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Nizhnik YP, Hansen E, Howard C, Zeller M, Rosokha SV. Complexes of Zinc-Coordinated Heteroaromatic N-Oxides with Pyrene: Lewis Acid Effects on the Multicenter Donor-Acceptor Bonding. Molecules 2024; 29:3305. [PMID: 39064884 PMCID: PMC11279733 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
4-Nitroquinoline-N-oxide (NQO) and 4-nitropyridine-N-oxide (NPO) are important precursors for the synthesis of substituted heterocycles while NQO is a popular model mutagen and carcinogen broadly used in cancer research; intermolecular interactions are critical for their reactions or functioning in vivo. Herein, the effects of the coordination of N-oxide's oxygen atom to Lewis acids on multicenter donor-acceptor bonding were explored via a combination of experimental and computational studies of the complexes of NQO and NPO with a typical π-electron donor, pyrene. Coordination with ZnCl2 increased the positive electrostatic potentials on the surfaces of these π-acceptors and lowered the energy of their LUMO. Analogous effects were observed upon the protonation of the N-oxides' oxygen or bonding with boron trifluoride. The interaction of ZnCl2, NPO, or NQO and pyrene resulted in the formation of dark co-crystals comprising π-stacked Zn-coordinated N-oxides and pyrene similar to that found with protonated or (reported earlier) BF3-bonded N-oxides. Computational studies indicated that the coordination of N-oxides to zinc(II), BF3, or protonation led to the strengthening of the multicenter bonding of the nitro-heterocycle with pyrene, and this effect was related both to the increased electrostatic attraction and molecular-orbital interactions in their complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA; (E.H.); (C.H.)
| | - Cayden Howard
- Department of Chemistry, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA; (E.H.); (C.H.)
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Sergiy V. Rosokha
- Department of Chemistry, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA; (E.H.); (C.H.)
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2
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Abstract
Recently, organic synthesis has seen a renaissance in radical chemistry due to the accessibility of mild methods for radical generation using visible light. While renewed interest in synthetic radical chemistry has been driven by the advent of photoredox catalysis, a resurgence of electron donor-acceptor (EDA) photochemistry has also led to many new radical transformations. Similar to photoredox catalysis, EDA photochemistry involves light-promoted single-electron transfer pathways. However, the mechanism of electron transfer in EDA systems is unique wherein the lifetimes of radical intermediates are often shorter due to competitive back-electron transfer. Distinguishing between EDA and photoredox mechanisms can be challenging since they can form identical products. In this perspective, we seek to provide insight on the mechanistic studies which can distinguish between EDA and photoredox manifolds. Additionally, we highlight some key challenges in EDA photochemistry and suggest future goals which could advance the synthetic potential of this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan K. Wortman
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Corey R. J. Stephenson
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Lin D, Krishnamurti V, Prakash S. Visible Light Mediated Metal‐free Chlorodifluoromethylation of Arenes and Heteroarenes via a Hypervalent Iodine EDA Complex. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lin
- University of Southern California Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute UNITED STATES
| | - Vinayak Krishnamurti
- University of Southern California Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute UNITED STATES
| | - Surya Prakash
- University of Southern California Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute 837 Bloom WalkUniversity Park 90089-1661 Los Angeles UNITED STATES
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Kim JY, Lee YS, Ryu DH. Ternary Electron Donor–Acceptor Complex Enabled Enantioselective Radical Additions to α, β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Cheoncheon, Jangan, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Yea Suel Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Cheoncheon, Jangan, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Do Hyun Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Cheoncheon, Jangan, Suwon 16419, Korea
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Pitre SP, Allred TK, Overman LE. Lewis Acid Activation of Fragment-Coupling Reactions of Tertiary Carbon Radicals Promoted by Visible-Light Irradiation of EDA Complexes. Org Lett 2021; 23:1103-1106. [PMID: 33492152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The addition of tertiary carbon radicals generated from N-(acyloxy)phthalimide esters to cyclic α,β-unsaturated ketones and lactones is markedly enhanced by the addition of substoichiometric amounts of a Ln(OTf)3. The reaction is accomplished by irradiation with visible light in the absence of a photosensitizer and is suggested to proceed by excitation of a ternary electron donor-acceptor complex between the NHPI ester, Hantzsch ester, and a Ln(OTf)3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer P Pitre
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, 107 Physical Sciences, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Tyler K Allred
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Larry E Overman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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McClain EJ, Monos TM, Mori M, Beatty JW, Stephenson CRJ. Design and Implementation of a Catalytic Electron Donor–Acceptor Complex Platform for Radical Trifluoromethylation and Alkylation. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. McClain
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Timothy M. Monos
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Mayuko Mori
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Joel W. Beatty
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Corey R. J. Stephenson
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Borley W, Watson B, Nizhnik YP, Zeller M, Rosokha SV. Complexes of Diiodine with Heteroaromatic N-Oxides: Effects of Halogen-Bond Acceptors in Halogen Bonding. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7113-7123. [PMID: 31322882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Halogen bonding (XB) in complexes of diiodine with heteroaromatic N-oxides was examined via a combination of UV-vis spectral and X-ray structural measurements, as well as computational analysis. While all of these associates were formed by analogous I···O bonds, they showed considerable variations of formation constants (5-1500 M-1) and intermolecular I···O bond length (2.3-3.2 Å). In the solid state, both atoms of I2 molecules were involved in XB, and the I···O separations were determined by the electron-donor abilities of N-oxides and the strength of the bonding on the opposite side of the ditopic XB donor. The solution-phase formation constants of 1:1 complexes, K, as well as magnitudes of the calculated interaction energies, ΔE, increased with the shift of the values of the most negative potentials on the surfaces of N-oxides' oxygen atoms, Vmin, toward more negative values. Yet, the interatomic contacts consistently deviated from the locations of Vmin. Instead, the structures of complexes were well suited for highest occupied molecular orbital/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital interactions of reactants. The values of K, ΔE, and the intermolecular distances dI···O in the calculated complexes were highly correlated with the charge-transfer interaction energies derived from the natural bond orbital analysis. This indicated that, besides electrostatic, molecular orbital interactions play a substantial role in XB between diiodine and N-oxides. This conclusion was supported by the analysis of the complexes using the quantum theory of atoms in molecules, noncovalent interaction index, and density overlap region indicator, which showed that the covalent character of I···O bonding increases with the rise of interaction energies in the complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Borley
- Department of Chemistry , Ball State University , Muncie , Indiana 47306 , United States
| | - Brandon Watson
- Department of Chemistry , Ball State University , Muncie , Indiana 47306 , United States
| | - Yakov P Nizhnik
- Bioo Scientific , 7050 Burleson Road , Austin , Texas 78744 , United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Sergiy V Rosokha
- Department of Chemistry , Ball State University , Muncie , Indiana 47306 , United States
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Nitropyridine-1-Oxides as Excellent π-Hole Donors: Interplay between σ-Hole (Halogen, Hydrogen, Triel, and Coordination Bonds) and π-Hole Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143440. [PMID: 31336936 PMCID: PMC6678756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this manuscript, we use the primary source of geometrical information, i.e., Cambridge Structural Database (CSD), combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations (PBE0-D3/def2-TZVP level of theory) to demonstrate the relevance of π-hole interactions in para-nitro substituted pyridine-1-oxides. More importantly, we show that the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) value above and below the π–hole of the nitro group is largely influenced by the participation of the N-oxide group in several interactions like hydrogen-bonding (HB) halogen-bonding (XB), triel bonding (TrB), and finally, coordination-bonding (CB) (N+–O− coordinated to a transition metal). The CSD search discloses that p-nitro-pyridine-1-oxide derivatives have a strong propensity to participate in π-hole interactions via the nitro group and, concurrently, N-oxide group participates in a series of interactions as electron donor. Remarkably, the DFT calculations show from strong to moderate cooperativity effects between π–hole and HB/XB/TrB/CB interactions (σ-bonding). The synergistic effects between π-hole and σ-hole bonding interactions are studied in terms of cooperativity energies, using MEP surface analysis and the Bader’s quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM).
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Nishida T, Fukazawa A, Yamaguchi E, Oshima H, Yamaguchi S, Kanai M, Kuninobu Y. Synthesis of PyridineN-Oxide-BF2CF3Complexes and Their Fluorescence Properties. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:1026-30. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201301688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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10
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Andreev VP, Tafeenko VA, Ivashevskaya SN. Molecular complexes of heteroaromatic N-oxides with boron trifluoride. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363214020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Pointillart F, Guennic BL, Maury O, Golhen S, Cador O, Ouahab L. Lanthanide Dinuclear Complexes Involving Tetrathiafulvalene-3-pyridine-N-oxide Ligand: Semiconductor Radical Salt, Magnetic, and Photophysical Studies. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:1398-408. [DOI: 10.1021/ic302095h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Pointillart
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de
Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du
Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Boris Le Guennic
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de
Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du
Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Maury
- Laboratoire de Chimie, UMR 5182 CNRS-ENS,
Lyon-Université Lyon 1, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364
Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Stéphane Golhen
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de
Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du
Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Cador
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de
Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du
Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Lahcène Ouahab
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de
Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du
Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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12
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Rode JE, Dobrowolski JCZ. On chirality transfer in electron donor-acceptor complexes. A prediction for the sulfinimine···BF3 system. Chirality 2011; 24:5-16. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.21977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Ishida N, Ikemoto W, Narumi M, Murakami M. Synthesis of Pyridine-N-oxide–Borane Intramolecular Complexes by Palladium-Catalyzed Reaction of 2-Bromopyridine-N-oxides with Alkynyltriarylborates. Org Lett 2011; 13:3008-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ol2008439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ishida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Wataru Ikemoto
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Mizuna Narumi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Murakami
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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14
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Abstract
Donor-acceptor complexes of borazine (BZ) and its substituted derivatives with Lewis acids (A = MCl(3), MBr(3); M = B, Al, Ga) and Lewis bases (D = NH(3), Py) have been theoretically studied at the B3LYP/TZVP level of theory. The calculations showed that complexes with Lewis bases only are unstable with respect to dissociation into their components, while complexes with Lewis acids only (such as aluminum and gallium trihalides) are stable. It was shown that formation of ternary D→BZ→A complexes may be achieved by subsequent introduction of the Lewis acid (acceptor A) and the Lewis base (donor D) to borazine. The nature of substituents in the borazine ring, their number, and position were shown to have only minor influence on the stability of ternary D→BZ→A complexes due to the compensation effect. Much weaker acceptor properties of borazine are explained in terms of large endothermic pyramidalization energy of the boron center in the borazine ring. In contrast to borazine, binary complexes of the isoelectronic benzene were predicted to be weakly bound even in the case of very strong Lewis acids; ternary DA complexes of benzene were predicted to be unbound. The donor-acceptor complex formation was predicted to significantly reduce both the endothermicity (by 70-95 kJ mol(-1)) and the activation energy (by 40-70 kJ mol(-1)) for the borazine hydrogenation. Thus, activation of the borazine ring by Lewis acids may be a facile way for the hydrogenation of borazines and polyborazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Lisovenko
- Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, University Pr. 26, Old Peterhof, 198504, Russia
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