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Palma E, Santos JF, Fernandes C, Paulo A. DNA-Targeted Complexes of Tc and Re for Biomedical Applications. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303591. [PMID: 38038361 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to their favorable chemical features, Re and Tc complexes have been widely used for the development of new therapeutic agents and imaging probes to solve problems of biomedical relevance. This review provides an update of the most relevant research efforts towards the development of novel cancer theranostic agents using Re and Tc-based compounds interacting with specific DNA structures. This includes a variety of homometallic complexes, namely those containing M(CO)3 (M=Re, Tc) moieties, that exhibit different modes of interaction with DNA, such as covalent binding, intercalation, groove binding or G-quadruplex DNA binding. Additionally, heterometallic complexes, designed to potentiate synergistic effects of different metal centers to improve DNA-targeting, cytotoxicity and fluorescence properties, are also reviewed. Particular attention is also given to 99m Tc- and 188 Re-labeled oligonucleotides that have been widely explored to develop imaging and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals through the in vivo hybridization with a specific complementary DNA or RNA target sequence to provide useful molecular tools in precision medicine for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Finally, the need for further improvement of DNA-targeted Re and Tc-based compounds as potential therapeutic and diagnostic agents is highlighted, and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Palma
- C2TN - Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias, Nucleares Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana F Santos
- C2TN - Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias, Nucleares Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Célia Fernandes
- C2TN - Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias, Nucleares Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
- DECN - Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António Paulo
- C2TN - Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias, Nucleares Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
- DECN - Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
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2
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Frei A, Verderosa AD, Elliott AG, Zuegg J, Blaskovich MAT. Metals to combat antimicrobial resistance. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:202-224. [PMID: 37117903 PMCID: PMC9907218 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00463-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria, similar to most organisms, have a love-hate relationship with metals: a specific metal may be essential for survival yet toxic in certain forms and concentrations. Metal ions have a long history of antimicrobial activity and have received increasing attention in recent years owing to the rise of antimicrobial resistance. The search for antibacterial agents now encompasses metal ions, nanoparticles and metal complexes with antimicrobial activity ('metalloantibiotics'). Although yet to be advanced to the clinic, metalloantibiotics are a vast and underexplored group of compounds that could lead to a much-needed new class of antibiotics. This Review summarizes recent developments in this growing field, focusing on advances in the development of metalloantibiotics, in particular, those for which the mechanism of action has been investigated. We also provide an overview of alternative uses of metal complexes to combat bacterial infections, including antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and radionuclide diagnosis of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Frei
- Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Anthony D Verderosa
- Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alysha G Elliott
- Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johannes Zuegg
- Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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3
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Gómez J, Sierra D, Cárdenas C, Guzmán F. Bio-organometallic Peptide Conjugates: Recent Advances in Their Synthesis and Prospects for Biomedical Application. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824666200309093938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
One area of organometallic chemistry that has attracted great interest in recent
years is the syntheses, characterization and study of organometallic complexes conjugated
to biomolecules with different steric and electronic properties as potential therapeutic
agents against cancer and malaria, as antibiotics and as radiopharmaceuticals. This minireview
focuses on the unique structural diversity that has recently been discovered in α-
amino acids and the reactions of metallocene complexes with peptides having different
chemical behavior and potential medical applications. Replacing α-amino acids with metallocene
fragments is an effective way of selectively influencing the physicochemical,
structural, electrochemical and biological properties of the peptides. Consequently, research
in the field of bioorganometallic chemistry offers the opportunity to develop bioactive
metal compounds as an innovative and promising approach in the search for pharmacological control of
different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana Gómez
- Nucleo de Biotecnologia Curauma, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Av. Universidad 330, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Diego Sierra
- Instituto de Quimica y Bioquimica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaiso, Av. Gran Bretana 1111, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Constanza Cárdenas
- Nucleo de Biotecnologia Curauma, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Av. Universidad 330, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Fanny Guzmán
- Nucleo de Biotecnologia Curauma, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Av. Universidad 330, Valparaiso, Chile
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4
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Frei A, Amado M, Cooper MA, Blaskovich MAT. Light-Activated Rhenium Complexes with Dual Mode of Action against Bacteria. Chemistry 2020; 26:2852-2858. [PMID: 31788867 PMCID: PMC7687258 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
New antibiotics and innovative approaches to kill drug-resistant bacteria are urgently needed. Metal complexes offer access to alternative modes of action but have only sparingly been investigated in antibacterial drug discovery. We have developed a light-activated rhenium complex with activity against drug-resistant S. aureus and E. coli. The activity profile against mutant strains combined with assessments of cellular uptake and synergy suggest two distinct modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Frei
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueensland4072Australia
| | - Maite Amado
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueensland4072Australia
| | - Matthew A. Cooper
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueensland4072Australia
| | - Mark A. T. Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueensland4072Australia
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5
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Frei A. Metal Complexes, an Untapped Source of Antibiotic Potential? Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E90. [PMID: 32085590 PMCID: PMC7168053 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With the widespread rise of antimicrobial resistance, most traditional sources for new drug compounds have been explored intensively for new classes of antibiotics. Meanwhile, metal complexes have long had only a niche presence in the medicinal chemistry landscape, despite some compounds, such as the anticancer drug cisplatin, having had a profound impact and still being used extensively in cancer treatments today. Indeed, metal complexes have been largely ignored for antibiotic development. This is surprising as metal compounds have access to unique modes of action and exist in a wider range of three-dimensional geometries than purely organic compounds. These properties make them interesting starting points for the development of new drugs. In this perspective article, , the encouraging work that has been done on antimicrobial metal complexes, mainly over the last decade, is highlighted. Promising metal complexes, their activity profiles, and possible modes of action are discussed and issues that remain to be addressed are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Frei
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
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6
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Miller RG, Vázquez-Hernández M, Prochnow P, Bandow JE, Metzler-Nolte N. A CuAAC Click Approach for the Introduction of Bidentate Metal Complexes to a Sulfanilamide-Derived Antibiotic Fragment. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:9404-9413. [PMID: 31246015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A simple "click-chemistry" approach was employed in order to functionalize the known antibiotic fragment sulfanilamide with a bidentate pyridyl-triazole pocket, which allowed for the synthesis of ruthenium(II) and rhenium(I) carbonyl chloride complexes. Six new complexes were prepared and comprehensively characterized, including five single crystal X-ray structures, photophysical characterization, and testing for antimicrobial activity. Interestingly, functionalization of the pyridine ring with an ortho-hydroxymethyl group resulted in a greater than 100-fold increase in the rate of ligand release in a dimethylsulfoxide solution. Subsequent studies indicated this process could be further accelerated by irradiation with 265 nm light. Structural characterization of four of the complexes indicates that this is the result of a lengthening and weakening of the Re-NPyridine bond (average (Ltri) = 2.19 Å vs LtriOH = 2.25 Å) due to the steric influence of the hydroxymethyl group. The organometallic rhenium(I) pyridyl-triazole functionality maintains its characteristic fluorescent properties despite the presence of the sulfonamide moiety. Two of the compounds showed modest antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, whereas the structurally similar sulfamethoxazole alone showed no activity under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece G Miller
- Inorganic Chemistry I - Bioinorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ruhr University Bochum , Universitaetsstrasse 150 , D-44801 , Bochum , Germany
| | - Melissa Vázquez-Hernández
- Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology , Ruhr University Bochum , Universitaetsstrasse 150 , 44780 Bochum , Germany
| | - Pascal Prochnow
- Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology , Ruhr University Bochum , Universitaetsstrasse 150 , 44780 Bochum , Germany
| | - Julia E Bandow
- Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology , Ruhr University Bochum , Universitaetsstrasse 150 , 44780 Bochum , Germany
| | - Nils Metzler-Nolte
- Inorganic Chemistry I - Bioinorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ruhr University Bochum , Universitaetsstrasse 150 , D-44801 , Bochum , Germany
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7
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Cauteruccio S, Panigati M, Veronese L, Zaffaroni N, Folini M, Licandro E. Luminescent dinuclear rhenium(I) PNA conjugates for microRNA-21 targeting: Synthesis, chemico-physical and biological characterization. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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8
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Sierra MA, Casarrubios L, de la Torre MC. Bio-Organometallic Derivatives of Antibacterial Drugs. Chemistry 2019; 25:7232-7242. [PMID: 30730065 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Overuse and misuse of antibacterial drugs has resulted in bacteria resistance and in an increase in mortality rates due to bacterial infections. Therefore, there is an imperative necessity of new antibacterial drugs. Bio-organometallic derivatives of antibacterial agents offer an opportunity to discover new active antibacterial drugs. These compounds are well-characterized products and, in several examples, their antibacterial activities have been studied. Both inhibition of the antibacterial activity and strong increase in the antibiotic activity of the parent drug have been found. The synthesis of the main classes of bio-organometallic derivatives of these drugs, as well as examples of the use of structure-activity relation (SAR) studies to increase the activity and to understand the mode of action of bio-organometallic antimicrobial peptides (BOAMPs) and platensimicyn bio-organometallic mimics is presented in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Sierra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Casarrubios
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María C de la Torre
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Instituto de Química Orgánica General, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Albada B, Metzler-Nolte N. Organometallic–Peptide Bioconjugates: Synthetic Strategies and Medicinal Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 116:11797-11839. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bauke Albada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Metzler-Nolte
- Inorganic
Chemistry I − Bioinorganic Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780-D Bochum, Germany
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10
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Wenzel M, Prochnow P, Mowbray C, Vuong C, Höxtermann S, Stepanek JJ, Albada HB, Hall J, Metzler-Nolte N, Bandow JE. Towards Profiles of Resistance Development and Toxicity for the Small Cationic Hexapeptide RWRWRW-NH2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:86. [PMID: 27617260 PMCID: PMC4999427 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
RWRWRW-NH2 (MP196) is an amphipathic hexapeptide that targets the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane and inhibits cellular respiration and cell wall synthesis. In previous studies it showed promising activity against Gram-positive bacteria and no significant cytotoxicity or hemolysis. MP196 is therefore used as lead structure for developing more potent antibiotic derivatives. Here we present a more comprehensive study on the parent peptide MP196 with regard to clinically relevant parameters. We found that MP196 acts rapidly bactericidal killing 97% of initial CFU within 10 min at two times MIC. We were unable to detect resistance in standard 24 and 48 h resistance frequency assays. However, MP196 was effective against some but not all MRSA and VISA strains. Serum binding of MP196 was intermediate and we confirmed its low toxicity against mammalian cell lines. MP196 did neither induce NFκB activation nor cause an increase in IL8 levels at 250 μg/mL, and no IgE-dependent activation of basophil granulocytes was detected at 500 μg/mL. Yet, MP196 demonstrated acute toxicity in mice upon injection into the blood stream. Phase contrast microscopy of mouse blood treated with MP196 revealed a shrinking of erythrocytes at 250 μg/mL and severe morphological changes and lysis of erythrocytes at 500 μg/mL. These data suggest that MP196 derivatization directed at further lowering hemolysis could be instrumental in overcoming acute toxicity. The assessment of hemolysis is a critical step in the evaluation of the clinical potential of promising antimicrobial peptides and should be accompanied by microscopy-based morphological analysis of blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Wenzel
- Applied Microbiology, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Pascal Prochnow
- Applied Microbiology, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Catherine Mowbray
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Cuong Vuong
- AiCuris Anti-infective Cures GmbH Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Stefan Höxtermann
- Clinic for Dermatology and Allergology, St. Josef Hospital Bochum, Germany
| | | | - H Bauke Albada
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I - Bioinorganic Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Judith Hall
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nils Metzler-Nolte
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I - Bioinorganic Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia E Bandow
- Applied Microbiology, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
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11
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Hayne DJ, North AJ, Fodero-Tavoletti M, White JM, Hung LW, Rigopoulos A, McLean CA, Adlard PA, Ackermann U, Tochon-Danguy H, Villemagne VL, Barnham KJ, Donnelly PS. Rhenium and technetium complexes that bind to amyloid-β plaques. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:4933-44. [PMID: 25515141 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02969k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is associated with the presence of insoluble protein deposits in the brain called amyloid plaques. The major constituent of these deposits is aggregated amyloid-β peptide. Technetium-99m complexes that bind to amyloid-β plaques could provide important diagnostic information on amyloid-β plaque burden using Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT). Tridentate ligands with a stilbene functional group were used to form complexes with the fac-[M(I)(CO)3](+) (M = Re or (99m)Tc) core. The rhenium carbonyl complexes with tridentate co-ligands that included a stilbene functional group and a dimethylamino substituent bound to amyloid-β present in human frontal cortex brain tissue from subjects with Alzheimer's disease. This chemistry was extended to make the analogous [(99m)Tc(I)(CO)3](+) complexes and the complexes were sufficiently stable in human serum. Whilst the lipophilicity (log D7.4) of the technetium complexes appeared ideally suited for penetration of the blood-brain barrier, preliminary biodistribution studies in an AD mouse model (APP/PS1) revealed relatively low brain uptake (0.24% ID g(-1) at 2 min post injection).
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Hayne
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia.
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12
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Patra M, Wenzel M, Prochnow P, Pierroz V, Gasser G, Bandow JE, Metzler-Nolte N. An organometallic structure-activity relationship study reveals the essential role of a Re(CO) 3 moiety in the activity against gram-positive pathogens including MRSA. Chem Sci 2015; 6:214-224. [PMID: 28553471 PMCID: PMC5433042 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02709d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The worrying appearance of microbial resistance to antibiotics is a worldwide problem which needs to be tackled urgently. Microbial resistance to the common classes of antibiotics involving purely organic compounds unfortunately develops very rapidly and in most cases, resistance was detected soon after or even before release of the antibiotic to the market. Therefore, novel concepts for antibiotics must be investigated, and metal-containing compounds hold particular promise in that area. Taking a trimetallic complex (1a) which contains a ferrocenyl (Fc), a CpMn(CO)3 (cymantrene) and a [(dpa)Re(CO)3] residue as the lead structure, a systematic structure-activity relationship (SAR) study against various gram-positive pathogenic bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains was performed. The [(dpa)Re(CO)3] moiety was discovered to be the essential unit for the observed antibacterial activity of 1a. The ferrocenyl and CpMn(CO)3 units can be replaced one by one or both together by organic moieties such as a phenyl ring without loss of antibacterial activity. The most potent mono-metallic complex (9c') has an antibacterial activity comparable to the well-established organic drugs amoxicillin and norfloxacin and importantly, only moderate cytotoxicity against mammalian cells. Microbiological studies on membrane potential, membrane permeabilization, and cell wall integrity revealed that 9c' targets the bacterial membrane and disturbs cell wall integrity, but shows more efficient membrane permeabilization than the lead structure 1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malay Patra
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie I - Bioanorganische Chemie , Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstrasse 150 , D-44801 Bochum , Germany .
| | - Michaela Wenzel
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Biologie der Mikroorganismen , Arbeitsgruppe Mikrobielle Antibiotikaforschung , Universitätsstrasse 150 , D-44801 Bochum , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49-234-32-23102
| | - Pascal Prochnow
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Biologie der Mikroorganismen , Arbeitsgruppe Mikrobielle Antibiotikaforschung , Universitätsstrasse 150 , D-44801 Bochum , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49-234-32-23102
| | - Vanessa Pierroz
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Julia E Bandow
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Biologie der Mikroorganismen , Arbeitsgruppe Mikrobielle Antibiotikaforschung , Universitätsstrasse 150 , D-44801 Bochum , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49-234-32-23102
| | - Nils Metzler-Nolte
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie I - Bioanorganische Chemie , Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstrasse 150 , D-44801 Bochum , Germany .
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13
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Leonidova A, Pierroz V, Adams LA, Barlow N, Ferrari S, Graham B, Gasser G. Enhanced Cytotoxicity through Conjugation of a "Clickable" Luminescent Re(I) Complex to a Cell-Penetrating Lipopeptide. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:809-14. [PMID: 25050170 DOI: 10.1021/ml500158w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Re(I) tricarbonyl polypyridine-based complexes are particularly attractive metal complexes in the field of inorganic chemical biology due to their luminescent properties, ease of conjugation to targeting biomolecules, and the possibility to prepare their "hot" (99m)Tc analogues for radioimaging. In this study, we prepared and characterized a novel, "clickable" complex, [Re(2,2'-bipyridine)(3-ethynylpyridine)(CO)3](BF4) ([Re(CO) 3 (bipy)(py-alkyne)](BF 4 )), exhibiting the characteristic luminescent properties and moderate cytotoxicity of this general class of compound. Using Cu(I)-catalyzed "click" chemistry, the complex was efficiently attached to a lipidated peptide known to increase cell permeability, namely, the myristoylated HIV-1 Tat peptide (myr-Tat), to give Re-myr-Tat. Fluorescence microscopy localization in human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) confirmed enhanced cellular uptake of Re-myr-Tat compared with [Re(CO) 3 (bipy)(py-alkyne)](BF 4 ), and cytotoxicity studies showed that this resulted in an increase in potency to a level comparable with cisplatin (13.0 ± 2.0 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Leonidova
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Pierroz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luke A. Adams
- Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal
Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Nicholas Barlow
- Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal
Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Stefano Ferrari
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bim Graham
- Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal
Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Gasser G. Preparation of metal-containing peptide nucleic acid bioconjugates on the solid phase. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1050:55-72. [PMID: 24297350 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-553-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are a class of artificial DNA/RNA analogues that have unique physicochemical properties, which include a high chemical stability, resistance to nucleases and proteases, and higher mismatch sensitivity than DNA. PNAs were initially anticipated to be useful for application in antisense and antigene therapies; however, their poor cellular uptake has limited their use for such purposes in the "real world." Recently, it has been shown that the addition of metal complexes to these oligonucleotide analogues could open up new avenues for their utilization in various research fields. Such metallo-constructs have shown great promise, for a diverse range of applications, most notably in the biosensing area. In this book chapter, we report on the recent synthetic advances towards the preparation of these "(multi-)metallic PNAs" on the solid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Gasser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Duprey JLHA, Tucker JHR. Metal–Carbon Bonds in Biopolymer Conjugates: Bioorganometallic Nucleic Acid Chemistry. CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.131019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Wenzel M, Patra M, Senges CHR, Ott I, Stepanek JJ, Pinto A, Prochnow P, Vuong C, Langklotz S, Metzler-Nolte N, Bandow JE. Analysis of the mechanism of action of potent antibacterial hetero-tri-organometallic compounds: a structurally new class of antibiotics. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1442-50. [PMID: 23578171 DOI: 10.1021/cb4000844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Two hetero-tri-organometallic compounds with potent activity against Gram-positive bacteria including multi-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were identified. The compounds consist of a peptide nucleic acid backbone with an alkyne side chain, substituted with a cymantrene, a (dipicolyl)Re(CO)3 moiety, and either a ferrocene (FcPNA) or a ruthenocene (RcPNA). Comparative proteomic analysis indicates the bacterial membrane as antibiotic target structure. FcPNA accumulation in the membrane was confirmed by manganese tracing with atomic absorption spectroscopy. Both organometallics disturbed several essential cellular processes taking place at the membrane such as respiration and cell wall biosynthesis, suggesting that the compounds affect membrane architecture. Correlating with enhanced antibacterial activity, oxidative stress was induced only by the ferrocene-substituted compound. The organometallics described here target the cytoplasmic membrane, a clinically proven antibacterial target structure, feature a bactericidal but non-bacteriolytic mode of action and limited cytotoxicity within the limits of solubility. Thus, FcPNA represents a promising lead structure for the development of a new synthetic class of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ingo Ott
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Henry KE, Balasingham RG, Vortherms AR, Platts JA, Valliant JF, Coogan MP, Zubieta J, Doyle RP. Emission wavelength variation with changes in excitation in a Re(i)–bisthiazole ligand complex that breaks the Kasha–Vavilov rule. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc22070b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Joshi T, Patra M, Spiccia L, Gasser G. Di-heterometalation of thiol-functionalized peptide nucleic acids. ARTIFICIAL DNA, PNA & XNA 2013; 4:11-8. [PMID: 23422249 PMCID: PMC3654725 DOI: 10.4161/adna.24019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As a proof-of-principle, two hetero-bimetallic PNA oligomers containing a ruthenium(II) polypyridyl and a cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl complex have been prepared by serial combination of solid-phase peptide coupling and in-solution thiol chemistry. Solid-phase N-terminus attachment of Ru(II)-polypyridyl carboxylic acid derivative, C1, onto the thiol-functionalized PNA backbone (H-a-a-g-t-c-t-g-c-linker-cys-NH 2) has been performed by standard peptide coupling method. As two parallel approaches, the strong affinity of thiols for maleimide and haloacetyl group has been exploited for subsequent post-SPPS addition of cymantrene-based organometallic cores, C2 and C3. Michael-like addition and thioether ligation of thiol functionalized PNA1 (H-gly-a-a-g-t-c-t-g-c-linker-cys-NH 2) and PNA2 (C1-a-a-g-t-c-t-g-c-linker-cys-NH 2) to cymantrene maleimide and chloroacetyl derivatives, C2 and C3, respectively, has been performed. The synthesized ruthenium(II)-cymantrenyl PNA oligomers have been characterized by mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and IR spectroscopy. The distinct Mn-CO vibrational IR stretches, between 1,924-2,074 cm (-1) , have been used as markers to confirm the presence of cymantrenyl units in the PNA sequences and the purity of the HPLC-purified PNA thioethers assessed using LC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmaya Joshi
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; University of Zurich; Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malay Patra
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; University of Zurich; Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leone Spiccia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and School of Chemistry; Monash University; Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; University of Zurich; Zurich, Switzerland
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Kumar K, Carrère-Kremer S, Kremer L, Guérardel Y, Biot C, Kumar V. Azide–alkynecycloadditionen route towards 1H-1,2,3-triazole-tethered β-lactam–ferrocene and β-lactam–ferrocenylchalcone conjugates: synthesis and in vitro anti-tubercular evaluation. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:1492-500. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32148c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Luminescent dinuclear rhenium(I) complexes containing bridging 1,2-diazine ligands: Photophysical properties and application. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mari C, Panigati M, D’Alfonso L, Zanoni I, Donghi D, Sironi L, Collini M, Maiorana S, Baldoli C, D’Alfonso G, Licandro E. Luminescent Conjugates between Dinuclear Rhenium Complexes and Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNA): Synthesis, Photophysical Characterization, and Cell Uptake. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om3004515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mari
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano,
Italy
| | - Monica Panigati
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano,
Italy
| | - Laura D’Alfonso
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 3, I-20126 Milano,
Italy
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca,
piazza della Scienza 2, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela Donghi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano,
Italy
| | - Laura Sironi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 3, I-20126 Milano,
Italy
| | - Maddalena Collini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 3, I-20126 Milano,
Italy
| | - Stefano Maiorana
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano,
Italy
| | - Clara Baldoli
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, CNR, Via C. Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe D’Alfonso
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano,
Italy
| | - Emanuela Licandro
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano,
Italy
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Joshi T, Barbante GJ, Francis PS, Hogan CF, Bond AM, Gasser G, Spiccia L. Electrochemiluminescent monomers for solid support syntheses of Ru(II)-PNA bioconjugates: multimodal biosensing tools with enhanced duplex stability. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:3302-15. [PMID: 22339152 DOI: 10.1021/ic202761w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of devising a solid support mediated approach to multimodal Ru(II)-peptide nucleic acid (PNA) oligomers is explored. Three Ru(II)-PNA-like monomers, [Ru(bpy)(2)(Cpp-L-PNA-OH)](2+) (M1), [Ru(phen)(2)(Cpp-L-PNA-OH)](2+) (M2), and [Ru(dppz)(2)(Cpp-L-PNA-OH)](2+) (M3) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine, Cpp-L-PNA-OH = [2-(N-9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)aminoethyl]-N-[6-(2-(pyridin-2yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamido)hexanoyl]-glycine), have been synthesized as building blocks for Ru(II)-PNA oligomers and characterized by IR and (1)H NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, electrochemistry and elemental analysis. As a proof of principle, M1 was incorporated on the solid phase within the PNA sequences H-g-c-a-a-t-a-a-a-a-Lys-NH(2) (PNA1) and H-P-K-K-K-R-K-V-g-c-a-a-t-a-a-a-a-lys-NH(2) (PNA4) to give PNA2 (H-g-c-a-a-t-a-a-a-a-M1-lys-NH(2)) and PNA3 (H-P-K-K-K-R-K-V-g-c-a-a-t-a-a-a-a-M1-lys-NH(2)), respectively. The two Ru(II)-PNA oligomers, PNA2 and PNA3, displayed a metal to ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition band centered around 445 nm and an emission maximum at about 680 nm following 450 nm excitation in aqueous solutions (10 mM PBS, pH 7.4). The absorption and emission response of the duplexes formed with the cDNA strand (DNA: 5'-T-T-T-T-T-T-T-A-T-T-G-C-T-T-T-3') showed no major variations, suggesting that the electronic properties of the Ru(II) complexes are largely unaffected by hybridization. The thermal stability of the PNA·DNA duplexes, as evaluated from UV melting experiments, is enhanced compared to the corresponding nonmetalated duplexes. The melting temperature (T(m)) was almost 8 °C higher for PNA2·DNA duplex, and 4 °C for PNA3·DNA duplex, with the stabilization attributed to the electrostatic interaction between the cationic residues (Ru(II) unit and positively charged lysine/arginine) and the polyanionic DNA backbone. In presence of tripropylamine (TPA) as co-reactant, PNA2, PNA3, PNA2·DNA and PNA3·DNA displayed strong electrochemiluminescence (ECL) signals even at submicromolar concentrations. Importantly, the combination of spectrochemical, thermal and ECL properties possessed by the Ru(II)-PNA sequences offer an elegant approach for the design of highly sensitive multimodal biosensing tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmaya Joshi
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Crowley JD, McMorran DA. “Click-Triazole” Coordination Chemistry: Exploiting 1,4-Disubstituted-1,2,3-Triazoles as Ligands. TOPICS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/7081_2011_67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Gasser G, Pinto A, Neumann S, Sosniak AM, Seitz M, Merz K, Heumann R, Metzler-Nolte N. Synthesis, characterisation and bioimaging of a fluorescent rhenium-containing PNA bioconjugate. Dalton Trans 2011; 41:2304-13. [PMID: 22183093 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt12114j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A new rhenium tricarbonyl complex of a bis(quinoline)-derived ligand (2-azido-N,N-bis((quinolin-2-yl)methyl)ethanamine, L-N(3)), namely [Re(CO)(3)(L-N(3))]Br was synthesized and characterized in-depth, including by X-ray crystallography. [Re(CO)(3)(L-N(3))]Br exhibits a strong UV absorbance in the range 300-400 nm with a maximum at 322 nm, and upon photoexcitation, shows two distinct emission bands at about 430 and 560 nm in various solvents (water, ethylene glycol). [Re(CO)(3)(L-N(3))]Br could be conjugated, on a solid phase, to a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) oligomer using the copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (Cu-AAC, "click" chemistry) and an alkyne-containing PNA building block to give Re-PNA. It was demonstrated that upon hybridisation with a complementary DNA strand (DNA), the position of the maxima and emission intensity for the hybrid Re-PNA·DNA remained mainly unchanged compared to those of the single strand Re-PNA. The rhenium-containing PNA oligomer Re-PNA could be then mediated in living cells where they have been shown to be non-toxic contrary to the general notion that organometallic compounds are usually unstable under physiological conditions and/or cytotoxic. Furthermore, Re-PNA could be detected in living cells using fluorescent microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Gasser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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25
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Gasser G, Neumann S, Ott I, Seitz M, Heumann R, Metzler-Nolte N. Preparation and Biological Evaluation of Di-Hetero-Organometallic-Containing PNA Bioconjugates. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201100734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Patra M, Metzler-Nolte N. Azidomethyl-ruthenocene: facile synthesis of a useful metallocene derivative and its application in the 'click' labelling of biomolecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:11444-6. [PMID: 21935541 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc14537a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A convenient synthesis of azidomethyl-ruthenocene and its use in the covalent labelling of amino acids, peptides and a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) monomer derivative by Cu(I) catalyzed azide-alkyne coupling (Cu-AAC, "click chemistry") are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malay Patra
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie I, Bioanorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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27
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Beck W. Metal Complexes of Biologically Important Ligands, CLXXVI.[1] Formation of Peptides within the Coordination Sphere of Metal Ions and of Classical and Organometallic Complexes and Some Aspects of Prebiotic Chemistry. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201100137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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28
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Gasser G, Sosniak AM, Metzler-Nolte N. Metal-containing peptide nucleic acid conjugates. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:7061-76. [PMID: 21541385 DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01706j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNAs) are non-natural DNA/RNA analogues with favourable physico-chemical properties and promising applications. Discovered nearly 20 years ago, PNAs have recently re-gained quite a lot of attention. In this Perspective article, we discuss the latest advances on the preparation and utilisation of PNA monomers and oligomers containing metal complexes. These metal- conjugates have found applications in various research fields such as in the sequence-specific detection of nucleic acids, in the hydrolysis of nucleic acids and peptides, as radioactive probes or as modulators of PNA·DNA hybrid stability, and last but not least as probes for molecular and cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Gasser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Adding diversity to ruthenium(II)–arene anticancer (RAPTA) compounds via click chemistry: The influence of hydrophobic chains. J Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gasser G, Sosniak AM, Leonidova A, Braband H, Metzler-Nolte N. Towards the Preparation of Novel Re/99mTc Tricarbonyl-Containing Peptide Nucleic Acid Bioconjugates. Aust J Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/ch11010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel azido derivative of the di-(2-picolyl)amide (Dpam) ligand, namely 3-azido-N,N-bis-pyridin-2-ylmethyl-propionamide (3), was prepared from 3-bromo-N,N-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)propanamide (2) with an excess of sodium azide in DMSO. 3 was then reacted, by CuI-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition (often referred to as ‘Click Chemistry’), with the previously reported alkyne-containing peptide nucleic acid (PNA) monomer Fmoc-1-OtBu to give the Dpam-containing PNA monomer (Fmoc-4-OtBu) in 44% yield. It was also demonstrated that 3 could be reacted by Click Chemistry, on the solid phase, to an alkyne-containing PNA oligomer (Alkyne-PNA) to yield Dpam-PNA. Our attempts to complex Dpam-PNA with [NEt4]2[ReBr3(CO)3] and [99mTc(CO)3(H2O)3]+ are also discussed in detail.
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Gasser G, Jäger K, Zenker M, Bergmann R, Steinbach J, Stephan H, Metzler-Nolte N. Preparation, 99mTc-labeling and biodistribution studies of a PNA oligomer containing a new ligand derivative of 2,2'-dipicolylamine. J Inorg Biochem 2010; 104:1133-40. [PMID: 20674031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A new azido derivative of 2,2'-dipicolylamine (Dpa), 2-azido-N,N-bis((pyridin-2-yl)methyl)ethanamine, (Dpa-N(3)) was readily prepared from the known 2-(bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino)ethanol (Dpa-OH). It was demonstrated that Dpa-N(3) could be efficiently labeled with both [Re(CO)(3)(H(2)O)(3)]Br and [(99m)Tc(H(2)O)(3)(CO)(3)](+) to give [Re(CO)(3)(Dpa-N(3))]Br and [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)(Dpa-N(3))](+), respectively. Furthermore, Dpa-N(3) was successfully coupled, on the solid phase, to a Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA) oligomer (H-4-pentynoic acid-spacer-spacer-tgca-tgca-tgca-Lys-NH(2); spacer= -NH-(CH(2))(2)-O-(CH(2))(2)-O-CH(2)-CO-) using the Cu(I)-catalyzed [2+3] azide/alkyne cycloaddition (Cu-AAC, often referred to as the prototypical "click" reaction) to give the Dpa-PNA oligomer. Subsequent labeling of Dpa-PNA with [(99m)Tc(H(2)O)(3)(CO)(3)](+) afforded [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)(Dpa-PNA)] in radiochemical yields >90%. Partitioning experiments in a 1-octanol/water system were carried out to get more insight on the lipophilicity of [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)(Dpa-N(3))](+) and [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)(Dpa-PNA)]. Both compounds were found rather hydrophilic (log D(o/w) values at pH=7.4 are -0.50: [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)(Dpa-N(3))](+) and -0.85: [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)(Dpa-PNA)]. Biodistribution studies of [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)(Dpa-PNA)] in Wistar rats showed a very fast blood clearance (0.26 ± 0.1 SUV, 1h p.i.) and modest accumulation in the kidneys (5.45 ± 0.45 SUV, 1h p.i.). There was no significant activity in the thyroid and the stomach, demonstrating a high in vivo stability of the (99m)Tc-labeled Dpa-PNA conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Gasser
- Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmacy, PF 510119, D-01314 Dresden, Germany.
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