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Sharma R, Nath PC, Lodh BK, Mukherjee J, Mahata N, Gopikrishna K, Tiwari ON, Bhunia B. Rapid and sensitive approaches for detecting food fraud: A review on prospects and challenges. Food Chem 2024; 454:139817. [PMID: 38805929 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Precise and reliable analytical techniques are required to guarantee food quality in light of the expanding concerns regarding food safety and quality. Because traditional procedures are expensive and time-consuming, quick food control techniques are required to ensure product quality. Various analytical techniques are used to identify and detect food fraud, including spectroscopy, chromatography, DNA barcoding, and inotrope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Due to its quick findings, simplicity of use, high throughput, affordability, and non-destructive evaluations of numerous food matrices, NI spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging are financially preferred in the food business. The applicability of this technology has increased with the development of chemometric techniques and near-infrared spectroscopy-based instruments. The current research also discusses the use of several multivariate analytical techniques in identifying food fraud, such as principal component analysis, partial least squares, cluster analysis, multivariate curve resolutions, and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Sharma
- Bioproducts Processing Research Laboratory (BPRL), Department of Bio Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala 799046, India; Department of Food Technology, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu-641062, India.
| | - Pinku Chandra Nath
- Bioproducts Processing Research Laboratory (BPRL), Department of Bio Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala 799046, India.
| | - Bibhab Kumar Lodh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala-799046, India.
| | - Jayanti Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, CMR College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad- 501401, Telangana, India.
| | - Nibedita Mahata
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur-713209.
| | - Konga Gopikrishna
- SEED Division, Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Onkar Nath Tiwari
- Centre for Conservation and Utilisation of Blue Green Algae (CCUBGA), Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Biswanath Bhunia
- Bioproducts Processing Research Laboratory (BPRL), Department of Bio Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala 799046, India.
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2
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Gazeli O, Elia EA, Argirusis N, Lazarou C, Anastassiou C, Franzke J, Garcia-Reyes JF, Georghiou GE, Agapiou A. Low-cost heat assisted ambient ionization source for mass spectrometry in food and pharmaceutical screening. Analyst 2024; 149:4487-4495. [PMID: 39042100 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00901k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry (AI-MS) techniques have revolutionized analytical chemistry by enabling rapid analysis of samples under atmospheric conditions with minimal to no preparation. In this study, the optimization of a cold atmospheric plasma for the analysis of food and pharmaceutical samples, liquid and solid, using a Heat-Assisted Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization (HA-DBDI) source is described. A significant enhancement in analyte signals was observed when a heating element was introduced into the design, potentially allowing for greater sensitivity. Furthermore, the synergy between the inlet temperature of the mass spectrometer and the heating element allows for precise control over the analytical process, leading to improved detection sensitivity and selectivity. Incorporating computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations into the study elucidated how heating modifications can influence gas transport properties, thereby facilitating enhanced analyte detection and increased signal intensity. These findings advance the understanding of HA-DBDI technology and provide valuable insights for optimizing AI-MS methodologies for a wide range of applications in food and pharmaceutical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odhisea Gazeli
- PHAETHON Centre of Excellence for Intelligent, Efficient and Sustainable Energy Solutions, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
- ENAL Electromagnetics and Novel Applications Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Efstathios A Elia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia, 1678, Cyprus.
| | | | - Constantinos Lazarou
- PHAETHON Centre of Excellence for Intelligent, Efficient and Sustainable Energy Solutions, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
- ENAL Electromagnetics and Novel Applications Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
| | - Charalambos Anastassiou
- PHAETHON Centre of Excellence for Intelligent, Efficient and Sustainable Energy Solutions, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
- ENAL Electromagnetics and Novel Applications Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Juan F Garcia-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - George E Georghiou
- PHAETHON Centre of Excellence for Intelligent, Efficient and Sustainable Energy Solutions, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
- ENAL Electromagnetics and Novel Applications Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
| | - Agapios Agapiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia, 1678, Cyprus.
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3
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Ron I, Sharabi H, Zaltsman A, Leibman A, Hotoveli M, Pevzner A, Kendler S. Non-Contact, Continuous Sampling of Porous Surfaces for the Detection of Particulate and Adsorbed Organic Contaminations by Low-Temperature Plasma Coupled to Ion Mobility Spectrometer. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2253. [PMID: 36850851 PMCID: PMC9961393 DOI: 10.3390/s23042253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemical analysis of hazardous surface contaminations, such as hazardous substances, explosives or illicit drugs, is an essential task in security, environmental and safety applications. This task is mostly based on the collection of particles with swabs, followed by thermal desorption into a vapor analyzer, usually a detector based on ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). While this methodology is well established for several civil applications, such as border control, it is still not efficient enough for various conditions, as in sampling rough and porous surfaces. Additionally, the process of thermal desorption is energetically inefficient, requires bulky hardware and introduces device contamination memory effects. Low-temperature plasma (LTP) has been demonstrated as an ionization and desorption source for sample preparation-free analysis, mostly at the inlet of a mass spectrometer analyzer, and in rare cases in conjunction with an ion mobility spectrometer. Herein, we demonstrate, for the first time, the operation of a simple, low cost, home-built LTP apparatus for desorbing non-volatile analytes from various porous surfaces into the inlet of a handheld IMS vapor analyzer. We show ion mobility spectra that originate from operating the LTP jet on porous surfaces such as asphalt and shoes, contaminated with model amine-containing organic compounds. The spectra are in good correlation with spectra measured for thermally desorbed species. We verify through LC-MS analysis of the collected vapors that the sampled species are not fragmented, and can thus be identified by commercial IMS detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izhar Ron
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Hagay Sharabi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Amalia Zaltsman
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Amir Leibman
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Mordi Hotoveli
- Department of Environmental, Water and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Alexander Pevzner
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Shai Kendler
- Department of Environmental, Water and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
- Department of Environmental Physics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
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4
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Yue H, He F, Zhao Z, Duan Y. Plasma-based ambient mass spectrometry: Recent progress and applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:95-130. [PMID: 34128567 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ambient mass spectrometry (AMS) has grown as a group of advanced analytical techniques that allow for the direct sampling and ionization of the analytes in different statuses from their native environment without or with minimum sample pretreatments. As a significant category of AMS, plasma-based AMS has gained a lot of attention due to its features that allow rapid, real-time, high-throughput, in vivo, and in situ analysis in various fields, including bioanalysis, pharmaceuticals, forensics, food safety, and mass spectrometry imaging. Tens of new methods have been developed since the introduction of the first plasma-based AMS technique direct analysis in real-time. This review first provides a comprehensive overview of the established plasma-based AMS techniques from their ion source configurations, mechanisms, and developments. Then, the progress of the representative applications in various scientific fields in the past 4 years (January 2017 to January 2021) has been summarized. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and propose the future directions of plasma-based AMS from our perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlu Yue
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feiyao He
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongjun Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yixiang Duan
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- School of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Gong X, Shi S, Zhang D, Gamez G. Quantitative Analysis of Exhaled Breath Collected on Filter Substrates via Low-Temperature Plasma Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1518-1529. [PMID: 35792104 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Breath analysis has attracted increasing attention in recent years due to its great potential for disease diagnostics at early stages and for clinical drug monitoring. There are several recent examples of successful development of real-time, in vivo quantitative analysis of exhaled breath metabolites via mass spectrometry. On the other hand, current mass spectrometer accessibility limitations restrict point-of-care applications. Here now, an offline method is developed for quantitative analysis of exhaled breath collected on inexpensive filter substrates for direct desorption and ionization by using low-temperature plasma-mass spectrometry (LTP-MS). In particular, different operating conditions of the ionization source were systematically studied to optimize desorption/ionization by using glycerol, a low volatility compound. Applications with respect to propofol, γ-valprolactone, and nicotine analysis in exhaled breath are demonstrated in this study. The effects of several filter substrate properties, including filter material and pore size, on the analyte signal were characterized. Cellulose filter papers performed best with the present analytes. In addition, filters with smaller pores enabled a more efficient sample collection. Furthermore, sample-collection flow rate was determined to have a very significant effect, with slower flow rates yielding the best results. It was also found that filters loaded with sample can be successfully stored in glass vials with no observable sample loss even after 3 days. Limits of detection under optimized conditions are shown to be competitive or significantly better compared with relevant techniques and with additional benefits of cost-efficiency and sample storage capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Gong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Songyue Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Gerardo Gamez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
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Li J, Liu J, Wan Y, Wang J, Pi F. Routine analysis of pesticides in foodstuffs: Emerging ambient ionization mass spectrometry as an alternative strategy to be on your radar. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7341-7356. [PMID: 35229702 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2045561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides residues in foodstuffs are longstanding of great concern to consumers and governments, thus reliable evaluation techniques for these residues are necessary to ensure food safety. Emerging ambient ionization mass spectrometry (AIMS), a transformative technology in the field of analytical chemistry, is becoming a promising and solid evaluation technology due to its advantages of direct, real-time and in-situ ionization on samples without complex pretreatments. To provide useful guidance on the evaluation techniques in the field of food safety, we offered a comprehensive review on the AIMS technology and introduced their novel applications for the analysis of residual pesticides in foodstuffs under different testing scenarios (i.e., quantitative, screening, imaging, high-throughput detection and rapid on-site analysis). Meanwhile, the creative combination of AIMS with high-resolution mass analyzer (e.g., orbitrap and time-of-flight) was fundamentally mentioned based on recent studies about the detection and evaluation of multi-residual pesticides between 2015 and 2021. Finally, the technical challenges and prospects associated with AIMS operation in food industry were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingkun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahua Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuwei Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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7
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Zhao G, Chu F, Zhou J. A Novel Integrated APCI and MPT Ionization Technique as Online Sensor for Trace Pesticides Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:1816. [PMID: 35270963 PMCID: PMC8914877 DOI: 10.3390/s22051816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The misuse of pesticides poses a tremendous threat to human health. Excessive pesticide residues have been shown to cause many diseases. Many sensor detection methods have been developed, but most of them suffer from problems such as slow detection speed or narrow detection range. So, the development of rapid, direct and sensitive means of detecting trace amounts of pesticide residues is always necessary. A novel online sensor technique was developed for direct analysis of pesticides in complex matrices with no sample pretreatment. The portable sensor ion source consists of an MPT (microwave plasma torch) with desolventizing capability and an APCI (atmosphere pressure chemical ionization), which provides abundant precursor ions and a strong electric field. The performance which improves the ionization efficiency and suppresses the background signal was verified by using pesticide standard solution and pesticide pear juice solution measurements with an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantization (LOQ) of the method were measured by pear juice solutions that were obtained in the ranges of 0.034-0.79 μg/L and 0.14-1 μg/L. Quantitative curves were obtained ranging from 0.5 to 100 μg/L that showed excellent semi-quantitative ability with correlation coefficients of 0.985-0.997. The recoveries (%) of atrazine, imidacloprid, dimethoate, profenofos, chlorpyrifos, and dichlorvos were 96.6%, 112.7%, 88.1%, 85.5%, 89.2%, and 101.9% with the RSDs ranging from 5.89-14.87%, respectively. The results show that the method has excellent sensitivity and quantification capability for rapid and direct detection of trace pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaosheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
| | - Fengjian Chu
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
| | - Jianguang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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8
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Yang Y, Li Y, Huang Z, Tian Y, Qian C, Duan Y. Trace detection of organophosphorus pesticides in vegetables via enrichment by magnetic zirconia and temperature-assisted ambient micro-fabricated glow discharge plasma desorption ionization mass spectrometry. Analyst 2021; 146:6944-6954. [PMID: 34647931 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01600h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an innovative rapid detection technology for quickly screening and quantifying organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in vegetables was developed based on ambient micro-fabricated glow discharge plasma desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MFGDP-MS), where Fe3O4/ZrO2 synthesized by a one-step coprecipitation was used for enrichment. It can not only effectively enrich OPPs, but can be separated by an external magnetic field, thereby simplifying the traditional steps of centrifugation and cleanup in sample preparation. The introduction of a temperature control system (TCS) can tackle the problem of the low ionization efficiency in MFGDP and expand its application range. Under optimized experimental conditions, the limits of detection (LODs) of the standard solution as low as 0.0068-0.7500 μg L-1 mm-2 were achieved, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) being less than 17.8%. Moreover, vegetable extracts were spiked to evaluate the accuracy of the method, and good recoveries (76.9-123.5%) were obtained. Remarkably, it took no more than 7 minutes from sample preparation to testing, resulting in significantly improved ability of the quantitative detection of plentiful samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Yang
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China. .,Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuting Li
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China. .,Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhijun Huang
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China. .,Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yonghui Tian
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China. .,Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yixiang Duan
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China. .,Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
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10
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Kiontke A, Roudini M, Billig S, Fakhfouri A, Winkler A, Birkemeyer C. Surface acoustic wave nebulization improves compound selectivity of low-temperature plasma ionization for mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2948. [PMID: 33536450 PMCID: PMC7858570 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82423-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry coupled to low-temperature plasma ionization (LTPI) allows for immediate and easy analysis of compounds from the surface of a sample at ambient conditions. The efficiency of this process, however, strongly depends on the successful desorption of the analyte from the surface to the gas phase. Whilst conventional sample heating can improve analyte desorption, heating is not desirable with respect to the stability of thermally labile analytes. In this study using aromatic amines as model compounds, we demonstrate that (1) surface acoustic wave nebulization (SAWN) can significantly improve compound desorption for LTPI without heating the sample. Furthermore, (2) SAWN-assisted LTPI shows a response enhancement up to a factor of 8 for polar compounds such as aminophenols and phenylenediamines suggesting a paradigm shift in the ionization mechanism. Additional assets of the new technique demonstrated here are (3) a reduced analyte selectivity (the interquartile range of the response decreased by a factor of 7)—a significant benefit in non-targeted analysis of complex samples—and (4) the possibility for automated online monitoring using an autosampler. Finally, (5) the small size of the microfluidic SAWN-chip enables the implementation of the method into miniaturized, mobile LTPI probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kiontke
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mehrzad Roudini
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research IFW Dresden, Institute for Complex Materials (IKM), SAWLab Saxony, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susan Billig
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Armaghan Fakhfouri
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research IFW Dresden, Institute for Complex Materials (IKM), SAWLab Saxony, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Winkler
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research IFW Dresden, Institute for Complex Materials (IKM), SAWLab Saxony, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Birkemeyer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Beneito-Cambra M, Gilbert-López B, Moreno-González D, Bouza M, Franzke J, García-Reyes JF, Molina-Díaz A. Ambient (desorption/ionization) mass spectrometry methods for pesticide testing in food: a review. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4831-4852. [PMID: 33000770 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01474e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ambient mass spectrometry refers to the family of techniques that allows ions to be generated from condensed phase samples under ambient conditions and then, collected and analysed by mass spectrometry. One of their key advantages relies on their ability to allow the analysis of samples with minimal to no sample workup. This feature maps well to the requirements of food safety testing, in particular, those related to the fast determination of pesticide residues in foods. This review discusses the application of different ambient ionization methods for the qualitative and (semi)quantitative determination of pesticides in foods, with the focus on different specific methods used and their ionization mechanisms. More popular techniques used are those commercially available including desorption electrospray ionization (DESI-MS), direct analysis on real time (DART-MS), paper spray (PS-MS) and low-temperature plasma (LTP-MS). Several applications described with ambient MS have reported limits of quantitation approaching those of reference methods, typically based on LC-MS and generic sample extraction procedures. Some of them have been combined with portable mass spectrometers thus allowing "in situ" analysis. In addition, these techniques have the ability to map surfaces (ambient MS imaging) to unravel the distribution of agrochemicals on crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Beneito-Cambra
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group (FQM-323), Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
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12
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Meisenbichler C, Kluibenschedl F, Müller T. A 3-in-1 Hand-Held Ambient Mass Spectrometry Interface for Identification and 2D Localization of Chemicals on Surfaces. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14314-14318. [PMID: 33063994 PMCID: PMC7643069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Desorption electrospray ionization
(DESI), easy ambient sonic-spray
ionization (EASI) and low-temperature plasma (LTP) ionization are
powerful ambient ionization techniques for mass spectrometry. However,
every single method has its limitation in terms of polarity and molecular
weight of analyte molecules. After the miniaturization of every possible
component of the different ion sources, we finally were able to embed
two emitters and an ion transfer tubing into a small, hand-held device.
The pen-like interface is connected to the mass spectrometer and a
separate control unit via a bundle of flexible tubing and cables.
The novel device allows the user to ionize an extended range of chemicals
by simple switching between DESI, voltage-free EASI, or LTP ionization
as well as to freely move the interface over a surface of interest.
A mini camera, which is mounted on the tip of the pen, magnifies the
desorption area and enables a simple positioning of the pen. The interface
was successfully tested using different types of chemicals, pharmaceuticals,
and real life samples. Moreover, the combination of optical data from
the camera module and chemical data obtained by mass analysis facilitates
a novel type of imaging mass spectrometry, which we name “interactive
mass spectrometry imaging (IMSI)”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Meisenbichler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Kluibenschedl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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de Araújo GL, de Aguiar DVA, Pereira I, da Silva LC, Chaves AAR, Vaz BG. Polypyrrole-coated needle as an electrospray emitter for ambient mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3235-3241. [PMID: 32930186 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00652a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polypyrrole (PPy) is a polymer widely used as an extraction phase due to its ability to perform intermolecular interactions with the analyte, such as acid-base, π-π, dipole-dipole, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bonding. In this manuscript, we report the coating of a stainless steel needle with a PPy film for analyte extraction and subsequent analysis by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) under ambient and open-air conditions. The method, named PPy-ESI-MS, was optimized for analysis of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in synthetic urine. Seven cycles of electrodeposition of the PPy film onto the needle surface, sample at pH 8, and 40 min of extraction of analytes were determined as the best analysis conditions. The analytical performance of PPy-ESI-MS was evaluated for MDA and MDMA compounds. Analytical curves were obtained with R2 > 0.98. Limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were determined as 20 μg L-1 and 70 μg L-1 for MDA and as 25 μg L-1 and 80 μg L-1 for MDMA, respectively. Values of precision were below 17%, and values of accuracy below 5%. The apparent recoveries ranged between 84.5% and 111.3%. In addition, the PPy-ESI-MS method was applied for the analysis of sarcosine in synthetic urine in order to evaluate the performance of the method for another class of compounds. The calibration curve was obtained with R2 > 0.98, along with LOD and LOQ of 30 μg L-1 and 100 μg L-1, respectively. The precision and accuracy values were below 5% and 8%, respectively, and the apparent recoveries close to 100%. This work demonstrates the usefulness of combining an extraction phase with ESI-MS analysis under ambient conditions to determine different classes of small molecules in a complex sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna L de Araújo
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Igor Pereira
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Lidya C da Silva
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Andrà A R Chaves
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Boniek G Vaz
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil.
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14
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Ahmed E, Xiao D, Dumlao MC, Steel CC, Schmidtke LM, Fletcher J, Donald WA. Nanosecond Pulsed Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4468-4474. [PMID: 32083845 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) is an emerging technique for ionizing volatile molecules directly from complex mixtures for sensitive detection by mass spectrometry (MS). In conventional DBDI, a high frequency and high voltage waveform with pulse widths of ∼50 μs (and ∼50 μs between pulses) is applied across a dielectric barrier and a gas to generate "low temperature plasma." Although such a source has the advantages of being compact, economical, robust, and sensitive, background ions from the ambient environment can be formed in high abundances, which limits performance. Here, we demonstrate that high voltage pulse widths as narrow as 100 ns with a pulse-to-pulse delay of ∼900 μs can significantly reduce background chemical noise and increase ion signal. Compared to microsecond pulses, ∼800 ns pulses can be used to increase the signal-to-noise and signal-to-background chemical noise ratios in DBDI-MS by up to 172% and 1300% for six analytes, including dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), 3-octanone, and perfluorooctanoic acid. Using nanosecond pulses, the detection limit for DMMP and PFOA in human blood plasma can be lowered by more than a factor of 2 in comparison to microsecond pulses. In "nanopulsed" plasma ionization, the extent of internal energy deposition is as low as or lower than in electrospray ionization and micropulsed plasma ionization based on thermometer ion measurements. Overall, nanosecond high-voltage pulsing can be used to significantly improve the performance of DBDI-MS and potentially other ion sources involving high voltage waveforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezaz Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dan Xiao
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Morphy C Dumlao
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia.,National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia.,Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher C Steel
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia.,National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leigh M Schmidtke
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia.,National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia.,Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - John Fletcher
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - William A Donald
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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15
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Kuhlmann C, Shelley JT, Engelhard C. Plasma-Based Ambient Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Liquid Crystals Employed in Display Devices. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2101-2113. [PMID: 31385257 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02280-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) are the most frequently used display technology worldwide these days. Due to the rather complex manufacturing process and purity requirements for the chemicals used, quality control and display failure analysis are important analytical tasks. Currently, the state-of-the-art techniques (e.g., high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), or high-resolution microscopy) are costly and time-consuming. Hence, a new pathway to precisely analyze liquid-crystalline materials and LCDs in their native state is reported. A new approach for direct analysis via plasma-based ambient desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (ADI-MS) offers an inexpensive and faster alternative. In this study, direct analysis in real time (DART), the low-temperature plasma (LTP) probe, and flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow (FAPA) ADI sources coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) are compared based on their capabilities and performance for liquid-crystal analysis. These sources enable direct analyte desorption from a sample surface at ambient conditions and ionize the vaporized analyte molecules in a subsequent step. Primarily, the ionization capabilities of the three ADI sources are compared for individual liquid-crystal standards, mixtures of liquid crystals (LCs), and complex liquid crystal/additive mixtures applied in commercially available LCDs. Furthermore, direct surface analysis from a glass substrate is also performed with ADI-MS to compare their applicability to this type of sample matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kuhlmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57076, Siegen, Germany
| | - Jacob T Shelley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, 1175 Risman Drive, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Carsten Engelhard
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57076, Siegen, Germany.
- Center for Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57076, Siegen, Germany.
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16
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Kiontke A, Billig S, Birkemeyer C. Response in Ambient Low Temperature Plasma Ionization Compared to Electrospray and Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization for Mass Spectrometry. Int J Anal Chem 2018; 2018:5647536. [PMID: 30723503 PMCID: PMC6339754 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5647536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern technical evolution made mass spectrometry (MS) an absolute must for analytical chemistry in terms of application range, detection limits and speed. When it comes to mass spectrometric detection, one of the critical steps is to ionize the analyte and bring it into the gas phase. Several ionization techniques were developed for this purpose among which electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) are two of the most frequently applied atmospheric pressure methods to ionize target compounds from liquid matrices or solutions. Moreover, recent efforts in the emerging field of "ambient" MS enable the applicability of newly developed atmospheric pressure techniques to solid matrices, greatly simplifying the analysis of samples with MS and anticipating, to ease the required or even leave out any sample preparation and enable analysis at ambient conditions, outside the instrument itself. These developments greatly extend the range of applications of modern mass spectrometry (MS). Ambient methods comprise many techniques; a particular prominent group is, however, the plasma-based methods. Although ambient MS is a rather new field of research, the interest in further developing the corresponding techniques and enhancing their performance is very strong due to their simplicity and often low cost of manufacturing. A precondition for improving the performance of such ion sources is a profound understanding how ionization works and which parameters determine signal response. Therefore, we review relevant compound characteristics for ionization with the two traditional methods ESI and APCI and compare those with one of the most frequently employed representatives of the plasma-based methods, i.e., low temperature plasma ionization. We present a detailed analysis in which compound characteristics are most beneficial for the response of aromatic nitrogen-containing compounds with these three methods and provide evidence that desorption characteristics appear to have the main common, general impact on signal response. In conclusion, our report provides a very useful resource to the optimization of instrumental conditions with respect to most important requirements of the three ionization techniques and, at the same time, for future developments in the field of ambient ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kiontke
- Research Group of Mass Spectrometry at the Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susan Billig
- Research Group of Mass Spectrometry at the Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Birkemeyer
- Research Group of Mass Spectrometry at the Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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17
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Kim DB, Yoon S. Study of Photocatalytic Nano-Particle Effects on the Low Temperature Plasma Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:2333-2340. [PMID: 30238193 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the low temperature plasma mass spectrometry (LTP-MS) is widely used as an analysis tool for many biochemical samples, its application window is somehow limited to the analytes of low molecular mass and high volatility. For this reason, there have been attempts to enhance the ionization/desorption efficiencies with extra heating, for instance. In this study, another enhancement method was suggested using the photocatalytic nano-particles (NPs). In order to assess the NP effects on the LTP-MS, two fatty acid ethyl ester samples of ethyl myristate and ethyl palmitate were used, and the NP of titanium dioxide (TiO2) was mainly employed. The results showed that the signal intensities of the LTP-MS were largely increased with the TiO2 addition for both samples. In addition, the cholesterol sample was analyzed using the TiO2 assisted LTP-MS, also resulting in the enhancement of the signal intensity. The overall results inferred that the photocatalytic NP confirmed its role as an effective assist tool for the LTP-MS, especially suitable because of the facile method and the heat-free nature. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Bee Kim
- Center for Electriomagnetic Standards, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Yoon
- Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Lu H, Zhang H, Chingin K, Xiong J, Fang X, Chen H. Ambient mass spectrometry for food science and industry. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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19
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Lara-Ortega FJ, Robles-Molina J, Brandt S, Schütz A, Gilbert-López B, Molina-Díaz A, García-Reyes JF, Franzke J. Use of dielectric barrier discharge ionization to minimize matrix effects and expand coverage in pesticide residue analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1020:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Analyte and matrix evaporability - key players of low-temperature plasma ionization for ambient mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:5123-5130. [PMID: 29951773 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1152-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of ambient ionization at atmospheric pressure for mass spectrometry (AI-MS) attracted the interest of many researchers in the field and various ionization techniques have been described in recent years that allow a quick and easy-to-handle analysis of samples under ambient conditions without or with only minor sample preparation. Among those, plasma-based techniques including the low-temperature plasma probe require very little resources thereby providing great potential for implementation in mobile analytical devices. However, systematic studies on signal responsiveness with this technique, such as the influence of the analyte and matrix characteristics on relative signal intensity, are still rare. Therefore, we used a low-temperature plasma source based on dielectric barrier discharge with helium as process gas to assess influencing factors on signal intensity in mass spectrometry. Among 12 tested molecular descriptors, in particular a low vaporization enthalpy and a large molecular nonpolar surface area improve the relative signal intensity. In addition, we show that the impact of compound characteristics strongly outperforms the influence of simple sample matrices such as different organic solvents and water, with a weak trend that volatile solvents tend to decrease the signal responsiveness of the analytes. However, several specific solvent-analyte interactions occurred, which have to be considered in targeted applications of this method. Our results will help further in improving the implementation and standardization of low-temperature plasma ionization for ambient mass spectrometry and understanding the requirements and selectivity of this technique. Graphical abstract Influencing factors (analyte and matrix characteristics) on signal intensity in dielectric-barrier discharge plasma for ionization in mass spectrometry.
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21
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Yang BC, Wan XD, Yang X, Li YJ, Zhang ZY, Wan XJ, Luo Y, Deng W, Wang F, Huang OP. Rapid determination of carbendazim in complex matrices by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with syringe filter needle. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:234-239. [PMID: 29314422 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The determination of pesticide residues is an indispensable task in controlling food safety and environment protection. Carbendazim is one of the extensive uses of pesticides in the agricultural industry. In this study, a simple method utilizing syringe filter has been applied as electrospray ionization emitter for mass spectrometric identification and quantification of carbendazim in complex matrices including soil, natural water, and fruit juice samples, which contain many insoluble materials. With online syringe filter of the complex samples, most of insoluble materials such as soil were excluded in spray ionization process due to the filter effect, and analytes were subsequently sprayed out from syringe needle for mass spectrometric detection. The pore sizes of filters and diameters of syringe needles also were investigated. The analytical performances, including the linear range (1-200 ng·mL-1 ), limit of detection (0.2-0.6 ng·mL-1 , S/N > 3), limit of quantitation (3.5-8.6 ng·mL-1 , S/N > 10), reproducibility (6.4%-12.5%, n = 6), and recoveries (72.1%-91.0%, n = 6) were well acceptable for direct analysis of raw samples. Matrix effect for detection of carbendazim in soil samples also was experimentally investigated. This study demonstrated that syringe filter needle coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is a simple, efficient, and sensitive method for detection of pesticide residues in water, soil, and fruit juice for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Cheng Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Xi-di Wan
- Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Yun-Jun Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Zi-Yu Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Xiao-Ju Wan
- Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Yong Luo
- Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Ou-Ping Huang
- Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
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22
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Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) membrane assisted direct spray ionization mass spectrometry for agrochemicals screening in foodstuffs. Talanta 2018; 178:507-514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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23
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Gómez-Ríos GA, Gionfriddo E, Poole J, Pawliszyn J. Ultrafast Screening and Quantitation of Pesticides in Food and Environmental Matrices by Solid-Phase Microextraction–Transmission Mode (SPME-TM) and Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART). Anal Chem 2017; 89:7240-7248. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justen Poole
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Martínez-Jarquín S, Winkler R. Low-temperature plasma (LTP) jets for mass spectrometry (MS): Ion processes, instrumental set-ups, and application examples. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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WANG S, WANG Z, HOU KY, LI HY. Thermal Desorption Low Temperature Plasma Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Pesticides in Broomcorn. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(16)60993-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Brandt S, Klute FD, Schütz A, Franzke J. Dielectric barrier discharges applied for soft ionization and their mechanism. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 951:16-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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27
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Black C, Chevallier OP, Elliott CT. The current and potential applications of Ambient Mass Spectrometry in detecting food fraud. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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28
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Ellis WC, Lewis CR, Openshaw AP, Farnsworth PB. The Effects of Added Hydrogen on Noble Gas Discharges Used as Ambient Desorption/Ionization Sources for Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:1539-1549. [PMID: 27380389 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1432-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the effectiveness of using hydrogen-doped argon as the support gas for the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) ambient desorption/ionization (ADI) source in mass spectrometry. Also, we explore the chemistry responsible for the signal enhancement observed when using both hydrogen-doped argon and hydrogen-doped helium. The hydrogen-doped argon was tested for five analytes representing different classes of molecules. Addition of hydrogen to the argon plasma gas enhanced signals for gas-phase analytes and for analytes coated onto glass slides in positive and negative ion mode. The enhancements ranged from factors of 4 to 5 for gas-phase analytes and factors of 2 to 40 for coated slides. There was no significant increase in the background. The limit of detection for caffeine was lowered by a factor of 79 using H2/Ar and 2 using H2/He. Results are shown that help explain the fundamental differences between the pure-gas discharges and those that are hydrogen-doped for both argon and helium. Experiments with different discharge geometries and grounding schemes indicate that observed signal enhancements are strongly dependent on discharge configuration. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade C Ellis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Charlotte R Lewis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Anna P Openshaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Paul B Farnsworth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
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29
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Martínez-Jarquín S, Moreno-Pedraza A, Guillén-Alonso H, Winkler R. Template for 3D Printing a Low-Temperature Plasma Probe. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6976-80. [PMID: 27302654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Low-temperature plasma (LTP) ionization represents an emerging technology in ambient mass spectrometry. LTP enables the solvent-free direct detection of a broad range of molecules and mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). The low energy consumption and modest technical requirements of these ion sources favors their employment in mobile applications and as a means to upgrade existing mass analyzers. However, the broad adoption of LTP is hindered by the lack of commercial devices, and constructing personal devices is tricky. Improper setup can result in equipment malfunction or may cause serious damage to instruments due to strong electromagnetic fields or arcing. With this in mind, we developed a reproducible LTP probe, which is designed exclusively from commercial and 3D printed components. The plasma jet generated by the device has a diameter of about 200 μm, which is satisfactory for the ambient imaging of macroscopic samples. We coupled the 3D-LTP probe to an ion trap analyzer and demonstrated the functionality of the ion source by detecting organic and chemical compounds from pure reference standards, biological substances, and pharmaceutical samples. Molecules were primarily detected in their protonated form or as water/ammonium adducts. The identification of compounds was possible by standard collision-induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation spectra. The files necessary to reproduce the 3D parts are available from the project page ( http://lababi.bioprocess.org/index.php/3d-ltp ) under a dual license model, which permits reproduction of the probe and further community-driven development for noncommercial use ("peer production"). Our reproducible probe design thus contributes to a facilitated adaption and evolution of low-temperature plasma technologies in analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Martínez-Jarquín
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, CINVESTAV Unidad Irapuato , Irapuato, 36821, Mexico
| | - Abigail Moreno-Pedraza
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, CINVESTAV Unidad Irapuato , Irapuato, 36821, Mexico
| | - Héctor Guillén-Alonso
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, CINVESTAV Unidad Irapuato , Irapuato, 36821, Mexico
| | - Robert Winkler
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, CINVESTAV Unidad Irapuato , Irapuato, 36821, Mexico
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30
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Mirabelli MF, Wolf JC, Zenobi R. Pesticide analysis at ppt concentration levels: coupling nano-liquid chromatography with dielectric barrier discharge ionization-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:3425-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9419-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Chen CH, Lin Z, Tian R, Shi R, Cooks RG, Ouyang Z. Real-time sample analysis using a sampling probe and miniature mass spectrometer. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8867-73. [PMID: 26237577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A miniature mass spectrometry system with a sampling probe has been developed for real-time analysis of chemicals from sample surfaces. The sampling probe is 1.5 m in length and is comprised of one channel for introducing the spray and the other channel for transferring the charged species back to the Mini MS. This system provides a solution to the problem of real-time mass spectrometry analysis of a three-dimensional object in the field and is successful with compounds including those in inks, agrochemicals, explosives, and animal tissues. This system can be implemented in the form of a backpack MS with a sampling probe for forensic analysis or in the form of a compact MS with an intrasurgical probe for tissue analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsun Chen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ziqing Lin
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ran Tian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Riyi Shi
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Ding X, Duan Y. Plasma-based ambient mass spectrometry techniques: The current status and future prospective. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:449-73. [PMID: 24338668 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plasma-based ambient mass spectrometry is emerging as a frontier technology for direct analysis of sample that employs low-energy plasma as the ionization reagent. The versatile sources of ambient mass spectrometry (MS) can be classified according to the plasma formation approaches; namely, corona discharge, glow discharge, dielectric barrier discharge, and microwave-induced discharge. These techniques allow pretreatment-free detection of samples, ranging from biological materials (e.g., flies, bacteria, plants, tissues, peptides, metabolites, and lipids) to pharmaceuticals, food-stuffs, polymers, chemical warfare reagents, and daily-use chemicals. In most cases, plasma-based ambient MS performs well as a qualitative tool and as an analyzer for semi-quantitation. Herein, we provide an overview of the key concepts, mechanisms, and applications of plasma-based ambient MS techniques, and discuss the challenges and outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelu Ding
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Analytical Testing Center and College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yixiang Duan
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Analytical Testing Center and College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Kerian KS, Jarmusch AK, Cooks RG. Touch spray mass spectrometry for in situ analysis of complex samples. Analyst 2015; 139:2714-20. [PMID: 24756256 DOI: 10.1039/c4an00548a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Touch spray, a spray-based ambient in situ ionization method, uses a small probe, e.g. a teasing needle to pick up sample and the application of voltage and solvent to cause field-induced droplet emission. Compounds extracted from the microsample are incorporated into the sprayed micro droplets. Performance tests include disease state of tissue, microorganism identification, and therapeutic drug quantitation. Chemical derivatization is performed simultaneously with ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Kerian
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Emerging Contaminants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63340-8.00010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Guo C, Tang F, Chen J, Wang X, Zhang S, Zhang X. Development of dielectric-barrier-discharge ionization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:2345-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8281-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Muramoto S, Rading D, Bush B, Gillen G, Castner DG. Low-temperature plasma for compositional depth profiling of crosslinking organic multilayers: comparison with C60 and giant argon gas cluster sources. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1971-1978. [PMID: 25132297 PMCID: PMC4155327 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE For organic electronics, device performance can be affected by interlayer diffusion across interfaces. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) can resolve buried structures with nanometer resolution, but instrument artifacts make this difficult. Low-temperature plasma (LTP) is suggested as a way to prepare artifact-free surfaces for accurate determination of chemical diffusion. METHODS A model organic layer system consisting of three 1 nm delta layers of 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP) separated by three 30 nm layers of tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum (Alq3) was used to evaluate the effectiveness of LTP etching for the preparation of crater edge surfaces for subsequent compositional depth profile analysis. This was compared with depth profiles obtained using an instrument equipped with an argon cluster sputter source. RESULTS The quality of the depth profiles was determined by comparing the depth resolutions of the BCP delta layers. The full width at half maximum gave depth resolutions of 6.9 nm and 6.0 nm using LTP, and 6.2 nm and 5.8 nm using argon clusters. In comparison, the 1/e decay length of the trailing edge gave depth resolutions of 2.0 nm and 1.8 nm using LTP, and 3.5 nm and 3.4 nm using argon clusters. CONCLUSIONS The comparison of the 1/e decay lengths showed that LTP can determine the thickness and composition of the buried structures without instrument artifacts. Although it does suffer from contaminant deposition, LTP was shown to be a viable option for preparing crater edges for a more accurate determination of buried structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Muramoto
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Brian Bush
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Greg Gillen
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - David G. Castner
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Berisha A, Dold S, Guenther S, Desbenoit N, Takats Z, Spengler B, Römpp A. A comprehensive high-resolution mass spectrometry approach for characterization of metabolites by combination of ambient ionization, chromatography and imaging methods. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1779-91. [PMID: 25559448 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE An ideal method for bioanalytical applications would deliver spatially resolved quantitative information in real time and without sample preparation. In reality these requirements can typically not be met by a single analytical technique. Therefore, we combine different mass spectrometry approaches: chromatographic separation, ambient ionization and imaging techniques, in order to obtain comprehensive information about metabolites in complex biological samples. METHODS Samples were analyzed by laser desorption followed by electrospray ionization (LD-ESI) as an ambient ionization technique, by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging for spatial distribution analysis and by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS) for quantitation and validation of compound identification. All MS data were acquired with high mass resolution and accurate mass (using orbital trapping and ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers). Grape berries were analyzed and evaluated in detail, whereas wheat seeds and mouse brain tissue were analyzed in proof-of-concept experiments. RESULTS In situ measurements by LD-ESI without any sample preparation allowed for fast screening of plant metabolites on the grape surface. MALDI imaging of grape cross sections at 20 µm pixel size revealed the detailed distribution of metabolites which were in accordance with their biological function. HPLC/ESI-MS was used to quantify 13 anthocyanin species as well as to separate and identify isomeric compounds. A total of 41 metabolites (amino acids, carbohydrates, anthocyanins) were identified with all three approaches. Mass accuracy for all MS measurements was better than 2 ppm (root mean square error). CONCLUSIONS The combined approach provides fast screening capabilities, spatial distribution information and the possibility to quantify metabolites. Accurate mass measurements proved to be critical in order to reliably combine data from different MS techniques. Initial results on the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) in wheat seed and phospholipids in mouse brain as a model for mammalian tissue indicate a broad applicability of the presented workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arton Berisha
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 60, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Salter TLR, Bunch J, Gilmore IS. Importance of Sample Form and Surface Temperature for Analysis by Ambient Plasma Mass Spectrometry (PADI). Anal Chem 2014; 86:9264-70. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502363v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Josephine Bunch
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Ian S. Gilmore
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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Albert A, Shelley JT, Engelhard C. Plasma-based ambient desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: state-of-the-art in qualitative and quantitative analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6111-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7989-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Bowfield A, Bunch J, Salter TL, Steven RT, Gilmore IS, Barrett DA, Alexander MR, McKay K, Bradley JW. Characterisation of a micro-plasma for ambient mass spectrometry imaging. Analyst 2014; 139:5430-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an01110d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A systematic characterisation and optimisation of parameters of a plasma-mediated ion source to achieve the best spatial resolution for MSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bowfield
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics
- University of Liverpool
- L69 3GJ, UK
- National Physical Laboratory
- , UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Dave A. Barrett
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience and Laboratory of Biophysics
- Surface Analysis School of Pharmacy
- University of Nottingham
- , UK
| | - Morgan R. Alexander
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience and Laboratory of Biophysics
- Surface Analysis School of Pharmacy
- University of Nottingham
- , UK
| | - Kirsty McKay
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics
- University of Liverpool
- L69 3GJ, UK
| | - James W. Bradley
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics
- University of Liverpool
- L69 3GJ, UK
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Horvatic V, Müller S, Veza D, Vadla C, Franzke J. Atmospheric Helium Capillary Dielectric Barrier Discharge for Soft Ionization: Determination of Atom Number Densities in the Lowest Excited and Metastable States. Anal Chem 2013; 86:857-64. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403518s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Saskia Müller
- ISAS—Leibniz
Institut für analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Damir Veza
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Bijenicka
32, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Cedomil Vadla
- Institute
of Physics, Bijenicka
46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Joachim Franzke
- ISAS—Leibniz
Institut für analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Venter AR, Douglass KA, Shelley JT, Hasman G, Honarvar E. Mechanisms of real-time, proximal sample processing during ambient ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 86:233-49. [PMID: 24308499 DOI: 10.1021/ac4038569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andre R Venter
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University , Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5413, United States
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The latest developments and applications of mass spectrometry in food-safety and quality analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Campbell DI, Dalgleish JK, Cotte-Rodriguez I, Maeno S, Cooks RG. Chemical analysis and chemical imaging of fragrances and volatile compounds by low-temperature plasma ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1828-1836. [PMID: 23857928 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The rapid analysis of volatile compounds, such as fragrances, is important in many commercial industries. The various ambient ionization methods have until now been largely applied to non-volatile or low-volatile compounds with success, and this study develops a semi-quantitative method for volatile compounds in commercial cleaning products. METHODS Low-temperature plasma (LTP) ionization was used to perform rapid analysis, determine limits of detection (LODs) and perform chemical imaging on eight fragrances. Several mass analyzers including an ion trap, a quadrupole and an orbitrap were used to rapidly screen volatile compounds from cloth, paper, and glass and determine compositions present in a commercial cleaning product. Peltier cooling was used in some cases to enhance the retention time of compounds on a surface. RESULTS This LTP method allowed the detection of fragrances in low picogram absolute amounts from glass, paper and cloth. Quantitation was demonstrated for compounds in a commercial cleaning product 1 min after the product was applied to a vinyl tile surface. High-throughput analysis and simultaneous detection of multiple compounds in a mixture were demonstrated with analysis times of less than 1 min. Modest spatial resolution (better than 1 cm) was achieved with LTP ionization. CONCLUSIONS A semi-quantitative method has been demonstrated for the routine analysis of volatile and semi-volatile compounds. This method would be useful in quality control and production environments to determine product persistence, location of analytes and to complement olfactory studies for determining concentrations in the ambient environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahlia I Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, USA
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Wu C, Dill AL, Eberlin LS, Cooks RG, Ifa DR. Mass spectrometry imaging under ambient conditions. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2013; 32:218-43. [PMID: 22996621 PMCID: PMC3530640 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has emerged as an important tool in the last decade and it is beginning to show potential to provide new information in many fields owing to its unique ability to acquire molecularly specific images and to provide multiplexed information, without the need for labeling or staining. In MSI, the chemical identity of molecules present on a surface is investigated as a function of spatial distribution. In addition to now standard methods involving MSI in vacuum, recently developed ambient ionization techniques allow MSI to be performed under atmospheric pressure on untreated samples outside the mass spectrometer. Here we review recent developments and applications of MSI emphasizing the ambient ionization techniques of desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI), probe electrospray ionization (PESI), desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization (DAPPI), femtosecond laser desorption ionization (fs-LDI), laser electrospray mass spectrometry (LEMS), infrared laser ablation metastable-induced chemical ionization (IR-LAMICI), liquid microjunction surface sampling probe mass spectrometry (LMJ-SSP MS), nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano-DESI), and plasma sources such as the low temperature plasma (LTP) probe and laser ablation coupled to flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow (LA-FAPA). Included are discussions of some of the features of ambient MSI for example the ability to implement chemical reactions with the goal of providing high abundance ions characteristic of specific compounds of interest and the use of tandem mass spectrometry to either map the distribution of targeted molecules with high specificity or to provide additional MS information on the structural identification of compounds. We also describe the role of bioinformatics in acquiring and interpreting the chemical and spatial information obtained through MSI, especially in biological applications for tissue diagnostic purposes. Finally, we discuss the challenges in ambient MSI and include perspectives on the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunping Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Allison L. Dill
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Livia S. Eberlin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- ,
| | - Demian R. Ifa
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J1P3, Canada
- ,
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Benassi M, Garcia-Reyes JF, Spengler B. Ambient ion/molecule reactions in low-temperature plasmas (LTP): reactive LTP mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:795-804. [PMID: 23495026 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ion/molecule reactions are commonly used to characterize structures due to their high specificity. Herein, we present ambient ion/molecule reactions performed in the course of low-temperature plasma (LTP) ionization of condensed-phase analytes in order to increase the specificity of LTP-based ambient analysis. METHODS The ion population of the cold plasma is modified by addition of a reagent to the plasma before it is directed at a surface bearing the analyte. Desorbed ions were analyzed using linear ion trap-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICRMS). RESULTS Acylium ions generated from tetramethylurea react with 1,3-dioxane analyte to afford distinctive Eberlin product ions. Reactions of alkylamines, such as n-hexylamine and n-octylamine, with benzaldehyde produce the corresponding imines. Reaction of ruthenocene with trifluoroacetic anhydride forms the unusual trifluoroacetate ruthenocene. CONCLUSIONS A LTP source can be used to generate reagent ions that can undergo ion/molecule reactions in the ambient environment with an analyte at condensed phase on a surface. The experiment is a 'reactive' version of the standard low-temperature plasma (LTP) ambient ionization experiment. This approach provides additional information by combining ion/molecule chemistry with conventional MS and MS/MS data to characterize particular analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Benassi
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Benassi M, Berisha A, Romão W, Babayev E, Römpp A, Spengler B. Petroleum crude oil analysis using low-temperature plasma mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:825-834. [PMID: 23495029 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The analysis of crude oil is a challenging task due to sample complexity. In mass spectrometry, several ionization techniques can be used to perform this task. Herein, we report the use of an atmospheric pressure low-temperature plasma (LTP) probe to desorb and ionize compounds of petroleum crude oil from different sources and residual fuel oil standard reference materials (SRMs). LTP is used to perform rapid screening of low molecular weight and relatively volatile components enabling characterization and differentiation of crude oil samples relying solely on mass spectrometric data. METHODS Crude oil samples were analyzed without sample preparation or dilution directly from sampling surfaces of different materials such as polytetrafluorethylene, glass and polyethylene. Analyses were performed using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) with high mass accuracy and high resolving power of 400,000 at m/z 400 to estimate the elemental composition of the ions produced by LTP. Principal components analysis (PCA) was performed on the LTP data for statistical analysis. RESULTS LTP was found to generate positive ions of lower mass compounds of low to moderate polarity. Three-dimensional PCA plots efficiently differentiated between SRMs and Azerbaijan crude oil samples. Standards of alkanes, nitrogen heterocycles, sulfur heterocycles, hydrocarbon polycyclic aromatics and saturated acids were investigated for their behavior in LTP ionization. Alkanes were found to form oxidized products to some extent. The LTP probe worked particularly well in the characterization of sulfur compounds. CONCLUSIONS LTP ionization of crude oils was found to advantageously complement analysis by electrospray ionization. The LTP probe in combination with miniaturized mass spectrometers has the potential to provide direct composition analysis and source identification of crude oil contaminations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Benassi
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Schubertstrasse 60, Building 16, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
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Martínez-Jarquín S, Winkler R. Design of a low-temperature plasma (LTP) probe with adjustable output temperature and variable beam diameter for the direct detection of organic molecules. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:629-634. [PMID: 23413222 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The direct detection of organic molecules by mass spectrometry requires ionization methods which are compatible with ambient conditions. A relatively new strategy is the use of a free low-temperature plasma beam for ionization. The objective is to design a safe and adjustable plasma beam to enable optimal ionization and desorption parameters for specific molecules. METHODS A plasma probe based on a dielectric barrier discharge was designed, where the plasma is guided through an internal second tube. This setup permits different beam diameter settings and the control of the plasma temperature. The ionization and desorption of pure organic compounds, as well as their direct detection from roasted coffee beans, were tested. RESULTS The presented plasma probe provides improved safety with respect to arcing, ozone generation and electric shock, compared with conventional designs. The functionality of previously reported devices is expanded. A defined plasma diameter can be set by choosing the appropriate insert, while the input voltage controls the plasma temperature. The variation of measurement parameters enables the optimized direct detection of target compounds from roasted coffee beans, such as caffeine, guaiacol and vanillin. CONCLUSIONS The presented low-temperature plasma probe allows the fine-tuning of ionization and desorption parameters, according to the target molecules. Possible applications include: (1) The ambient ionization and desorption of organic compounds with different volatility and (2) The direct analysis of food products such as roasted coffee beans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Martínez-Jarquín
- CINVESTAV Unidad Irapuato, Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, 36821 Irapuato Gto., Mexico
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Gilbert-López B, Schilling M, Ahlmann N, Michels A, Hayen H, Molina-Díaz A, García-Reyes JF, Franzke J. Ambient Diode Laser Desorption Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Nonvolatile Chemicals. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3174-82. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303452w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bienvenida Gilbert-López
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Schilling
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Norman Ahlmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Antje Michels
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Department of Food Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Antonio Molina-Díaz
- Analytical Chemistry Research
Group (FQM-323), Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Edif.
B-3, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Juan F. García-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research
Group (FQM-323), Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Edif.
B-3, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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