1
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Kosloski-Oh S, Knight KD, Fieser ME. Enhanced Control of Isoprene Polymerization with Trialkyl Rare Earth Metal Complexes through Neutral Donor Support. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9464-9477. [PMID: 38063304 PMCID: PMC11134520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
The development of catalysts for stereospecific polymerization of 1,3-dienes is an area of interest due to the robust nature of poly(1,3-diene)s' physical and mechanical properties, as well as the material's versatility in many applications. Dialkyl rare earth metal complexes supported by a diverse cast of ligand frameworks are selective for the polymerization of 1,3-dienes and are an exciting option for examination. However, development in this area has been hampered by the focus on complex catalyst systems that are costly to make. In this study, we synthesize a series of simple homoleptic trialkyl rare earth metal precatalysts and highlight their efficacy for isoprene polymerization using 1 or 2 equiv of [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] activator. We investigated the addition of commercially available in situ donors, leading to the identification of triphenylphosphine as an ideal support to enhance the dispersity control and prevent loss of catalyst activity. We demonstrated how the activation and reaction conditions, including the order/time of reagent addition and donor electronics, had a major impact on the rate, control, and selectivity for the polymerization of 1,3-dienes. Further interrogation of the catalyst system signals the crucial role of triphenylphosphine in providing enhanced stability and control in this living catalyst system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia
C. Kosloski-Oh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Kai D. Knight
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Megan E. Fieser
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Wrigley
Institute for Environment and Sustainability, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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2
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Zhao Y, Xu X, Wang Y, Liu T, Li H, Zhang Y, Wang L, Wang X, Zhao S, Luo Y. Ancillary ligand effects on α-olefin polymerization catalyzed by zirconium metallocene: a computational study. RSC Adv 2022; 12:21111-21121. [PMID: 35975060 PMCID: PMC9341425 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03180a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The polymerization of α-olefins catalyzed by zirconium metallocene catalyst was systematically studied through experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Having achieved an agreement between theory and experiment, it was found that the effect of the catalyst ligand on the C
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C insertion reaction was significantly greater than that on the β-H elimination reaction. Therefore, the molecular weight of polymers can be increased by improving the activity of the CC insertion. In addition, in comparison with propylene, the chain length of α-olefins can directly affect the stereotacticity of polymerization products, owing to steric hindrance between the polymer chain and monomer. The polymerization of α-olefins catalyzed by zirconium metallocene catalyst was systematically studied through experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Xianming Xu
- Daqing Petrochemical Research Center of PetroChina Daqing 163714 China
| | - Yulong Wang
- Daqing Petrochemical Research Center of PetroChina Daqing 163714 China
| | - Tong Liu
- Daqing Petrochemical Research Center of PetroChina Daqing 163714 China
| | - Hongpeng Li
- Daqing Petrochemical Research Center of PetroChina Daqing 163714 China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Daqing Petrochemical Research Center of PetroChina Daqing 163714 China
| | - Libo Wang
- Daqing Petrochemical Research Center of PetroChina Daqing 163714 China
| | - Xiuhui Wang
- Daqing Petrochemical Research Center of PetroChina Daqing 163714 China
| | - Simeng Zhao
- Daqing Petrochemical Research Center of PetroChina Daqing 163714 China
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China .,PetroChina Petrochemical Research Institute Beijing 102206 China
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3
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Chen J, Motta A, Zhang J, Gao Y, Marks TJ. Mechanism of Organoscandium-Catalyzed Ethylene Copolymerization with Amino-Olefins: A Quantum Chemical Analysis. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Alessandro Motta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Roma “La Sapienza” and INSTM, UdR Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Jialong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Yanshan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Tobin J. Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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4
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Zhou G, Kang X, Wang X, Hou Z, Luo Y. Theoretical Investigations of Isoprene Polymerization Catalyzed by Cationic Half-Sandwich Scandium Complexes Bearing a Coordinative Side Arm. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangli Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaohui Kang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- College
of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Xingbao Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Organometallic
Chemistry Laboratory and RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yi Luo
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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5
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DFT Studies on cis-1,4-Polymerization of Dienes Catalyzed by a Cationic Rare-Earth Metal Complex Bearing an Ancillary PNP Ligand. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9020053. [PMID: 30970731 PMCID: PMC6431986 DOI: 10.3390/polym9020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dnsity functional theory (DFT) calculations have been carried out for the highly selective cis-1,4-polymerization of butadiene catalyzed by a cationic rare-earth metal complex bearing an ancillary PNP ligand. It has been found that the chain initiation and propagation of butadiene polymerization occurs via the favorable cis-1,4-insertion route. The trans-1,4 and 1,2-insertion are unfavorable both kinetically and thermodynamically. The chain growth follows the π-allyl-insertion mechanism. The analyses of energy decomposition of transition states indicate that the likelihood of rival insertion pathways is predominantly controlled by the interaction energy of butadiene with a metal center and the deformation energy of butadiene moiety. The electronic factor of the central metal has a decisive influence on the cis- vs. trans-insertion and the regioselectivity (cis-1,4- vs. cis-1,2-insertion) is mainly determined by steric hindrance. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) coordination made monomer insertion less favorable compared with THF-free case and had more noticeable impact on the trans-monomer insertion compared with the cis case. During the chain propagation, cis-insertion of monomer facilitates THF de-coordination and the THF molecule could therefore dissociate from the central metal.
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6
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Kang X, Zhou G, Wang X, Qu J, Hou Z, Luo Y. Alkyl Effects on the Chain Initiation Efficiency of Olefin Polymerization by Cationic Half-Sandwich Scandium Catalysts: A DFT Study. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Kang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science
and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangli Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science
and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingbao Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science
and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingping Qu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science
and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science
and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
- Organometallic
Chemistry Laboratory and Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yi Luo
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science
and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Ribeiro R, Ruivo R, Nsiri H, Norsic S, D’Agosto F, Perrin L, Boisson C. Deciphering the Mechanism of Coordinative Chain Transfer Polymerization of Ethylene Using Neodymocene Catalysts and Dialkylmagnesium. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Ribeiro
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, C2P2 (Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers & Processes), Bat. 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Rui Ruivo
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, C2P2 (Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers & Processes), Bat. 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hajar Nsiri
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, C2P2 (Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers & Processes), Bat. 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne, France
- Interface Theory/Experiment: Mechanism & Modeling (ITEMM), ICBMS, UMR 5246-CNRS, Bat. 308-Curien (CPE Lyon), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sébastien Norsic
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, C2P2 (Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers & Processes), Bat. 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Franck D’Agosto
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, C2P2 (Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers & Processes), Bat. 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lionel Perrin
- Interface Theory/Experiment: Mechanism & Modeling (ITEMM), ICBMS, UMR 5246-CNRS, Bat. 308-Curien (CPE Lyon), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christophe Boisson
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, C2P2 (Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers & Processes), Bat. 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne, France
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8
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Alnajrani MN, Mair FS. Bidentate forms of β-triketimines: syntheses, characterization and outstanding performance of enamine–diimine cobalt complexes in isoprene polymerization. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:10435-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01064d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
When a normally tridentate β-triketimine ligand binds to Co(ii) in a bidentate enamine–diimine form, is partnered with the weakly co-ordinating BArF anion and activated with ethylaluminiumsesquichoride, the most active catalyst yet found forcis-1,4-selective polymerization of isoprene results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francis S. Mair
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Chemistry Building
- Manchester
- UK
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9
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Alnajrani MN, Alshmimri SA, Alsager OA. Alpha and beta diimine cobalt complexes in isoprene polymerization: a comparative study. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23308b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoprene was polymerized by diimine cobalt catalyst in the presence of DEAC to produce cis-1,4 and 3,4 polyisoprene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sultan A. Alshmimri
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology
- Riyadh 11442
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar A. Alsager
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology
- Riyadh 11442
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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10
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Alnajrani MN, Mair FS. The behaviour of β-triketimine cobalt complexes in the polymerization of isoprene. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06792h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobalt complexes of β-triketimines activated by Et2AlCl polymerize isoprene to give up to 80%cis-1,4 with 20% 3,4 polymer, at 35 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed N. Alnajrani
- Organic Materials Innovation Centre
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | - Francis S. Mair
- Organic Materials Innovation Centre
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
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11
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Liu B, Wang X, Pan Y, Lin F, Wu C, Qu J, Luo Y, Cui D. Unprecedented 3,4-Isoprene and cis-1,4-Butadiene Copolymers with Controlled Sequence Distribution by Single Yttrium Cationic Species. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5019654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xingbao Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical, Science
and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yupeng Pan
- University of
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Lin
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunji Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jingping Qu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical, Science
and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yi Luo
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical, Science
and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Dongmei Cui
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
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12
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Kang X, Luo Y, Zhou G, Wang X, Yu X, Hou Z, Qu J. Theoretical Mechanistic Studies on the trans-1,4-Specific Polymerization of Isoprene Catalyzed by a Cationic La–Al Binuclear Complex. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500988s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Kang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science
and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yi Luo
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science
and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Guangli Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science
and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xingbao Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science
and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xuerong Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science
and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science
and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- RIKEN
Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Organometallic Chemistry
Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jingping Qu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science
and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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13
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Fang J, Tschan MJL, Roisnel T, Trivelli X, Gauvin RM, Thomas CM, Maron L. Yttrium catalysts for syndioselective β-butyrolactone polymerization: on the origin of ligand-induced stereoselectivity. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20590d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Loughmari S, Hafid A, Bouazza A, El Bouadili A, Zinck P, Visseaux M. Highly stereoselective coordination polymerization of β‐myrcene from a lanthanide‐based catalyst: Access to bio‐sourced elastomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Loughmari
- Université Lille Nord de France, F‐5900 Lille, France
- ENSCL, UCCS, CCM, F‐59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- USTL, UCCS, CCM, F‐59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- CNRS, UMR8181, F‐59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée et Science de l'Environnement, USMS, FST‐BM, B.P 523, 23 000 Béni‐Mellal, Maroc
| | - Abderrafia Hafid
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Analytique—Equipe COOA, USMS, FST‐BM, B.P 523, 23 000 Béni‐Mellal, Maroc
| | - Aicha Bouazza
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée et Science de l'Environnement, USMS, FST‐BM, B.P 523, 23 000 Béni‐Mellal, Maroc
| | - Abdelaziz El Bouadili
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée et Science de l'Environnement, USMS, FST‐BM, B.P 523, 23 000 Béni‐Mellal, Maroc
| | - Philippe Zinck
- Université Lille Nord de France, F‐5900 Lille, France
- ENSCL, UCCS, CCM, F‐59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- USTL, UCCS, CCM, F‐59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- CNRS, UMR8181, F‐59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Marc Visseaux
- Université Lille Nord de France, F‐5900 Lille, France
- ENSCL, UCCS, CCM, F‐59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- USTL, UCCS, CCM, F‐59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- CNRS, UMR8181, F‐59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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15
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Kang X, Song Y, Luo Y, Li G, Hou Z, Qu J. Computational Studies on Isospecific Polymerization of 1-Hexene Catalyzed by Cationic Rare Earth Metal Alkyl Complex Bearing a C3iPr-trisox Ligand. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202414k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yuming Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Gang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako,
Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jingping Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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