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Mansouri Majd S, Mirzapour F, Shamsipur M, Manouchehri I, Babaee E, Pashabadi A, Moradian R. Design of a novel aptamer/molecularly imprinted polymer hybrid modified Ag-Au@Insulin nanoclusters/Au-gate-based MoS 2 nanosheet field-effect transistor for attomolar detection of BRCA1 gene. Talanta 2023; 257:124394. [PMID: 36858016 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of breast cancer, the first main cause of death in women, with robust assay platforms using appropriate biomarkers is of great importance for diagnosis and follow-up of the disease progression. This paper introduces an extra selective and sensitive label-free aptasensor for the screening of BRCA1 gene biomarker by taking advantage of a gate modified with aptamer and molecularly imprinted polymer hybrid (MIP) as a new synthetic receptor film coupled with an electrolyte-gated molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) field-effect transistor (FET). The Au gate surface of FET was modified with insulin stabilized bimetallic Ag-Au@nanoclusters (Ag-Au@InsNCs), after which, the immobilization of the hybridized aptamer and o-phenylenediamine was electropolymerized to form an aptamer-MIP hybrid receptor. The output characteristics of Apta-MIP hybrid modified Au gate MoS2 FET device were followed as a result of change in electrical double layer capacitance of electrolye-gate interface. The magnitude of decrease in the drain current showed a linear response over a wide concentration range of 10 aM to 1 nM of BRCA1 ssDNA with a sensitivity as high as 0.4851 μA/decade of concentration and a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.0 aM while very low responses observed for non-imprinted polymer. The devised aptasensor not only was capable to the discrimination of the complementary versus one-base mismatch BRCA1 ssDNA sequence, but also it could detect the complementary BRCA1 ssDNA in spiked human serum samples over a wide concentration range of 10 aM to 1.0 nM with a low LOD of 6.4 aM and a high sensitivity 0.3718 μA/decade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Mirzapour
- Department of Chemistry, Razi University, 67149-67346, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Shamsipur
- Department of Chemistry, Razi University, 67149-67346, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Iraj Manouchehri
- Department of Physics, Razi University, 67149-67346, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Elaheh Babaee
- Department of Chemistry, Razi University, 67149-67346, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Afshin Pashabadi
- Department of Chemistry, Razi University, 67149-67346, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Rostam Moradian
- Department of Physics, Razi University, 67149-67346, Kermanshah, Iran
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2
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Reynaldo JR, Novack KM, Sousa LRD, Vieira PMDA, Amparo TR, de Souza GHB, Teixeira LFM, Barboza APM, Neves BRA, Alvarenga ME, Martins FT, dos Santos VMR. Evaluation of Anti- Candida albicans Activity and Release of Ketoconazole in PMMA-G-PEG 4000 Films. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10775. [PMID: 36142698 PMCID: PMC9504905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified release systems depend on the selection of an appropriate agent capable of controlling the release of the drug, sustaining the therapeutic action over time, and/or releasing the drug at the level of a particular tissue or target organ. Polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG 4000) is commonly employed in drug release formulations while polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is non-toxic and has a good solubility in organic solvents. This study aimed at the incorporation of ketoconazole in PMMA-g-PEG 4000 and its derivatives, thus evaluating its release profile and anti-Candida albicans and cytotoxic activities. Ketoconazole was characterized and incorporated into the copolymers. The ketoconazole incorporated in the copolymer and its derivatives showed an immediate release profile. All copolymers with ketoconazole showed activity against Candida albicans and were non-toxic to human cells in the entire concentration tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Ribeiro Reynaldo
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Kátia Monteiro Novack
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas Resende Dutra Sousa
- Laboratory of Morphopathology, Center for Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Morro do Cruzeiro Campus, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Paula Melo de Abreu Vieira
- Laboratory of Morphopathology, Center for Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Morro do Cruzeiro Campus, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Roquete Amparo
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Morro do Cruzeiro Campus, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Henrique Bianco de Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Morro do Cruzeiro Campus, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Medeiros Teixeira
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Morro do Cruzeiro Campus, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Moreira Barboza
- Physics Department, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Morro do Cruzeiro Campus, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Meiry Edivirges Alvarenga
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Samambaia Campus, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil
| | - Felipe Terra Martins
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Samambaia Campus, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil
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Trevino JE, Mohan S, Salinas AE, Cueva E, Lozano K. Piezoelectric properties of
PVDF‐conjugated
polymer nanofibers. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julio E. Trevino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Texas Rio Grande Valley Edinburg Texas USA
| | - Swati Mohan
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas Rio Grande Valley Edinburg Texas USA
| | - Alexandra E. Salinas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Texas Rio Grande Valley Edinburg Texas USA
| | - Emilia Cueva
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering University of Texas Rio Grande Valley Edinburg Texas USA
| | - Karen Lozano
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Texas Rio Grande Valley Edinburg Texas USA
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Ehzari H, Safari M, Samimi M. Signal amplification of novel sandwich-type genosensor via catalytic redox-recycling on platform MWCNTs/Fe 3O 4@TMU-21 for BRCA1 gene detection. Talanta 2021; 234:122698. [PMID: 34364494 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The MWCNTs/Fe3O4@TMU-21 as a novel electrochemical sandwich-type genosensor was fabricated to detect the BRCA1 gene using the redox-cycling ferrocene functionalized reporter label probe (r-Fc-DNA). In the designed genosensor, the capture probe (cDNA) and r-Fc-DNA were used to detect the BRCA1 gene in sandwich-type genosensor, in which DNA sequences are well -hybridized with the BRCA1 gene (t-DNA). The cDNA was immobilized on the multiwall carbon nanotube and metal-organic framework with Fe3O4 nanoparticle core, which is the sensor platform. Target DNA was assayed by redox-recycling reporter probe (r-Fc-DNA) using the electro-catalytic activity of ferri/ferrocyanide, which results in significantly enhanced the oxidation peak current of r-Fc-DNA. The electrochemical redox cycling led to a high signal-to-noise ratio for gene assay. MWCNTs and Fe3O4@TMU-21 were applied to increase the platform conductivity and suitable binding of the recognition elements. This constructed genosensor plays an influential role in increasing the sensitivity of BRCA1 gene sequence recognition. So that under optimal conditions, this genosensor illustrated a wide linear range from 1.0×10-15 to 1.0×10-10 M with a detection limit of 0.57 × 10-15 M. Moreover, the genosensor exhibited high selectivity, stability, and reproducibility. The obtained recoveries (between 91 and 105%) of the BRCA1 gene assay in human blood samples satisfactory, which can be used for BRCA1 gene measurement in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosna Ehzari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kermanshah University of Technology, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Meysam Safari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kermanshah University of Technology, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Samimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kermanshah University of Technology, Kermanshah, Iran.
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5
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Sadighbayan D, Sadighbayan K, Khosroushahi AY, Hasanzadeh M. Recent advances on the DNA-based electrochemical biosensing of cancer biomarkers: Analytical approach. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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6
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Mishra R, Pandey RK, Upadhyay C, Prakash R. Self-Assembly of Solution-Processable Polyindole via Langmuir-Blodgett Technique: An Insight to Layer-Dependent Charge Transport and Electronic Parameters. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richa Mishra
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology; Banaras Hindu University); Varanasi- 221005 India
| | - Rajiv K. Pandey
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology; Banaras Hindu University); Varanasi- 221005 India
| | - Chandan Upadhyay
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology; Banaras Hindu University); Varanasi- 221005 India
| | - Rajiv Prakash
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology; Banaras Hindu University); Varanasi- 221005 India
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7
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Yang H, Gao Y, Wang S, Qin Y, Xu L, Jin D, Yang F, Zhang GJ. In situ hybridization chain reaction mediated ultrasensitive enzyme-free and conjugation-free electrochemcial genosensor for BRCA-1 gene in complex matrices. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 80:450-455. [PMID: 26875018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report an enzyme-free and conjugation-free electrochemical genosensor enabling an ultrasensitive readout of BRCA-1, a breast cancer susceptibility gene. The sensor employs a target-responsive hybridization chain reaction (HCR) to significantly amplify the detectable current signals. By means of a functional auxiliary probe pair and a versatile initiator sequence, a linear DNA concatemer structure can be formed via spontaneous and continuous polymerization of DNA oligomers in the presence of target sequence. Such a DNA nanoassembly endows the genosensor an ultrahigh sensitivity up to 1 aM, which is higher than that of the nanomaterials-based or enzyme mediated amplification approaches by several orders of magnitude. More importantly, the sensor's responsive peak current exhibits a favorable linear correlation to the logarithm of the concentrations of target sequence ranging from 1 aM to 10 pM. In addition, the sensor is highly selective, and can discriminate a single mismatched sequence. This HCR-based genosensor is also capable of probing low-abundance BRCA-1 gene sequence directly in complex matrices, such as 50% human serum, with minimal interference. These advantages will make our tailor-engineered HCR-based electrochemical genosensor appealing to genetic analysis and clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China.
| | - Yang Gao
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - You Qin
- Cancer Center of Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lu Xu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Dan Jin
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Guo-Jun Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
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8
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Sulfonated polyaniline-graphene oxide hybrids: Synthesis and effect of monomer composition on the electrochemical signal for direct DNA detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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9
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Abdul Rasheed P, Sandhyarani N. Quartz crystal microbalance genosensor for sequence specific detection of attomolar DNA targets. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 905:134-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Kumar A, Tiwari M, Prakash R. Electrochemical Study of Interfacially Synthesized Polycarbazole with Different Oxidants. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201500318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- School of Materials Science and Technology; Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University); Varanasi 221005 India
| | - Madhu Tiwari
- School of Materials Science and Technology; Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University); Varanasi 221005 India
| | - Rajiv Prakash
- School of Materials Science and Technology; Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University); Varanasi 221005 India
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11
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Wang W, Fan X, Xu S, Davis JJ, Luo X. Low fouling label-free DNA sensor based on polyethylene glycols decorated with gold nanoparticles for the detection of breast cancer biomarkers. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 71:51-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Soni DK, Mishra SK, Prakash R, Dubey SK. Label-free impedimetric detection of Listeria monocytogenes based on poly-5-carboxy indole modified ssDNA probe. J Biotechnol 2015; 200:70-6. [PMID: 25746904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a life threatening pathogenic bacteria concerned with human health. The accurate and rapid detection of L. monocytogenes is required for preventing of listeriosis. In this study, DNA sensing probe based on conducting polymer poly-5-carboxy indole (5C Pin) was developed for the detection of L. monocytogenes hlyA gene responsible for pathogenicity. The probe sequences (24 mer ssDNA) were covalently immobilized on 5C Pin via N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimidehydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). The probe having ssDNA was further hybridized with the target DNA sequence. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic study was carried out to determine the extent of DNA hybridization over the probe. Significant change was observed in the impedance spectra before and after hybridization of ssDNA immobilized over the probe with the target DNA. RCT (charge transfer resistance) was estimated from the Nyquist plot (impedance plot) for target DNA (hlyA gene) in the solution. RCT vs. logarithmic concentrations of the target (genomic) DNA plot showed a linear range (1 × 10(-4) to 1 × 10(-12)M) in case hybridization was performed under optimized conditions. The method proposed, is simple, free from any label, and highly sensitive for the detection of L. monocytogenes in environmental and clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Kumar Soni
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Mishra
- Central Instrument Facility Centre, Dr. H.S.G. Central University, Sagar 470003, India
| | - Rajiv Prakash
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Dubey
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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13
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Rasheed PA, Sandhyarani N. A highly sensitive DNA sensor for attomolar detection of the BRCA1 gene: signal amplification with gold nanoparticle clusters. Analyst 2015; 140:2713-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00004a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticle clusters were successfully implemented signal amplification in an electrochemical DNA sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Abdul Rasheed
- Nanoscience Research Laboratory
- School of Nano Science and Technology
- National Institute of Technology Calicut
- Calicut
- India
| | - N. Sandhyarani
- Nanoscience Research Laboratory
- School of Nano Science and Technology
- National Institute of Technology Calicut
- Calicut
- India
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14
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Yang JM, Zhang W, Liu Q, Sun WY. Porous ZnO and ZnO–NiO composite nano/microspheres: synthesis, catalytic and biosensor properties. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08736d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Porous ZnO and ZnO–NiO nanostructures were found to catalyze the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate and ZnO to biosense DNA hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Min Yang
- Coordination Chemistry Institute
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures
- Nanjing University
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Linyi University
- Linyi 276005, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Coordination Chemistry Institute
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures
- Nanjing University
| | - Wei-Yin Sun
- Coordination Chemistry Institute
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures
- Nanjing University
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15
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Pandey RK, Upadhyay C, Prakash R. Pressure dependent surface morphology and Raman studies of semicrystalline poly(indole-5-carboxylic acid) by the Langmuir–Blodgett technique. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41895b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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16
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Mohan S, Srivastava P, Maheshwari SN, Sundar S, Prakash R. Nano-structured nickel oxide based DNA biosensor for detection of visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar). Analyst 2011; 136:2845-51. [PMID: 21611668 PMCID: PMC3116043 DOI: 10.1039/c1an15031f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sol-gel synthesized nickel oxide (NiO) film deposited onto indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass plate has been utilized for the development of sensitive and stable DNA biosensor and demonstrated for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis also known as Kala-azar. Leishmania specific sensor is developed by immobilizing 23mer DNA sequence (oligonucleotide) identified from 18S rRNA gene sequences from Leishmania donovani. Characterization studies like X-Ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy revealed the formation of nano-structured NiO, while immobilization of single strand (ss)-DNA of Leishmania was supported by UV-visible, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy techniques. Response studies of ss-DNA/NiO/ITO bioelectrode are carried out using differential pulsed voltammetry in presence of methylene blue redox dye as a redox mediator. A linear response is obtained in the wide concentration range of 2 pg ml(-1) to 2 μg ml(-1) of complementary target genomic DNA (disease DNA) within the variation of 10% for 5 sets of studies. The observed results hold promise not only for diagnosis of Kala-azar patients but also hold enormous potential of the nano-NiO based probe for development of stable and sensitive biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Mohan
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Pankaj Srivastava
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - S. N. Maheshwari
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rajiv Prakash
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
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