substrate-independent mobility in polymer FETs. By exploiting a modified approach to the Langmuir-Schaeffer technique, we self-assemble conjugated polymers in fibrillar structures possessing controlled thickness, nanoscale structure, and morphology; these highly ordered nanofibrils can be transferred unaltered onto any arbitrary substrate. We show that FETs based on these films possess high and anisotropic hole mobility approaching 1 cm2 V-1 s-1 along the nanofibrils, being over 1 order of magnitude beyond the state-of-the-art for Langmuir-Schaefer polymer FETs. Significantly, we demonstrate that the FET performances are independent of the chemical nature and dielectric permittivity of the substrate, overcoming a critical limit in the field of polymer FETs. Our method allows the fabrication of ultrathin films for low-cost, high-performance, transparent, and flexible devices supported on any dielectric substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bonacchi
- University of Strasbourg , CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Marco Gobbi
- University of Strasbourg , CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laura Ferlauto
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (IMM)-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) , Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marc-Antoine Stoeckel
- University of Strasbourg , CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabiola Liscio
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (IMM)-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) , Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Milita
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (IMM)-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) , Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuele Orgiu
- University of Strasbourg , CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Paolo Samorì
- University of Strasbourg , CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Gas Sensors Based on Polymer Field-Effect Transistors. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17010213. [PMID: 28117760 PMCID: PMC5298784 DOI: 10.3390/s17010213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on polymer field-effect transistor (PFET) based gas sensor with polymer as the sensing layer, which interacts with gas analyte and thus induces the change of source-drain current (ΔISD). Dependent on the sensing layer which can be semiconducting polymer, dielectric layer or conducting polymer gate, the PFET sensors can be subdivided into three types. For each type of sensor, we present the molecular structure of sensing polymer, the gas analyte and the sensing performance. Most importantly, we summarize various analyte–polymer interactions, which help to understand the sensing mechanism in the PFET sensors and can provide possible approaches for the sensor fabrication in the future.
Collapse
|