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Moiz SA, Alzahrani MS, Alahmadi ANM. Electron Transport Layer Optimization for Efficient PTB7:PC70BM Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173610. [PMID: 36080688 PMCID: PMC9460111 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) polymer solar cells have received a great deal of attention mainly due to the possibility of higher power conversion efficiency for photovoltaic applications. Therefore, in this study, relatively novel polymer BHJ solar cells are proposed (ITO/ETL/PTB7:PC70BM/PEDOT:PSS/Au) with various electron transport layers (ETL) such as zinc oxysulfide (Zn(O,S)), zinc selenide (ZnSe), and poly[(9,9-bis(3′-((N,N-dimethyl)-N-ethylammonium)-propyl)-2,7-fluorene)-alt-2,7-(9,9-dioctylfluorene)] dibromide (PFN-Br). Here, each ETL material is selected based on the energy bandgap compatibility with ITO as well as the PTB7:PC70BM active layer and is based on other physical properties, which are generally required for efficient photovoltaic responses. Each proposed device is comprehensively optimized and then photovoltaic responses are simulated and compared using the software SCAPS-1D. It was observed that the ITO/Zn(O,S)/PTB7:PC70BM/PEDOT:PSS/Au device offered the highest power-conversion efficiency of up to 17.15% with an open-circuit voltage of 0.85 volts, a short-circuit current of 28.23 mA/cm2, and a fill factor of 70.69%.
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Measuring the Pores’ Structure in P3HT Organic Polymeric Semiconductor Films Using Interface Electrolyte/Organic Semiconductor Redox Injection Reactions and Bulk Space-Charge. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173456. [PMID: 36080532 PMCID: PMC9460914 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The article is another in a series of follow-up articles on the new spectroscopic method Energy Resolved–Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (ER-EIS) and presents a continuation of the effort to explain the method for electronic structure elucidation and its possibilities in the study of organic polymeric semiconductors. In addition to the detailed information on the electronic structure of the investigated organic semiconductor, the paper deals with three of the hitherto not solved aspects of the method, (1) the pores structure, which has been embedded in the evaluation framework of the ER-EIS method and shown, how the basic quantities of the pores structure, the volume density of the pores’ density coefficient β = (0.038 ± 0.002) nm−1 and the Brunauer-Emmet-Teller surface areas SABET SA == 34.5 m2g−1 may be found by the method, here for the archetypal poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) films. It is next shown, why the pore’s existence needs not to endanger the spectroscopic results of the ER-EIS method, and a proper way of the ER-EIS data evaluation is presented to avoid it. It is highlighted (2), how may the measurements of the pore structure contribute to the determination of the, for the method ER-EIS important, real rate constant of the overall Marcus’ D-A charge-transfer process for the poreless material and found its value kctD-A = (2.2 ± 0.6) × 10−25 cm4 s−1 for P3HT films examined. It is also independently attempted (3) to evaluate the range of kctD-A, based on the knowledge of the individual reaction rates in a chain of reactions, forming the whole D-A process, where the slowest one (organic semiconductor hopping transport) determines the tentative total result kctD-A ≅ 10−25 cm4 s−1. The effect of injection of high current densities by redox interface reactions in the bulk of OS with built-in pores structure may be very interesting for the design of new devices of organic electronics.
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3
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Scaccabarozzi AD, Basu A, Aniés F, Liu J, Zapata-Arteaga O, Warren R, Firdaus Y, Nugraha MI, Lin Y, Campoy-Quiles M, Koch N, Müller C, Tsetseris L, Heeney M, Anthopoulos TD. Doping Approaches for Organic Semiconductors. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4420-4492. [PMID: 34793134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electronic doping in organic materials has remained an elusive concept for several decades. It drew considerable attention in the early days in the quest for organic materials with high electrical conductivity, paving the way for the pioneering work on pristine organic semiconductors (OSCs) and their eventual use in a plethora of applications. Despite this early trend, however, recent strides in the field of organic electronics have been made hand in hand with the development and use of dopants to the point that are now ubiquitous. Here, we give an overview of all important advances in the area of doping of organic semiconductors and their applications. We first review the relevant literature with particular focus on the physical processes involved, discussing established mechanisms but also newly proposed theories. We then continue with a comprehensive summary of the most widely studied dopants to date, placing particular emphasis on the chemical strategies toward the synthesis of molecules with improved functionality. The processing routes toward doped organic films and the important doping-processing-nanostructure relationships, are also discussed. We conclude the review by highlighting how doping can enhance the operating characteristics of various organic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto D Scaccabarozzi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aniruddha Basu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Filip Aniés
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Osnat Zapata-Arteaga
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ross Warren
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuliar Firdaus
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.,Research Center for Electronics and Telecommunication, Indonesian Institute of Science, Jalan Sangkuriang Komplek LIPI Building 20 level 4, Bandung 40135, Indonesia
| | - Mohamad Insan Nugraha
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuanbao Lin
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Norbert Koch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Kekulé-Strasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Tsetseris
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens GR-15780, Greece
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Wegner B, Lungwitz D, Mansour AE, Tait CE, Tanaka N, Zhai T, Duhm S, Forster M, Behrends J, Shoji Y, Opitz A, Scherf U, List‐Kratochvil EJW, Fukushima T, Koch N. An Organic Borate Salt with Superior p-Doping Capability for Organic Semiconductors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001322. [PMID: 32995128 PMCID: PMC7507313 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular doping allows enhancement and precise control of electrical properties of organic semiconductors, and is thus of central technological relevance for organic (opto-) electronics. Beyond single-component molecular electron acceptors and donors, organic salts have recently emerged as a promising class of dopants. However, the pertinent fundamental understanding of doping mechanisms and doping capabilities is limited. Here, the unique capabilities of the salt consisting of a borinium cation (Mes2B+; Mes: mesitylene) and the tetrakis(penta-fluorophenyl)borate anion [B(C6F5)4]- is demonstrated as p-type dopant for polymer semiconductors. With a range of experimental methods, the doping mechanism is identified to comprise electron transfer from the polymer to Mes2B+, and the positive charge on the polymer is stabilized by [B(C6F5)4]-. Notably, the former salt cation leaves during processing and is not present in films. The anion [B(C6F5)4]- even enables the stabilization of polarons and bipolarons in poly(3-hexylthiophene), not yet achieved with other molecular dopants. From doping studies with high ionization energy polymer semiconductors, the effective electron affinity of Mes2B+[B(C6F5)4]- is estimated to be an impressive 5.9 eV. This significantly extends the parameter space for doping of polymer semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berthold Wegner
- Institut für Physik and IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinD‐12489Germany
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbHBerlinD‐12489Germany
| | - Dominique Lungwitz
- Institut für Physik and IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinD‐12489Germany
| | - Ahmed E. Mansour
- Institut für Physik and IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinD‐12489Germany
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbHBerlinD‐12489Germany
| | - Claudia E. Tait
- Berlin Joint EPR LabFachbereich PhysikFreie Universität BerlinBerlinD‐14195Germany
| | - Naoki Tanaka
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life ScienceInstitute of Innovative ResearchTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama226‐8503Japan
| | - Tianshu Zhai
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials and Devices and Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon‐Based Functional Materials and DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Steffen Duhm
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials and Devices and Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon‐Based Functional Materials and DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Michael Forster
- Makromolekulare Chemie and Institut für PolymertechnologieBergische Universität WuppertalWuppertalD‐42097Germany
| | - Jan Behrends
- Berlin Joint EPR LabFachbereich PhysikFreie Universität BerlinBerlinD‐14195Germany
| | - Yoshiaki Shoji
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life ScienceInstitute of Innovative ResearchTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama226‐8503Japan
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Institut für Physik and IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinD‐12489Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Makromolekulare Chemie and Institut für PolymertechnologieBergische Universität WuppertalWuppertalD‐42097Germany
| | - Emil J. W. List‐Kratochvil
- Institut für Physik and IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinD‐12489Germany
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbHBerlinD‐12489Germany
- Institut für ChemieHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinD‐12489Germany
| | - Takanori Fukushima
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life ScienceInstitute of Innovative ResearchTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama226‐8503Japan
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik and IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinD‐12489Germany
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbHBerlinD‐12489Germany
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials and Devices and Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon‐Based Functional Materials and DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
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5
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Arvind M, Tait CE, Guerrini M, Krumland J, Valencia AM, Cocchi C, Mansour AE, Koch N, Barlow S, Marder SR, Behrends J, Neher D. Quantitative Analysis of Doping-Induced Polarons and Charge-Transfer Complexes of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) in Solution. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:7694-7708. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Malavika Arvind
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Claudia E. Tait
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michele Guerrini
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jannis Krumland
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana M. Valencia
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Caterina Cocchi
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ahmed E. Mansour
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Seth R. Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Jan Behrends
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Neher
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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6
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Simultaneous Enhancement of Electrical and Optical Properties of Transparent Conducting RuO2 Nanosheet films by Facile Ultraviolet-Ozone Irradiation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10124127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The enhancement of electrical and optical properties in transparent conducting electrodes has attracted significant interest for their application in flexible electronic devices. Herein, a method for the fabrication of transparent conducting films is proposed. In this approach, RuO2 nanosheets are synthesized by a simple chemical exfoliation method and deposited as conducting films by repeated Langmuir–Blodgett coating. For enhancing the electrical and optical properties of the films, ultraviolet-ozone irradiation is applied between the repeated coatings for the removal of residual organic materials from the chemically exfoliated nanosheets. We observe that by applying ultraviolet-ozone irradiation for 30 min, the sheet resistance of the films decreases by 10% and the optical transmittance is simultaneously enhanced. Facile ultraviolet-ozone irradiation is shown to be an effective and industrially friendly method for enhancing the electrical and optical properties of oxide nanosheets for their application as transparent conduction electrodes.
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7
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Yurash B, Cao DX, Brus VV, Leifert D, Wang M, Dixon A, Seifrid M, Mansour AE, Lungwitz D, Liu T, Santiago PJ, Graham KR, Koch N, Bazan GC, Nguyen TQ. Towards understanding the doping mechanism of organic semiconductors by Lewis acids. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:1327-1334. [PMID: 31527809 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Precise doping of organic semiconductors allows control over the conductivity of these materials, an essential parameter in electronic applications. Although Lewis acids have recently shown promise as dopants for solution-processed polymers, their doping mechanism is not yet fully understood. In this study, we found that B(C6F5)3 is a superior dopant to the other Lewis acids investigated (BF3, BBr3 and AlCl3). Experiments indicate that Lewis acid-base adduct formation with polymers inhibits the doping process. Electron-nuclear double-resonance and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, together with density functional theory, show that p-type doping occurs by generation of a water-Lewis acid complex with substantial Brønsted acidity, followed by protonation of the polymer backbone and electron transfer from a neutral chain segment to a positively charged, protonated one. This study provides insight into a potential path for protonic acid doping and shows how trace levels of water can transform Lewis acids into powerful Brønsted acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Yurash
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - David Xi Cao
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Viktor V Brus
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Dirk Leifert
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Ming Wang
- Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Alana Dixon
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Martin Seifrid
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Ahmed E Mansour
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominique Lungwitz
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tuo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Peter J Santiago
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
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8
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Pan C, Wang L, Liu T, Zhou X, Wan T, Wang S, Chen Z, Gao C, Wang L. Polar Side Chain Effects on the Thermoelectric Properties of Benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']Dithiophene-Based Conjugated Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900082. [PMID: 30942939 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The molecular structure of polymers has a great influence on their thermoelectric properties; however, the relationship between the molecular structure of a polymer and its thermoelectric properties remains unclear. In this work, two benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (BDT)-based conjugated polymers are designed and synthesized, which contain alkyl side chains or polar side chains. The effects of the polymer side chain on the physicochemical properties are systematically investigated, especially the thermoelectric performance of the polymers after doping with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane. It is found that the BDT-based conjugated polymer with polar side chains exhibits good miscibility with the dopants, leading to higher thermoelectric properties than those of the polymer with alkyl side chains. This work can serve as a reference for the future design of high-performance organic thermoelectric polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Pan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Luhai Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Tongchao Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Tao Wan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Shichao Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhongming Chen
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Chunmei Gao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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9
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Ansari MA, Mohiuddin S, Kandemirli F, Malik MI. Synthesis and characterization of poly(3-hexylthiophene): improvement of regioregularity and energy band gap. RSC Adv 2018; 8:8319-8328. [PMID: 35541991 PMCID: PMC9078512 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00555a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The organic solar cell (OSC) is a current hot topic in the context of energy related issues in order to capture energy in an economic and environmentally friendly manner from the most abundant natural source, the sun. However, the efficiency of OSCs achieved so far is not up to the mark. Major components of OSCs are the electron acceptor material, such as fullerene, and the electron donor material, such as poly(3-hexylthiophene), P3HT. Fullerene is an ideal acceptor material but molecular level engineering of P3HT is required to enhance the efficiency of OSCs. Optoelectronic properties of P3HT can be improved by controlling the regioregularity, energy band gap, and molar mass of the polymer. Additionally, p-doping of the semiconducting polymer can also help in broadening the optical spectrum of P3HT. In this study, we propose methods for the improvement of the above-mentioned properties during the synthesis of P3HT. The main focus was the improvement of the regioregularity of the synthesized P3HT, which was achieved by polymerization of 3-hexylthiophene under an electric field for the first time. The effect of molar mass and p-doping on the band gap is evaluated systematically and theoretical predictions are confirmed by experimental results. The regioregularity and band gap of P3HT, an organic solar cell donor polymer, were improved. Oxidative coupling enhanced regioregularity, voltammetric p-doping broadened the optical absorption band and a molar mass increase reduced the band gap.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fatma Kandemirli
- Biomedical Engineering Department
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture
- Kastamonu University
- Kastamonu
- Turkey
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
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10
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Rudolph M, Ratcliff EL. Normal and inverted regimes of charge transfer controlled by density of states at polymer electrodes. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1048. [PMID: 29051498 PMCID: PMC5715087 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Conductive polymer electrodes have exceptional promise for next-generation bioelectronics and energy conversion devices due to inherent mechanical flexibility, printability, biocompatibility, and low cost. Conductive polymers uniquely exhibit hybrid electronic-ionic transport properties that enable novel electrochemical device architectures, an advantage over inorganic counterparts. Yet critical structure-property relationships to control the potential-dependent rates of charge transfer at polymer/electrolyte interfaces remain poorly understood. Herein, we evaluate the kinetics of charge transfer between electrodeposited poly-(3-hexylthiophene) films and a model redox-active molecule, ferrocenedimethanol. We show that the kinetics directly follow the potential-dependent occupancy of electronic states in the polymer. The rate increases then decreases with potential (both normal and inverted kinetic regimes), a phenomenon distinct from inorganic semiconductors. This insight can be invoked to design polymer electrodes with kinetic selectivity toward redox active species and help guide synthetic approaches for the design of alternative device architectures and approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rudolph
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, 1235 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - E L Ratcliff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, 1235 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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11
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Shallcross RC, Stubhan T, Ratcliff EL, Kahn A, Brabec CJ, Armstrong NR. Quantifying the Extent of Contact Doping at the Interface between High Work Function Electrical Contacts and Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:1303-1309. [PMID: 26263127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate new approaches to the characterization of oxidized regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) that results from electronic equilibration with device-relevant high work function electrical contacts using high-resolution X-ray (XPS) and ultraviolet (UPS) photoelectron spectroscopy (PES). Careful interpretation of photoemission signals from thiophene sulfur atoms in thin (ca. 20 nm or less) P3HT films provides the ability to uniquely elucidate the products of charge transfer between the polymer and the electrical contact, which is a result of Fermi-level equilibration between the two materials. By comparing high-resolution S 2p core-level spectra to electrochemically oxidized P3HT standards, the extent of the contact doping reaction is quantified, where one in every six thiophene units (ca. 20%) in the first monolayer is oxidized. Finally, angle-resolved XPS of both pure P3HT and its blends with phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) confirms that oxidized P3HT species exist near contacts with work functions greater than ca. 4 eV, providing a means to characterize the interface and "bulk" region of the organic semiconductor in a single film.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Clayton Shallcross
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Tobias Stubhan
- ‡Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (I-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstrasse 7, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Erin L Ratcliff
- ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, 1235 East James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Antoine Kahn
- §Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Olden Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Christoph J Brabec
- ‡Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (I-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstrasse 7, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Neal R Armstrong
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Zhu J, Xu L, He J. Assembly of Graphene Nanosheets and SiO2Nanoparticles Towards Transparent, Antireflective, Conductive, and Superhydrophilic Multifunctional Hybrid Films. Chemistry 2012; 18:16393-401. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Lacher S, Obata N, Luo SC, Matsuo Y, Zhu B, Yu HH, Nakamura E. Electropolymerized conjugated polyelectrolytes with tunable work function and hydrophobicity as an anode buffer in organic optoelectronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:3396-3404. [PMID: 22738167 DOI: 10.1021/am300366d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A new class of conductive polyelectrolyte films with tunable work function and hydrophobicity has been developed for the anode buffer layer in organic electronic devices. The work function of these films featuring a copolymer of ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), and its functionalized analogues were found to be easily tunable over a range of almost 1 eV and reach values as high as those of PEDOT:PSS. The new buffer material does not need the addition of any insulating or acidic material that might limit the film conductivity or device lifetime. Organic photovoltaic devices built with these films showed improved open-circuit voltage over those of the known PSS-free conductive EDOT-based polymers with values as high as that obtained for PEDOT:PSS. Furthermore, the surface hydrophobicity of these new copolymer films was found to be sensitive to the chemical groups attached to the polymer backbone, offering an attractive method for surface energy tuning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lacher
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo , Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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14
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Zhu J, He J. Assembly and benign step-by-step post-treatment of oppositely charged reduced graphene oxides for transparent conductive thin films with multiple applications. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:3558-3566. [PMID: 22573099 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30606a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report a new approach for the fabrication of flexible and transparent conducting thin films via the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of oppositely charged reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and the benign step-by-step post-treatment on substrates with a low glass-transition temperature, such as glass and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The RGO dispersions and films were characterized by means of atomic force microscopy, UV-visible absorption spectrophotometery, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, contact angle/interface systems and a four-point probe. It was found that the graphene thin films exhibited a significant increase in electrical conductivity after the step-by-step post-treatments. The graphene thin film on the PET substrate had a good conductivity retainability after multiple cycles (30 cycles) of excessively bending (bending angle: 180°), while tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) thin films on PET showed a significant decrease in electrical conductivity. In addition, the graphene thin film had a smooth surface with tunable wettability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Zhu
- Functional Nanomaterials Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancundonglu 29, Haidianqu, Beijing 100190, China
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15
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Doubina N, Jenkins JL, Paniagua SA, Mazzio KA, MacDonald GA, Jen AKY, Armstrong NR, Marder SR, Luscombe CK. Surface-initiated synthesis of poly(3-methylthiophene) from indium tin oxide and its electrochemical properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:1900-1908. [PMID: 22149001 DOI: 10.1021/la204117u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Poly(3-methylthiophene) (P3MT) was synthesized directly from indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes modified with a phosphonic acid initiator, using Kumada catalyst transfer polymerization (KCTP). This work represents the first time that polymer thickness has been controlled in a surface initiated KCTP reaction, highlighting the utility of KCTP in achieving controlled polymerizations. Polymer film thicknesses were regulated by the variation of the solution monomer concentration and ranged from 30 to 265 nm. Electrochemical oxidative doping of these films was used to manipulate their near surface composition and effective work function. Doped states of the P3MT film are maintained even after the sample is removed from solution and potential control confirming the robustness of the films. Such materials with controllable thicknesses and electronic properties have the potential to be useful as interlayer materials for organic electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Doubina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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Highly transparent and conductive thin films fabricated with nano-silver/double-walled carbon nanotube composites. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 364:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Ratcliff EL, Zacher B, Armstrong NR. Selective Interlayers and Contacts in Organic Photovoltaic Cells. J Phys Chem Lett 2011; 2:1337-1350. [PMID: 26295432 DOI: 10.1021/jz2002259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) are promising solar electric energy conversion systems with impressive recent optimization of active layers. OPV optimization must now be accompanied by the development of new charge-selective contacts and interlayers. This Perspective considers the role of interface science in energy harvesting using OPVs, looking back at early photoelectrochemical (photogalvanic) energy conversion platforms, which suffered from a lack of charge carrier selectivity. We then examine recent platforms and the fundamental aspects of selective harvesting of holes and electrons at opposite contacts. For blended heterojunction OPVs, contact/interlayer design is especially critical because charge harvesting competes with recombination at these same contacts. New interlayer materials can modify contacts to both control work function and introduce selectivity and chemical compatibility with nonpolar active layers and add thermodynamic and kinetic selectivity to charge harvesting. We briefly discuss the surface and interface science required for the development of new interlayer materials and take a look ahead at the challenges yet to be faced in their optimization.
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Schumann S, Da Campo R, Illy B, Cruickshank AC, McLachlan MA, Ryan MP, Riley DJ, McComb DW, Jones TS. Inverted organic photovoltaic devices with high efficiency and stability based on metal oxide charge extraction layers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm03048a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tien HW, Huang YL, Yang SY, Hsiao ST, Wang JY, Ma CCM. Graphene nanosheets deposited on polyurethane films by self-assembly for preparing transparent, conductive films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm11602a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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