1
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Grover K, Koblova A, Pezacki AT, Chang CJ, New EJ. Small-Molecule Fluorescent Probes for Binding- and Activity-Based Sensing of Redox-Active Biological Metals. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5846-5929. [PMID: 38657175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Although transition metals constitute less than 0.1% of the total mass within a human body, they have a substantial impact on fundamental biological processes across all kingdoms of life. Indeed, these nutrients play crucial roles in the physiological functions of enzymes, with the redox properties of many of these metals being essential to their activity. At the same time, imbalances in transition metal pools can be detrimental to health. Modern analytical techniques are helping to illuminate the workings of metal homeostasis at a molecular and atomic level, their spatial localization in real time, and the implications of metal dysregulation in disease pathogenesis. Fluorescence microscopy has proven to be one of the most promising non-invasive methods for studying metal pools in biological samples. The accuracy and sensitivity of bioimaging experiments are predominantly determined by the fluorescent metal-responsive sensor, highlighting the importance of rational probe design for such measurements. This review covers activity- and binding-based fluorescent metal sensors that have been applied to cellular studies. We focus on the essential redox-active metals: iron, copper, manganese, cobalt, chromium, and nickel. We aim to encourage further targeted efforts in developing innovative approaches to understanding the biological chemistry of redox-active metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karandeep Grover
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Alla Koblova
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Aidan T Pezacki
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Elizabeth J New
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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2
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Liu Y, Kang T, He Q, Hu Y, Zuo Z, Cao Z, Ke B, Zhang W, Qi Q. A selective and sensitive near-infrared fluorescent probe for real-time detection of Cu(i). RSC Adv 2021; 11:14824-14828. [PMID: 35423960 PMCID: PMC8697812 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00725d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The disruption of copper homeostasis (Cu+/Cu2+) may cause neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, the need for understanding the role of Cu+ in physiological and pathological processes prompted the development of improved methods of Cu+ analysis. Herein, a new near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent turn-on probe (NPCu) for the detection of Cu+ was developed based on a Cu+-mediated benzylic ether bond cleavage mechanism. The probe showed high selectivity and sensitivity toward Cu+, and was successfully applied for bioimaging of Cu+ in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug, SichuanResearch Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Ting Kang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University China
| | - Qian He
- Department of Emergency, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu 610000 Sichuan China
| | - Yuefu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug, SichuanResearch Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Zeping Zuo
- Department of Anaesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University China
| | - Zhihua Cao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University China
| | - Bowen Ke
- Department of Anaesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University China
| | - Weiyi Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University China
| | - Qingrong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug, SichuanResearch Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
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3
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Yi XQ, He YF, Cao YS, Shen WX, Lv YY. Porphyrinic Probe for Fluorescence "Turn-On" Monitoring of Cu + in Aqueous Buffer and Mitochondria. ACS Sens 2019; 4:856-864. [PMID: 30868875 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A zinc(II) porphyrin derivative (ZPSN) was designed and synthesized, and this probe exhibited rapid, selective and reversible binding to Cu+ for fluorescence monitoring in pure aqueous buffer. The detection mechanism is based on Cu+-activated disruption of axial coordination between the pyridyl ligand and the zinc center, which changes the molecular geometry and inhibits intramolecular electron transfer (ET), leading to fluorescence enhancement of the probe. The proposed sensing mechanism was supported by UV-vis spectroscopy/fluorescence spectral titration, NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and time-resolved fluorescence decay studies. The dissociation constant was calculated to be 6.53 × 10-11 M. CLSM analysis strongly suggested that ZPSN could penetrate live cells and successfully visualize Cu+ in mitochondria. This strategy may establish a design and offer a potential building block for construction of other metal sensors based on a similar mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qin Yi
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, People’s Republic of China
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Fan He
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Sheng Cao
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wang-Xing Shen
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Lv
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Soltani M, Minakar R, Memarian HR, Sabzyan H. Cyclic Voltammetric Study of 3,5-Diaryl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolines. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2820-2830. [PMID: 30835472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic voltammetry is used to derive HOMO energies of the 1-phenyl-2-pyrazolines containing electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituted phenyl rings and or naphthalenyl substitution on the C3- or C5-positions of the heterocyclic ring to investigate the steric and electronic effects of the aryl substitutions and the type of aryl system on their electrochemical behaviors. The optical HOMO-LUMO gaps needed for the calculation of LUMO (excited state) energies of these compounds are obtained from their UV-vis spectra. Results show that the substitution on the C3-aryl ring has significant effect via its π-donor/acceptor ability, compared to the σ-donor/acceptor ability of the C5-aryl ring, on the CV oxidation peak and onset potentials. Comparative analysis showed very good agreement between the experimentally obtained HOMO and (apparent) LUMO energies and the (TD)DFT/6-311++G(d,p) calculated ground and excited states energies. These computational results indicate also that for all chloro- and methoxy-substituted 2-pyrazolines, the HOMO → LUMO is the most intense transition. While the strong acceptor NO2 substitution on all positions of either C3- or C5-aryl rings, except for one compound, increases the intensity of the HOMO → LUMO+1 (LUMO+2) transition significantly, the first (the first two) transition(s) HOMO → LUMO (and HOMO → LUMO+1) has (have) much smaller or negligible intensity (intensities).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Soltani
- Department of Chemistry , University of Isfahan , 81746-73441 Isfahan , I. R. Iran
| | - Reza Minakar
- Department of Chemistry , University of Isfahan , 81746-73441 Isfahan , I. R. Iran
| | - Hamid R Memarian
- Department of Chemistry , University of Isfahan , 81746-73441 Isfahan , I. R. Iran
| | - Hassan Sabzyan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Isfahan , 81746-73441 Isfahan , I. R. Iran
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5
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Grabka D, Kolbus A, Danel A, Kucharek M, Szary K. Stationary and time-resolved spectra analysis of pyrazoloquinoline derivatives with pyridyl moiety. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 193:492-498. [PMID: 29291578 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two derivatives of pyrazoloquinoline with pyridyl moiety: 6-N,N-dimethyl-3-phenyl-1-(2-pyridyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoline (DMA-1PPhPQ) and 6-N,N-dimethyl-1,3-(di-2-pyridyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoline (DMA-1,3PPQ) were synthesized with commercial substrates. The theoretical characterization of both compounds was done. Geometry optimizations give not flat structure with the first absorption band at the wavelength about 390nm for both compounds. Several electro-optical parameters were also calculated. The optical properties of DMA-1PPHPQ and DMA-1,3PPQ were investigated by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and stationary as well as time-resolved fluorescence. The fluorescence maximum and fluorescence quantum yield are strongly dependent on solvent polarity function. Results indicate CT fluorescence for both compounds. Because of high emission the investigated pyrazoloquinoline derivatives can be potential candidates for fabrications of electroluminescent devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Grabka
- Institute of Chemistry, The Jan Kochanowski University, Swietokrzyska 15G, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Anna Kolbus
- Institute of Chemistry, The Jan Kochanowski University, Swietokrzyska 15G, 25-406 Kielce, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Danel
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Balicka St. 122, 31-149 Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kucharek
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Balicka St. 122, 31-149 Kraków, Poland
| | - Karol Szary
- Institute of Physics, The Jan Kochanowski University, Swietokrzyska 15G, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
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6
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Gadekar SP, Pawar GT, Magar RR, Lande MK. Preparation, Characterizations of TS-1 Zeolite: An Effective Solid Acid Catalyst for the Synthesis of 1, 3, 5-Triaryl-2-Pyrazolins. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2017.1363060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin P. Gadekar
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ganesh T. Pawar
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rameshwar R. Magar
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Machhindra K. Lande
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
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7
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Ackerman CM, Lee S, Chang CJ. Analytical Methods for Imaging Metals in Biology: From Transition Metal Metabolism to Transition Metal Signaling. Anal Chem 2017; 89:22-41. [PMID: 27976855 PMCID: PMC5827935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheri M. Ackerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sumin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher J. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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8
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Kar C, Shindo Y, Oka K, Nishiyama S, Suzuki K, Citterio D. Spirolactam capped cyanine dyes for designing NIR probes to target multiple metal ions. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03246c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reports cyanine based spirocyclic metal ion probes, showing a fluorescence turn-on response to various metal ions in the near-infrared spectral region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirantan Kar
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Yutaka Shindo
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Kotaro Oka
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Shigeru Nishiyama
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Daniel Citterio
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
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9
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Varghese B, Al-Busafi SN, Suliman FO, Al-Kindy SMZ. Unveiling a versatile heterocycle: pyrazoline – a review. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08939b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The design and synthesis of novel fluorescent heterocyclic dyes is a “hotspot” research area, due to their favourable photophysical and electronic properties, which could allow huge advances in the fields of physics, chemistry and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beena Varghese
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Sultan Qaboos University
- Sultanate of Oman
| | - Saleh N. Al-Busafi
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Sultan Qaboos University
- Sultanate of Oman
| | | | - Salma M. Z. Al-Kindy
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Sultan Qaboos University
- Sultanate of Oman
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10
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Jung KH, Oh ET, Park HJ, Lee KH. Development of new peptide-based receptor of fluorescent probe with femtomolar affinity for Cu(+) and detection of Cu(+) in Golgi apparatus. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 85:437-444. [PMID: 27208475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Developing fluorescent probes for monitoring intracellular Cu(+) is important for human health and disease, whereas a few types of their receptors showing a limited range of binding affinities for Cu(+) have been reported. In the present study, we first report a novel peptide receptor of a fluorescent probe for the detection of Cu(+). Dansyl-labeled tripeptide probe (Dns-LLC) formed a 1:1 complex with Cu(+) and showed a turn-on fluorescent response to Cu(+) in aqueous buffered solutions. The dissociation constant of Dns-LLC for Cu(+) was determined to be 12 fM, showing that Dns-LLC had more potent binding affinity for Cu(+) than those of previously reported chemical probes for Cu(+). The binding mode study showed that the thiol group of the peptide receptor plays a critical role in potent binding with Cu(+) and the sulfonamide and amide groups of the probe might cooperate to form a complex with Cu(+). Dns-LLC detected Cu(+) selectively by a turn-on response among various biologically relevant metal ions, including Cu(2+) and Zn(2+). The selectivity of the peptide-based probe for Cu(+) was strongly dependent on the position of the cysteine residue in the peptide receptor part. The fluorescent peptide-based probe penetrated the living RKO cells and successfully detected Cu(+) in the Golgi apparatus in live cells by a turn-on response. Given the growing interest in imaging Cu(+) in live cells, a novel peptide receptor of Cu(+) will offer the potential for developing a variety of fluorescent probes for Cu(+) in the field of copper biochemistry.
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11
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Synthetic fluorescent probes to map metallostasis and intracellular fate of zinc and copper. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Mori T, Saomoto H, Machitani K, Inoue K, Aoki Y, Koshitani T, Koumura N, Murakami TN. Influence of the non-conjugated 5-position substituent of 1,3,5-triaryl-2-pyrazoline-based photosensitizers on the photophysical properties and performance of a dye-sensitized solar cell. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra00738d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the effect of the non-conjugated 5-position substituent of pyrazoline-based photosensitizers on the photophysical characteristics and performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Mori
- Industrial Technology Center of Wakayama Prefecture
- Japan
| | | | - Koji Machitani
- Industrial Technology Center of Wakayama Prefecture
- Japan
| | | | | | | | - Nagatoshi Koumura
- Research Center for Photovoltaics
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Japan
| | - Takurou N. Murakami
- Research Center for Photovoltaics
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Japan
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13
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Gazzeh H, Boudriga S, Askri M, Khatyr A, Knorr M, Strohmann C, Golz C, Rousselin Y, Kubicki MM. Stoichiometry-controlled cycloaddition of nitrilimines with unsymmetrical exocyclic dienones: microwave-assisted synthesis of novel mono- and dispiropyrazoline derivatives. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra09703k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Microwave-assisted 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of (E,E)-1,3-bisarylidenetetral-2-ones with nitrilimines affords a series of mono- and dispiropyrazolines in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Gazzeh
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry Natural Product and Reactivity/CHPNR
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science of Monastir
- 5000 Monastir
- Tunisia
| | - Sarra Boudriga
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry Natural Product and Reactivity/CHPNR
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science of Monastir
- 5000 Monastir
- Tunisia
| | - Moheddine Askri
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry Natural Product and Reactivity/CHPNR
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science of Monastir
- 5000 Monastir
- Tunisia
| | - Abderrahim Khatyr
- Institut UTINAM – UMR CNRS 6213
- Université de Franche-Comté
- 25030 Besançon
- France
| | - Michael Knorr
- Institut UTINAM – UMR CNRS 6213
- Université de Franche-Comté
- 25030 Besançon
- France
| | | | | | - Yoann Rousselin
- Institute of Molecular Chemistry – UMR CNRS 6302
- University of Bourgogne
- F-21078 Dijon
- France
| | - Marek M. Kubicki
- Institute of Molecular Chemistry – UMR CNRS 6302
- University of Bourgogne
- F-21078 Dijon
- France
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14
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Morgan MT, McCallum A, Fahrni CJ. Rational Design of a Water-Soluble, Lipid-Compatible Fluorescent Probe for Cu(I) with Sub-Part-Per-Trillion Sensitivity. Chem Sci 2015; 7:1468-1473. [PMID: 28042469 PMCID: PMC5201193 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03643g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge-driven optimization of the ligand and fluorophore architectures yielded an ultrasensitive Cu(i)-selective fluorescent probe featuring a 180-fold fluorescence contrast and 41% quantum yield.
Fluorescence probes represent an attractive solution for the detection of the biologically important Cu(i) cation; however, achieving a bright, high-contrast response has been a challenging goal. Concluding from previous studies on pyrazoline-based fluorescent Cu(i) probes, the maximum attainable fluorescence contrast and quantum yield were limited due to several non-radiative deactivation mechanisms, including ternary complex formation, excited state protonation, and colloidal aggregation in aqueous solution. Through knowledge-driven optimization of the ligand and fluorophore architectures, we overcame these limitations in the design of CTAP-3, a Cu(i)-selective fluorescent probe offering a 180-fold fluorescence enhancement, 41% quantum yield, and a limit of detection in the sub-part-per-trillion concentration range. In contrast to lipophilic Cu(i)-probes, CTAP-3 does not aggregate and interacts only weakly with lipid bilayers, thus maintaining a high contrast ratio even in the presence of liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Morgan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA. ; Tel: +1 404 385-1164
| | - A McCallum
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA. ; Tel: +1 404 385-1164
| | - C J Fahrni
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA. ; Tel: +1 404 385-1164
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15
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Zammit R, Pappova M, Zammit E, Gabarretta J, Magri DC. 1,3,5-Triarylpyrazolines — pH-driven off-on-off molecular logic devices based on a “receptor1-fluorophore-spacer-receptor2” format with internal charge transfer (ICT) and photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanisms. CAN J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The excited state photophysical properties of the 1,3,5-triarylpyrazolines 1–4 were studied in methanol and 1:1 (v/v) methanol–water, as well as 1:4 (v/v) methanol–water and water by fluorescence spectroscopy. The molecules 2–4 incorporate a “receptor1-fluorophore-spacer-receptor2” format while 1 is a reference compound based on a “fluorophore-receptor1” design. The molecular probes operate according to photoinduced electron transfer (PET) and internal charge transfer (ICT) processes. At basic and neutral pHs, 2–4 are essentially nonfluorescent due to PET from the electron-donating dimethylamino moiety appended on the 5-phenyl ring to the excited state of the 1,3,5-triarylpyrazoline fluorophore. At proton concentrations of 10−3 mol/L, the dimethylamino unit is protonated resulting in a strong blue fluorescence about 460 nm with significant quantum yields up to 0.54. At acid concentrations above 10−2 mol/L, fluorescence quenching is observed by an ICT mechanism due to protonation of the pyrazoline chromophore. Symmetrical off-on-off fluorescence–pH profiles are observed, spanning six log units with a narrow on window within three pH units. Hence, 2–4 are novel examples of ternary photonic pH sensing molecular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Zammit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Maria Pappova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Esther Zammit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - John Gabarretta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - David C. Magri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
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16
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Morgan MT, Sumalekshmy S, Sarwar M, Beck H, Crooke S, Fahrni CJ. Probing ternary complex equilibria of crown ether ligands by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:14196-202. [PMID: 25313708 PMCID: PMC4266341 DOI: 10.1021/jp5077406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Ternary complex formation with solvent
molecules and other adventitious
ligands may compromise the performance of metal-ion-selective fluorescent
probes. As Ca(II) can accommodate more than 6 donors in the first
coordination sphere, commonly used crown ether ligands are prone to
ternary complex formation with this cation. The steric strain imposed
by auxiliary ligands, however, may result in an ensemble of rapidly
equilibrating coordination species with varying degrees of interaction
between the cation and the specific donor atoms mediating the fluorescence
response, thus diminishing the change in fluorescence properties upon
Ca(II) binding. To explore the influence of ligand architecture on
these equilibria, we tethered two structurally distinct aza-15-crown-5
ligands to pyrazoline fluorophores as reporters. Due to ultrafast
photoinduced electron-transfer (PET) quenching of the fluorophore
by the ligand moiety, the fluorescence decay profile directly reflects
the species composition in the ground state. By adjusting the PET
driving force through electronic tuning of the pyrazoline fluorophores,
we were able to differentiate between species with only subtle variations
in PET donor abilities. Concluding from a global analysis of the corresponding
fluorescence decay profiles, the coordination species composition
was indeed strongly dependent on the ligand architecture. Altogether,
the combination of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy with selective
tuning of the PET driving force represents an effective analytical
tool to study dynamic coordination equilibria and thus to optimize
ligand architectures for the design of high-contrast cation-responsive
fluorescence switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thomas Morgan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Roger M, Patinec V, Tripier R, Triki S, Poul NL, Mest YL. Synthesis of an unsymmetrical N-functionalized triazacyclononane ligand and its Cu(II) complex. Inorganica Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2013.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Kumar CK, Trivedi R, Kumar KR, Giribabu L, Sridhar B. 1-(2-Pyridyl)-3-ferrocenylpyrazoline-Based Multichannel Signaling Receptors for Co2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+Ions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201300944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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19
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Zhou L, Zhu CC, Xue YS, He WJ, Du HB, You XZ, Li YZ. Two fluorescent 2,6-substituted pyridyl boron-dipyrromethene dyes for selective sensing of cuprous ions. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Fahrni CJ. Synthetic fluorescent probes for monovalent copper. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:656-62. [PMID: 23769869 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent probes are powerful and cost-effective tools for the detection of metal ions in biological systems. Compared to non-redox-active metal ions, the design of fluorescent probes for biological copper is challenging. Within the reducing cellular environment, copper is predominantly present in its monovalent oxidation state; therefore, the design of fluorescent probes for biological copper must take into account the rich redox and coordination chemistry of Cu(I). Recent progress in understanding the underlying solution chemistry and photophysical pathways led to the development of new probes that offer high fluorescence contrast and excellent selectivity towards monovalent copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph J Fahrni
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA.
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21
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Maity D, Sarkar B, Maiti S, Govindaraju T. A Highly Selective Reaction-Based Two-Photon Probe for Copper(I) in Aqueous Media. Chempluschem 2013; 78:785-788. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201300089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Morgan MT, Bagchi P, Fahrni CJ. High-contrast fluorescence sensing of aqueous Cu(I) with triarylpyrazoline probes: dissecting the roles of ligand donor strength and excited state proton transfer. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:3240-8. [PMID: 23169532 PMCID: PMC3755598 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31985c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cu(I)-responsive fluorescent probes based on a photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanism generally show incomplete fluorescence recovery relative to the intrinsic quantum yield of the fluorescence reporter. Previous studies on probes with an N-aryl thiazacrown Cu(I)-receptor revealed that the recovery is compromised by incomplete Cu(I)-N coordination and resultant ternary complex formation with solvent molecules. Building upon a strategy that successfully increased the fluorescence contrast and quantum yield of Cu(I) probes in methanol, we integrated the arylamine PET donor into the backbone of a hydrophilic thiazacrown ligand with a sulfonated triarylpyrazoline as a water-soluble fluorescence reporter. This approach was not only expected to disfavor ternary complex formation in aqueous solution but also to maximize PET switching through a synergistic Cu(I)-induced conformational change. The resulting water-soluble probe 1 gave a strong 57-fold fluorescence enhancement upon saturation with Cu(I) with high selectivity over other cations, including Cu(II), Hg(II), and Cd(II); however, the recovery quantum yield did not improve over probes with the original N-aryl thiazacrown design. Concluding from detailed photophysical data, including responses to acidification, solvent isotope effects, quantum yields, and time-resolved fluorescence decay profiles, the fluorescence contrast of 1 is compromised by inadequate coordination of Cu(I) to the weakly basic arylamine nitrogen of the PET donor and by fluorescence quenching via two distinct excited state proton transfer pathways operating under neutral and acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Thomas Morgan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, U.S.A
| | - Pritha Bagchi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, U.S.A
| | - Christoph J. Fahrni
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, U.S.A
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23
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Vogt S, Ralle M. Opportunities in multidimensional trace metal imaging: taking copper-associated disease research to the next level. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:1809-20. [PMID: 23079951 PMCID: PMC3566297 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6437-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Copper plays an important role in numerous biological processes across all living systems predominantly because of its versatile redox behavior. Cellular copper homeostasis is tightly regulated and disturbances lead to severe disorders such as Wilson disease and Menkes disease. Age-related changes of copper metabolism have been implicated in other neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease. The role of copper in these diseases has been a topic of mostly bioinorganic research efforts for more than a decade, metal-protein interactions have been characterized, and cellular copper pathways have been described. Despite these efforts, crucial aspects of how copper is associated with Alzheimer disease, for example, are still only poorly understood. To take metal-related disease research to the next level, emerging multidimensional imaging techniques are now revealing the copper metallome as the basis to better understand disease mechanisms. This review describes how recent advances in X-ray fluorescence microscopy and fluorescent copper probes have started to contribute to this field, specifically in Wilson disease and Alzheimer disease. It furthermore provides an overview of current developments and future applications in X-ray microscopic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Vogt
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439
| | - Martina Ralle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239
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24
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Kar C, Adhikari MD, Ramesh A, Das G. NIR- and FRET-based sensing of Cu2+ and S2- in physiological conditions and in live cells. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:743-52. [PMID: 23302031 DOI: 10.1021/ic301872q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized a new indole functionalized rhodamine derivative L(1) which specifically binds to Cu(2+) in the presence of large excess of other competing ions with visually observable changes in their electronic and fluorescence spectral behavior. These spectral changes are significant enough in the NIR and visible region of the spectrum and thus enable naked eye detection. The receptor, L(1), could be employed as a resonance energy transfer (RET) based sensor for detection of Cu(2+) based on the process involving the donor indole and the acceptor Cu(2+) bound xanthene fragment. Studies reveal that L(1)-Cu complex is selectively and fully reversible in presence of sulfide anions. Further, fluorescence microscopic studies confirmed that the reagent L(1) could also be used as an imaging probe for detection of uptake of these ions in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirantan Kar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781 039, India
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25
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Maity D, Raj A, Karthigeyan D, Kundu TK, Govindaraju T. Reaction-based probes for Co(ii) and Cu(i) with dual output modes: fluorescence live cell imaging. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41588k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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26
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Maity D, Kumar V, Govindaraju T. Reactive probes for ratiometric detection of Co2+ and Cu+ based on excited-state intramolecular proton transfer mechanism. Org Lett 2012. [PMID: 23194428 DOI: 10.1021/ol302904c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) mechanism based two reactive probes HBTCo and HBTCu is reported for the selective detection of Co(2+) and Cu(+) respectively in a reducing aqueous environment. Co(2+) and Cu(+) mediated oxidative benzylic ether (C-O) bond cleavage offers ratiometric detection of these metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Maity
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur P.O., Bangalore-560064, India
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27
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Hyman LM, Franz KJ. Probing oxidative stress: Small molecule fluorescent sensors of metal ions, reactive oxygen species, and thiols. Coord Chem Rev 2012; 256:2333-2356. [PMID: 23440254 PMCID: PMC3579673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a common feature shared by many diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. Factors that contribute to cellular oxidative stress include elevated levels of reactive oxygen species, diminished availability of detoxifying thiols, and the misregulation of metal ions (both redox-active iron and copper as well as non-redox active calcium and zinc). Deciphering how each of these components interacts to contribute to oxidative stress presents an interesting challenge. Fluorescent sensors can be powerful tools for detecting specific analytes within a complicated cellular environment. Reviewed here are several classes of small molecule fluorescent sensors designed to detect several molecular participants of oxidative stress. We focus our review on describing the design, function and application of probes to detect metal cations, reactive oxygen species, and intracellular thiol-containing compounds. In addition, we highlight the intricacies and complications that are often faced in sensor design and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne M. Hyman
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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28
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Lu B, Zhang J, Wang M, Zhou Y, Chen X. Synthesis and Fluorescent Property of Pyrazoline Derivatives. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201100642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Lima LMP, Esteban-Gómez D, Delgado R, Platas-Iglesias C, Tripier R. Monopicolinate Cyclen and Cyclam Derivatives for Stable Copper(II) Complexation. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:6916-27. [DOI: 10.1021/ic300784v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luís M. P. Lima
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR-CNRS 6521, UFR des Sciences
et Techniques, 6 avenue Victor le Gorgeu, C.S. 93837, 29238 Brest
Cedex 3, France
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química
e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - David Esteban-Gómez
- Departamento de Química
Fundamental, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, Rúa da Fraga 10, 15008 A Coruña,
Spain
| | - Rita Delgado
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química
e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Carlos Platas-Iglesias
- Departamento de Química
Fundamental, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, Rúa da Fraga 10, 15008 A Coruña,
Spain
| | - Raphaël Tripier
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR-CNRS 6521, UFR des Sciences
et Techniques, 6 avenue Victor le Gorgeu, C.S. 93837, 29238 Brest
Cedex 3, France
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30
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Delangle P, Mintz E. Chelation therapy in Wilson's disease: from D-penicillamine to the design of selective bioinspired intracellular Cu(I) chelators. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:6359-70. [PMID: 22327203 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt12188c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Wilson's disease is an orphan disease due to copper homeostasis dysfunction. Mutations of the ATP7B gene induces an impaired functioning of a Cu-ATPase, impaired Cu detoxification in the liver and copper overload in the body. Indeed, even though copper is an essential element, which is used as cofactor by many enzymes playing vital roles, it becomes toxic when in excess as it promotes cytotoxic reactions leading to oxidative stress. In this perspective, human copper homeostasis is first described in order to explain the mechanisms promoting copper overload in Wilson's disease. We will see that the liver is the main organ for copper distribution and detoxification in the body. Nowadays this disease is treated life-long by systemic chelation therapy, which is not satisfactory in many cases. Therefore the design of more selective and efficient drugs is of great interest. A strategy to design more specific chelators to treat localized copper accumulation in the liver will then be presented. In particular we will show how bioinorganic chemistry may help in the design of such novel chelators by taking inspiration from the biological copper cell transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Delangle
- INAC, Service de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique (UMR_E 3 CEA UJF), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France.
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31
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Qi J, Han MS, Tung CH. A benzothiazole alkyne fluorescent sensor for Cu detection in living cell. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:1747-9. [PMID: 22297113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new type of alkyne dye, 6-dimethylaminobenzothiazole alkyne (1), was developed for Cu sensing in biological system. Dye (1) offered excellent selective over a panel of ions, only Cu(I) could change the fluorescence of dye (I) by forming copper acetylide between the terminal alkyne and Cu(I). Its potential of detecting Cu in biological system was demonstrated in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Qi
- Department of Radiology, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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32
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Ciupa A, Mahon MF, De Bank PA, Caggiano L. Simple pyrazoline and pyrazole “turn on” fluorescent sensors selective for Cd2+ and Zn2+ in MeCN. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:8753-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26608c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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33
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Mbatia HW, Dhammika Bandara HM, Burdette SC. CuproCleav-1, a first generation photocage for Cu+. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:5331-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc31281f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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34
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Cao X, Lin W, Wan W. Development of a near-infrared fluorescent probe for imaging of endogenous Cu+ in live cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:6247-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc32114a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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35
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Morgan MT, Bagchi P, Fahrni CJ. Designed to dissolve: suppression of colloidal aggregation of Cu(I)-selective fluorescent probes in aqueous buffer and in-gel detection of a metallochaperone. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:15906-9. [PMID: 21916472 DOI: 10.1021/ja207004v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to the lipophilicity of the metal-ion receptor, previously reported Cu(I)-selective fluorescent probes form colloidal aggregates, as revealed by dynamic light scattering. To address this problem, we have developed a hydrophilic triarylpyrazoline-based fluorescent probe, CTAP-2, that dissolves directly in water and shows a rapid, reversible, and highly selective 65-fold fluorescence turn-on response to Cu(I) in aqueous solution. CTAP-2 proved to be sufficiently sensitive for direct in-gel detection of Cu(I) bound to the metallochaperone Atox1, demonstrating the potential for cation-selective fluorescent probes to serve as tools in metalloproteomics for identifying proteins with readily accessible metal-binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thomas Morgan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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36
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Maity D, Manna AK, Karthigeyan D, Kundu TK, Pati SK, Govindaraju T. Visible-Near-Infrared and Fluorescent Copper Sensors Based on Julolidine Conjugates: Selective Detection and Fluorescence Imaging in Living Cells. Chemistry 2011; 17:11152-61. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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37
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Chaudhry AF, Mandal S, Hardcastle KI, Fahrni CJ. High-contrast Cu(I)-selective fluorescent probes based on synergistic electronic and conformational switching. Chem Sci 2011; 2:1016-1024. [PMID: 21949587 DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00024a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of fluorescent probes for the detection of redox-active transition metals such as Cu(I/II) is challenging due to potentially interfering metal-induced non-radiative deactivation pathways. By using a ligand architecture with a built-in conformational switch that maximizes the change in donor potential upon metal binding and an electronically decoupled tunable pyrazoline fluorophore as acceptor, we systematically optimized the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) switching behavior of a series of Cu(I)-selective probes and achieved an excellent fluorescence enhancement of greater than 200-fold. Crystal structure analysis combined with NMR solution studies revealed significant conformational changes of the ligand framework upon Cu(I) coordination. The photophysical data are consistent with a kinetically controlled PET reaction involving only the ligand moiety, despite the fact that Cu(I)-mediated reductive quenching would be thermodynamically preferred. The study demonstrates that high-contrast ratios can be achieved even for redox-active metal cations, providing that the metal-initiated quenching pathways are kinetically unfavorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneese F Chaudhry
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, U.S.A
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38
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Mbatia HW, Kennedy DP, Camire CE, Incarvito CD, Burdette SC. Buffering Heavy Metal Ions with Photoactive CrownCast Cages. Eur J Inorg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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39
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Chaudhry AF, Verma M, Morgan MT, Henary MM, Siegel N, Hales JM, Perry JW, Fahrni CJ. Kinetically controlled photoinduced electron transfer switching in Cu(I)-responsive fluorescent probes. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:737-47. [PMID: 20020716 DOI: 10.1021/ja908326z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Copper(I)-responsive fluorescent probes based on photoinduced electron transfer (PET) switching consistently display incomplete recovery of emission upon Cu(I) binding compared to the corresponding isolated fluorophores, raising the question of whether Cu(I) might engage in adverse quenching pathways. To address this question, we performed detailed photophysical studies on a series of Cu(I)-responsive fluorescent probes that are based on a 16-membered thiazacrown receptor ([16]aneNS(3)) tethered to 1,3,5-triarylpyrazoline-fluorophores. The fluorescence enhancement upon Cu(I) binding, which is mainly governed by changes in the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) driving force between the ligand and fluorophore, was systematically optimized by increasing the electron withdrawing character of the 1-aryl-ring, yielding a maximum 29-fold fluorescence enhancement upon saturation with Cu(I) in methanol and a greater than 500-fold enhancement upon protonation with trifluoroacetic acid. Time-resolved fluorescence decay data for the Cu(I)-saturated probe indicated the presence of three distinct emissive species in methanol. Contrary to the notion that Cu(I) might engage in reductive electron transfer quenching, femtosecond time-resolved pump-probe experiments provided no evidence for formation of a transient Cu(II) species upon photoexcitation. Variable temperature (1)H NMR experiments revealed a dynamic equilibrium between the tetradentate NS(3)-coordinated Cu(I) complex and a ternary complex involving coordination of a solvent molecule, an observation that was further supported by quantum chemical calculations. The combined photophysical, electrochemical, and solution chemistry experiments demonstrate that electron transfer from Cu(I) does not compete with radiative deactivation of the excited fluorophore, and, hence, that the Cu(I)-induced fluorescence switching is kinetically controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneese F Chaudhry
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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40
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Tian M, Ihmels H, Brötz E. DNA cleavage by the Cu(ii) complex of the DNA-intercalating 9-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)aminobenzo[b]quinolizinium. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:8195-202. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00238k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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41
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Descalzo AB, Zhu S, Fischer T, Rurack K. Optimization of the Coupling of Target Recognition and Signal Generation. ADVANCED FLUORESCENCE REPORTERS IN CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY II 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-04701-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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