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Kuang J, Luo N, Hao Z, Xu J, He X, Shi J. NI-Raman spectroscopy combined with BP-Adaboost neural network for adulteration detection of soybean oil in camellia oil. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-022-01430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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2
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Yang TL, Huang CL, Lee CP. Utilizing AgNPt-SALDI to Classify Edible Oils by Multivariate Statistics of Triacylglycerol Profile. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195880. [PMID: 34641425 PMCID: PMC8510378 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Edible oils are valuable sources of nutrients, and their classification is necessary to ensure high quality, which is essential to food safety. This study reports the establishment of a rapid and straightforward SALDI-TOF MS platform used to detect triacylglycerol (TAG) in various edible oils. Silver nanoplates (AgNPts) were used to optimize the SALDI samples for high sensitivity and reproducibility of TAG signals. TAG fingerprints were combined with multivariate statistics to identify the critical features of edible oil discrimination. Eleven various edible oils were discriminated using principal component analysis (PCA). The results suggested the creation of a robust platform that can examine food adulteration and food fraud, potentially ensuring high-quality foods and agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ling Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan; (T.-L.Y.); (C.-L.H.)
| | - Cheng-Liang Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan; (T.-L.Y.); (C.-L.H.)
| | - Chu-Ping Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Joo YH, Nam MH, Chung N, Lee YK. UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS screening and identification of bioactive compounds in fresh, aged, and browned Magnolia denudata flower extracts. Food Res Int 2020; 133:109192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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Qiu ZD, Chen JL, Zeng W, Ma Y, Chen T, Tang JF, Lai CJS, Huang LQ. Real-time toxicity prediction of Aconitum stewing system using extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:903-912. [PMID: 32528836 PMCID: PMC7276682 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to numerous obstacles such as complex matrices, real-time monitoring of complex reaction systems (e.g., medicinal herb stewing system) has always been a challenge though great values for safe and rational use of drugs. Herein, facilitated by the potential ability on the tolerance of complex matrices of extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, a device was established to realize continuous sampling and real-time quantitative analysis of herb stewing system for the first time. A complete analytical strategy, including data acquisition, data mining, and data evaluation was proposed and implemented with overcoming the usual difficulties in real-time mass spectrometry quantification. The complex Fuzi (the lateral root of Aconitum)–meat stewing systems were real-timely monitored in 150 min by qualitative and quantitative analysis of the nine key alkaloids accurately. The results showed that the strategy worked perfectly and the toxicity of the systems were evaluated and predicated accordingly. Stewing with trotters effectively accelerated the detoxification of Fuzi soup and reduced the overall toxicity to 68%, which was recommended to be used practically for treating rheumatic arthritis and enhancing immunity. The established strategy was versatile, simple, and accurate, which would have a wide application prospect in real-time analysis and evaluation of various complex reaction systems.
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Piñero MY, Amo-González M, Ballesteros RD, Pérez LR, de la Mora GF, Arce L. Chemical Fingerprinting of Olive Oils by Electrospray Ionization-Differential Mobility Analysis-Mass Spectrometry: A New Alternative to Food Authenticity Testing. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:527-537. [PMID: 32126778 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the olive oil industry has been the subject of harsh criticism for false labeling and even adulterating olive oils. This situation in which both the industry and the population are affected leads to an urgent need to increase controls to avoid fraudulent activities around this precious product. The aim of this work is to propose a new analytical platform by coupling electrospray ionization (ESI), differential mobility analysis (DMA), and mass spectrometry (MS) for the analysis of olive oils based on the information obtained from the chemical fingerprint (nontargeted analyses). Regarding the sample preparation, two approaches were proposed: (i) sample dilution and (ii) liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). To demonstrate the feasibility of the method, 30 olive oil samples in 3 different categories were analyzed, using 21 of them to elaborate the classification model and the remaining 9 to test it (blind samples). To develop the prediction model, principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used. The overall success rate of the classification to differentiate among extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), virgin olive oil (VOO), and lampante olive oil (LOO) was 89% for the LLE samples and 67% for the diluted samples. However, combining both methods, the ability to differentiate EVOO from lower-quality oils (VOO and LOO) and the edible oils (EVOO and VOO) from nonedible oil (LOO) was 100%. The results show that ESI-DMA-MS can become an effective tool for the olive oil sector.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lourdes Arce
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), University of Córdoba, Campus of Rabanales, Marie Curie Annex Building, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Ma Y, Cong W, Huang H, Sun L, Mai AH, Boonen K, Maryam W, De Borggraeve W, Luo G, Liu Q, Schoofs L, Van Kuppeveld F, Neyts J, Mirabelli C, Luyten W. Identification of fukinolic acid from Cimicifuga heracleifolia and its derivatives as novel antiviral compounds against enterovirus A71 infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2019; 53:128-136. [PMID: 30063999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) infections cause a wide array of diseases ranging from diarrhoea and rashes to hand-foot-and-mouth disease and, in rare cases, severe neurological disorders. No specific antiviral drug therapy is currently available. Extracts from 75 Chinese medicinal plants selected for antiviral activity based on the Chinese pharmacopeia and advice from traditional Chinese medicine clinicians were tested for activity against EV-A71. The aqueous extract of the rhizome of Cimicifuga heracleifolia (Sheng Ma) and Arnebia euchroma (Zi Cao) showed potent antiviral activity. The active fractions were isolated by bioassay-guided purification, and identified by a combination of high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Fukinolic acid and cimicifugic acid A and J, were identified as active anti-EV-A71 compounds for C. heracleifolia, whereas for A. euchroma, two caffeic acid derivatives were tentatively deduced. Commercially available fukinolic acid analogues such as L-chicoric acid and D-chicoric also showed in vitro micromolar activity against EV-A71 lab-strain and clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Ma
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wenjuan Cong
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Hao Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anh Hung Mai
- R&D Department, PolymerExpert,1 Allée du Doyen Georges Brus, Pessac, France
| | - Kurt Boonen
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wahedi Maryam
- Departement of infection and immunology, University of Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wim De Borggraeve
- Molecular Design and Synthesis unit, Chemistry department, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guoan Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingfei Liu
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Kuppeveld
- Departement of infection and immunology, University of Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Neyts
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carmen Mirabelli
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Walter Luyten
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Belgium.
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Wang S, Li F, Liu Y, Zhao H, Chen H. High-throughput screening of toxic substances by extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and their identification via databank construction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4049-4054. [PMID: 30635664 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1520-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
More than 200 toxic substances (including narcotic drugs, psychotropic drugs, organic phosphorus compounds, carbamates, pyrethroids and other pesticides, veterinary drugs, rodenticides, natural toxins, and other drugs) were identified and quantified using an ion-trap mass spectrometer. The advantages of this technique-its selectivity, accuracy, precision, utilization of only small amounts of the sample, and short analysis time for a single sample (less than 30s)-render it a rapid and accurate methodology for toxin screening. Subsequently, an extractive electrospray ionization (EESI) mass spectrometry database was established by combining the Xcalibur data processing system with NIST database software. This allowed unknown toxicants in urine and blood samples, stomach contents, and liver samples, as provided by the Jiangxi Provincial Public Security Department, to be analyzed and identified. This EESI methodology and databank has the potential for widespread application to the large-scale analysis of practical samples. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanglong Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, Jiangxi, China
| | - Faliang Li
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, Jiangxi, China
| | - YongZi Liu
- Institute of Forensic Science, Jiangxi Provincial Public Security Bureau, Nanchang, 330038, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huian Zhao
- Institute of Forensic Science, Jiangxi Provincial Public Security Bureau, Nanchang, 330038, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, Jiangxi, China.
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9
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Lu H, Zhang H, Chingin K, Xiong J, Fang X, Chen H. Ambient mass spectrometry for food science and industry. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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10
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Kumbhani S, Longin T, Wingen LM, Kidd C, Perraud V, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. New Mechanism of Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Heterogeneous Solid Particles. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2055-2062. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Kumbhani
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - T. Longin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Redlands, Redlands, California 92373, United States
| | - L. M. Wingen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - C. Kidd
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - V. Perraud
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - B. J. Finlayson-Pitts
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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11
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Kumbhani SR, Wingen LM, Perraud V, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. A cautionary note on the effects of laboratory air contaminants on ambient ionization mass spectrometry measurements. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1659-1668. [PMID: 28782138 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ambient ionization mass spectrometry methods are convenient, sensitive and require little sample preparation. However, they are susceptible to species present in air surrounding the mass spectrometer. This study identifies some challenges associated with the potential impacts of indoor air contaminants on ionization and analysis involving open-air methods. METHODS Unexpected effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from floor maintenance activities on ambient ionization mass spectrometry were studied using three different ambient ionization techniques. Extractive electrospray ionization (EESI), direct analysis in real time (DART) and ionization by piezoelectric direct discharge (PDD) plasma were demonstrated in this study to be affected by indoor air contaminants. Identification of contaminant vapors was verified by comparison with standards using EESI-MS/MS product ion scans. RESULTS Emissions of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether are identified from floor stripping and waxing solutions using three ambient ionization mass spectrometry techniques. These unexpected indoor air contaminants are capable of more than 75% ion suppression of target analytes due to their high volatility, proton affinity and solubility compared with the target analytes. The contaminant vapors are also shown to form adducts with one of the target analytes. CONCLUSIONS The common practice in MS analysis of subtracting a background air spectrum may not be appropriate if the presence of ionizable air contaminants alters the spectrum in unexpected ways. For example, VOCs released into air from floor stripping and waxing are capable of causing ion suppression of target analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambhav R Kumbhani
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2025, USA
| | - Lisa M Wingen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2025, USA
| | - Véronique Perraud
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2025, USA
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Guo T, Yong W, Jin Y, Zhang L, Liu J, Wang S, Chen Q, Dong Y, Su H, Tan T. Applications of DART-MS for food quality and safety assurance in food supply chain. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:161-187. [PMID: 25975720 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Direct analysis in real time (DART) represents a new generation of ion source which is used for rapid ionization of small molecules under ambient conditions. The combination of DART and various mass spectrometers allows analyzing multiple food samples with simple or no sample treatment, or in conjunction with prevailing protocolized sample preparation methods. Abundant applications by DART-MS have been reviewed in this paper. The DART-MS strategy applied to food supply chain (FSC), including production, processing, and storage and transportation, provides a comprehensive solution to various food components, contaminants, authenticity, and traceability. Additionally, typical applications available in food analysis by other ambient ionization mass spectrometers were summarized, and fundamentals mainly including mechanisms, devices, and parameters were discussed as well. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev. 36:161-187, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yong
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, P.R. China
| | - Yong Jin
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, P.R. China
| | - Liya Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Sai Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Qilong Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yiyang Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Haijia Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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Jia B, Zhang S, Yan L, He S, Liu B, Shen H, Yang P. Self-aspiration sampling extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) for high-throughput analysis of liquid samples. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30 Suppl 1:56-61. [PMID: 27539416 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) was invented as a typical ambient mass spectrometry method (AMS) and has been used for analyzing complex liquid samples. Here, we designed a Venturi effect-based self-aspiration sampling device and applied it to the EESI-MS for high-throughput analysis of liquid sample. METHODS A special concentric nebulizer was designed and employed to produce a suction force for the direct aspiration of liquid samples, followed by ionization and detection. This sample aspiration process was explained and optimized using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. Experiment data were recorded to exhibit the sensitivity, memory effect, inter-day reproducibility, throughput, and applicability of the self-aspiration sampling EESI-MS. RESULTS The limit of detection (LOD) of this method was determined as 4.5 × 10(-10) g/mL (S/N = 3) for caffeine, and the sample throughput and relative standard deviation (RSD) for full scan mode can reach 0.67 samples/s and 4.76%, respectively. Even for MS/MS mode, the frequency can still be kept at 0.4 samples/s (RSD = 4.71%). Inter-day RSD examined in 1 week was below 10% for the signal of characteristic fragment ions of reserpine. Moreover, based on this method, the amount of caffeine in instant coffee was determined as 4.7%. This device was also proven to be suitable for the protein/peptide analysis. CONCLUSIONS These experiment results, especially the amazing results on sample throughput and inter-day RSD, suggest that we provide a valuable device which can be used for the direct high-throughput qualitative/quantitative mass spectrometry analysis of real liquid samples in ambient. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jia
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ling Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shoubo He
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Baohong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Huali Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Pengyuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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Abstract
This chapter details the technique called extractive electrospray ionization (EESI) and describes its state-of-the-art developmental, mechanical and experimental aspects and shows its most important applications. EESI is a sensitive, matrix-tolerant secondary electrospray ionization technique, which is in the focus of ongoing investigations. The strength of EESI is its ability to ionize various compounds directly out of the sample without preparation or chromatographic separation. Although it appears to be not always the most sensitive method, it has shown enormous capabilities for various applications such as breath or skin analysis, the classification of perfumes, detection of melamine in milk and identification of the freshness of frozen meat or fruit.
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Osorio MT, Haughey SA, Elliott CT, Koidis A. Evaluation of methodologies to determine vegetable oil species present in oil mixtures: Proposition of an approach to meet the EU legislation demands for correct vegetable oils labelling. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Fernandes AMAP, Fernandes GD, Barrera-Arellano D, de Sá GF, Lins RD, Eberlin MN, Alberici RM. Desorption/ionization efficiencies of triacylglycerols and phospholipids via EASI-MS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:335-341. [PMID: 24809895 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the major effects governing desorption/ionization efficiency is required for the development and application of ambient mass spectrometry. Although all triacylglycerols (TAG) have the same favorable protonation and cationization sites, their desorption/ionization efficiencies can vary dramatically during easy ambient sonic-spray ionization because of structural differences in the carbon chain. To quantify this somewhat surprising and drastic effect, we have performed a systematic investigation of desorption/ionization efficiencies as a function of unsaturation and length for TAG as well as for diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols and several phospholipids (PL). Affinities for Na(+) as a function of unsaturation level have also been assayed via comprehensive metadynamics calculations to understand the influence of this phenomenon on the ionization efficiency. The results suggest that dipole-dipole interactions within a carbon chain tuned by unsaturation sites govern ionization efficiency of TAG and PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria A P Fernandes
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, 13083-970, SP, Brazil
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18
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Alves JO, Botelho BG, Sena MM, Augusti R. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and partial least squares discriminant analysis applied to the quality control of olive oil. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:1109-15. [PMID: 24130014 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in the positive ion mode [ESI(+)-MS] is used to obtain fingerprints of aqueous-methanolic extracts of two types of olive oils, extra virgin (EV) and ordinary (OR), as well as of samples of EV olive oil adulterated by the addition of OR olive oil and other edible oils: corn (CO), sunflower (SF), soybean (SO) and canola (CA). The MS data is treated by the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) protocol aiming at discriminating the above-mentioned classes formed by the genuine olive oils, EV (1) and OR (2), as well as the EV adulterated samples, i.e. EV/SO (3), EV/CO (4), EV/SF (5), EV/CA (6) and EV/OR (7). The PLS-DA model employed is built with 190 and 70 samples for the training and test sets, respectively. For all classes (1-7), EV and OR olive oils as well as the adulterated samples (in a proportion varying from 0.5 to 20.0% w/w) are properly classified. The developed methodology required no ions identification and demonstrated to be fast, as each measurement lasted about 3 min including the extraction step and MS analysis, and reliable, because high sensitivities (rate of true positives) and specificities (rate of true negatives) were achieved. Finally, it can be envisaged that this approach has potential to be applied in quality control of EV olive oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junia O Alves
- Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Gallimore PJ, Kalberer M. Characterizing an extractive electrospray ionization (EESI) source for the online mass spectrometry analysis of organic aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:7324-7331. [PMID: 23710930 DOI: 10.1021/es305199h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Organic compounds comprise a major fraction of tropospheric aerosol and understanding their chemical complexity is a key factor for determining their climate and health effects. We present and characterize here a new online technique for measuring the detailed chemical composition of organic aerosols, namely extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS). Aerosol particles composed of soluble organic compounds were extracted into and ionized by a solvent electrospray, producing molecular ions from the aerosol with minimal fragmentation. We demonstrate here that the technique has a time resolution of seconds and is capable of making stable measurements over several hours. The ion signal in the MS was linearly correlated with the mass of aerosol delivered to the EESI source over the range tested (3-600 μg/m(3)) and was independent of particle size and liquid water content, suggesting that the entire particle bulk is extracted for analysis. Tandem MS measurements enabled detection of known analytes in the sub-μg/m(3) range. Proof-of-principle measurements of the ozonolysis of oleic acid aerosol (20 μg/m(3)) revealed the formation of a variety of oxidation products in good agreement with previous offline studies. This demonstrates the technique's potential for studying the product-resolved kinetics of aerosol-phase chemistry at a molecular level with high sensitivity and time resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gallimore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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Smith MJP, Cameron NR, Mosely JA. Evaluating Atmospheric pressure Solids Analysis Probe (ASAP) mass spectrometry for the analysis of low molecular weight synthetic polymers. Analyst 2013; 137:4524-30. [PMID: 22890238 DOI: 10.1039/c2an35556f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric pressure Solids Analysis Probe (ASAP) mass spectrometry has facilitated the ionisation of oligomers from low molecular weight synthetic polymers, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG: M(n) = 1430) and poly(styrene) (PS: M(n) = 1770), directly from solids, providing a fast and efficient method of identification. Ion source conditions were evaluated and it was found that the key instrument parameter was the ion source desolvation temperature which, when set to 600 °C was sufficient to vapourise the heavier oligomers for ionisation. PS, a non-polar polymer that is very challenging to analyse by MALDI or ESI without the aid of metal salts to promote cationisation, was ionised promptly by ASAP resulting in the production of radical cations. A small degree of in-source dissociation could be eliminated by control of the instrument ion source voltages. The fragmentation observed through in-source dissociation could be duplicated in a controlled manner through Collision-Induced Dissociation (CID) of the radical cations. PEG, which preferentially ionises through adduction with alkali metal cations in MALDI and ESI, was observed as a protonated molecular ion by ASAP. In-source dissociation could not be eliminated entirely and the fragmentation observed resulted from cleavage of the C-C and C-O backbone bonds, as opposed to only C-O bond cleavage observed from tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J P Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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21
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Li X, Fang X, Yu Z, Sheng G, Wu M, Fu J, Chen H. Direct quantification of creatinine in human urine by using isotope dilution extractive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 748:53-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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22
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Direct analysis of biological samples using extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS). Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:2145-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5874-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Meier L, Berchtold C, Schmid S, Zenobi R. Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry—Enhanced Sensitivity Using an Ion Funnel. Anal Chem 2012; 84:2076-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ac203022x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Meier
- Department of Chemistry and Applied
Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich,
Switzerland
| | - Christian Berchtold
- Department of Chemistry and Applied
Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich,
Switzerland
| | - Stefan Schmid
- Department of Chemistry and Applied
Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich,
Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied
Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich,
Switzerland
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24
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Lu X, Chen H, Li X, Chen J, Yang X. A simplified electrospray ionization source based on electrostatic field induction for mass spectrometric analysis of droplet samples. Analyst 2012; 137:5743-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35909j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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25
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Doezema LA, Longin T, Cody W, Perraud V, Dawson ML, Ezell MJ, Greaves J, Johnson KR, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Analysis of secondary organic aerosols in air using extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS). RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra00961g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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26
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On the mechanism of extractive electrospray ionization (EESI) in the dual-spray configuration. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:2633-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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27
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Liu Y, Zhang X, Ouyang Y, Hu Z, Ma L, Zhang J, Lin J, Chen H. Trace detection of hormones and sulfonamides in viscous cosmetic products by neutral desorption extractive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:794-803. [PMID: 21834018 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive method based on a geometry-independent neutral desorption (GIND) in combination with extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) has been developed for fast detection of illicit additives such as sulfonamides and hormones in highly viscous cosmetic products. The method gave a low limit of detection (LOD) (in the range of 0.001-1 ng/g), acceptable relative standard deviation (RSD=6.8-11.4%) and reasonable recovery (87-116%) for direct measuring of nine types of hormones and sulfonamides in the cosmetic products. The average measurement time for two types of samples was less than 1 min. Trace amounts of analytes in commercial cosmetic products have been quantitatively detected, without any sample pretreatment. The experimental results showed that non-volatile illicit additives such as sulfonamides and hormones could be sensitively liberated using the GIND device for quantitative detection from the highly viscous cosmetic products, demonstrating that GIND-EESI-MS is a promising tool for high throughput, sensitive and quantitative analysis of highly complex viscous samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing 100089, PR China
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28
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Abstract
MS has evolved as a critical component in metabolomics, which seeks to answer biological questions through large-scale qualitative and quantitative analyses of the metabolome. MS-based metabolomics techniques offer an excellent combination of sensitivity and selectivity, and they have become an indispensable platform in biology and metabolomics. In this minireview, various MS technologies used in metabolomics are briefly discussed, and future needs are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentian Lei
- From the Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73402
| | - David V. Huhman
- From the Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73402
| | - Lloyd W. Sumner
- From the Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73402
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29
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Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhang J, Hu Z, Hu B, Ding L, Jia L, Chen H. Neutral desorption extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for fast screening sunscreen agents in cream cosmetic products. Talanta 2011; 85:1665-71. [PMID: 21807237 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
High throughput analysis of sunscreen agents present in cream cosmetic has been demonstrated, typically 2 samples per minute, using neutral desorption extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ND-EESI-MS) without sample pretreatment. For the targeted compounds such as 4-Aminobenzoic acid and oxybenzone, ND-EESI-MS method provided linear signal responses in the range of 1-100 ppb. Limits of detection (LOD) of the method were estimated at sub-ppb levels for the analytes tested. Reasonable relative standard deviation (RSD=8.4-16.0%) was obtained as a result of 10 independent measurements for commercial cosmetics samples spiked with each individual sunscreen agents at 1-10 ppb. Acceptable recoveries were achieved in the range of 87-116% for direct analysis of commercial cream cosmetic samples. The experimental data demonstrate that ND-EESI-MS is a useful tool for high throughput screening of sunscreen agents in highly viscous cream cosmetic products, with the capability to obtain quantitative information of the analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglei Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, PR China
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30
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Li X, Hu B, Ding J, Chen H. Rapid characterization of complex viscous samples at molecular levels by neutral desorption extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Nat Protoc 2011; 6:1010-25. [PMID: 21720314 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2011.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this protocol, the sample (which could be a bulk or heterogeneous fluid, or a greasy surface) is treated with a neutral desorption (ND) sampling gas beam, and the resulting analyte mixtures are directly characterized by extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS). The ND device can be specifically constructed such that the sampling gas beam is bubbled through the liquid sample (microjet sampling) or directed to impact the sample surface (e.g., for the analysis of a material like cheese). The ND-EESI-MS analysis process requires no sample pretreatment because it can tolerate an extremely complex matrix. ND-EESI-MS allows real-time, online chemical profiling of highly viscous samples under ambient conditions. Both volatile and nonvolatile analytes from viscous samples can easily be detected and quantified by ND-EESI-MS, thereby providing an MS-based analytical platform for multiple disciplines (e.g., for the food industry, for drug discovery, and for the biological and life sciences). Here we describe the ND-EESI-MS protocol for viscous sample analysis, including the experimental design, equipment setup, reagent preparation, data acquisition and analysis steps. The data collection process takes <1 min per sample, although the time required for the whole procedure, which largely depends on the experimental preparation processes, might be considerably longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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31
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López-López A, Cortés-Delgado A, Garrido-Fernández A. Chemometric characterisation of the fats released during the conditioning processes of table olives. Food Chem 2011; 126:1620-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Santos VG, Regiani T, Dias FFG, Romão W, Jara JLP, Klitzke CF, Coelho F, Eberlin MN. Venturi easy ambient sonic-spray ionization. Anal Chem 2011; 83:1375-80. [PMID: 21235233 DOI: 10.1021/ac102765z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The development and illustrative applications of an ambient ionization technique termed Venturi easy ambient sonic-spray ionization (V-EASI) is described. Its dual mode of operation with Venturi self-pumping makes V-EASI applicable to the direct mass spectrometric analysis of both liquid (V(L)-EASI) and solid (V(S)-EASI) samples. V-EASI is simple and easy to assemble, operating solely via the assistance of a sonic stream of nitrogen or air. The sonic gas stream causes two beneficial and integrated effects: (a) the self-pumping of solutions via the Venturi effect and (b) sonic-spray ionization (SSI) of analytes either in solution or resting on solid surfaces. In its liquid mode, V(L)-EASI is applicable to analytes in solution, forming negatively and/or positively charged intact molecular species in a soft fashion with little or no fragmentation. In its solid mode, V(S)-EASI relies on Venturi self-pumping of a proper SSI solvent solution in combination with SSI to form a stream of bipolar charged droplets that bombard the sample surface, causing desorption and ionization of the analyte molecules. As for its precursor technique (EASI), V-EASI generates bipolar droplets with considerably lower average charging, which increases selectivity for ionization with high signal-to-noise ratios and clean spectra dominated by single molecular species with minimal solvent ions. V-EASI also operates in a voltage-, heat-, and radiation-free fashion and is therefore free of thermal, electrical, or discharge interferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa G Santos
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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33
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Chen R, Wang L, Xiong C, Zhou Y, Zhen C, Zhang N, Tang Y, Zhou X, Wang J, Nie Z, Chen Y. Direct analysis of oligosaccharides and alpha hydroxy acids in fruits using electrosonic spray ionization mass spectrometry. Analyst 2011; 136:3809-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15390k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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34
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Meier L, Schmid S, Berchtold C, Zenobi R. Contribution of liquid-phase and gas-phase ionization in extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of primary amines. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2011; 17:345-351. [PMID: 22006628 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated how binary mixtures of compounds influence each other's signal intensity in electrospray ionization (ESI), extractive electrospray ionization (EESI) and secondary electrospray ionization (SESI) experiments. The experiments were conducted using a series of homologous primary amines (from 1-butyl to 1- decylamine). In every experiment, two of the amines were present, and all 21 possible combinations were measured with EESI, ESI and SESI as ionization sources. Except for the volatility, which decreases with increasing molecular weight, the physico-chemical properties of the amines are very similar, so that the intensity ratio obtained in each experiment provides information about discrimination effects occurring during the ionization process. The results show that for the relatively volatile compounds investigated, the EESI ionization mechanism resembles the SESI-like gas-phase charge transfer more than ESI-like analyte ionization in solution. In addition, almost no discrimination effects were observed in the spectra obtained in EESI experiments. Quantitative EESI experiments with nonylamine as internal standard showed that EESI is capable of providing both more accurate and more precise results than SESI and ESI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Meier
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
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35
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Alberici RM, Simas RC, Sanvido GB, Romão W, Lalli PM, Benassi M, Cunha IBS, Eberlin MN. Ambient mass spectrometry: bringing MS into the "real world". Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:265-94. [PMID: 20521143 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3808-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has recently undergone a second contemporary revolution with the introduction of a new group of desorption/ionization (DI) techniques known collectively as ambient mass spectrometry. Performed in an open atmosphere directly on samples in their natural environments or matrices, or by using auxiliary surfaces, ambient mass spectrometry (MS) has greatly simplified and increased the speed of MS analysis. Since its debut in 2004 there has been explosive growth in the applications and variants of ambient MS, and a very comprehensive set of techniques based on different desorption and ionization mechanisms is now available. Most types of molecules with a large range of masses and polarities can be ionized with great ease and simplicity with the outstanding combination of the speed, selectivity, and sensitivity of MS detection. This review describes and compares the basis of ionization and the concepts of the most promising ambient MS techniques known to date and illustrates, via typical analytical and bioanalytical applications, how ambient MS is helping to bring MS analysis deeper than ever into the "real world" open atmosphere environment--to wherever MS is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana M Alberici
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil.
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36
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Law WS, Wang R, Hu B, Berchtold C, Meier L, Chen H, Zenobi R. On the Mechanism of Extractive Electrospray Ionization. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4494-500. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100390t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wai Siang Law
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland, and Department of Applied Chemistry, East China Institute of Technology, Fuzhou 344000, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland, and Department of Applied Chemistry, East China Institute of Technology, Fuzhou 344000, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland, and Department of Applied Chemistry, East China Institute of Technology, Fuzhou 344000, China
| | - Christian Berchtold
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland, and Department of Applied Chemistry, East China Institute of Technology, Fuzhou 344000, China
| | - Lukas Meier
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland, and Department of Applied Chemistry, East China Institute of Technology, Fuzhou 344000, China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland, and Department of Applied Chemistry, East China Institute of Technology, Fuzhou 344000, China
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland, and Department of Applied Chemistry, East China Institute of Technology, Fuzhou 344000, China
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