1
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Tan CY, Jiang D, Theriot BS, Rao MV, Surana NK. A commensal-derived sugar protects against metabolic disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.12.598703. [PMID: 38915674 PMCID: PMC11195190 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.12.598703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a worsening global epidemic that is regulated by the microbiota through unknown bacterial factors. We discovered a human-derived commensal bacterium, Clostridium immunis , that protects against metabolic disease by secreting a phosphocholine-modified exopolysaccharide. Genetic interruption of the phosphocholine biosynthesis locus ( licABC ) results in a functionally inactive exopolysaccharide, which demonstrates the critical requirement for this phosphocholine moiety. This C. immunis exopolysaccharide acts via group 3 innate lymphoid cells and modulating IL-22 levels, which results in a reduction in serum triglycerides, body weight, and visceral adiposity. Importantly, phosphocholine biosynthesis genes are less abundant in humans with obesity or hypertriglyceridemia, findings that suggest the role of bacterial phosphocholine is conserved across mice and humans. These results define a bacterial molecule-and its key structural motif-that regulates host metabolism. More broadly, they highlight how small molecules, such as phosphocholine, may help fine-tune microbiome- immune-metabolism interactions.
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2
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Maji S, Ghotekar BK, Kulkarni SS. Total Synthesis of a Conjugation-Ready Tetrasaccharide Repeating Unit of Vibrio cholerae O:3 O-antigen Polysaccharide. Org Lett 2024; 26:745-750. [PMID: 38198674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report the first total synthesis of the tetrasaccharide repeating unit of Vibrio cholerae O:3 O-antigen polysaccharide. The highly complex tetrasaccharide contains rare amino sugars such as d-bacillosamine and l-fucosamine, highly labile sugar ascarylose, and higher carbon sugar d-d-heptose. Stereoselective glycosylation of the notoriously reactive ascarylose with d-d-heptose, poor nucleophilicity of the axial C4-OH of l-fucosamine, and amide coupling are the key challenges encountered in the total synthesis, which was completed via a longest linear sequence of 23 steps in 4.2% overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyakanta Maji
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Balasaheb K Ghotekar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Suvarn S Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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3
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Quintana ILL, Paul A, Chowdhury A, Moulton KD, Kulkarni SS, Dube DH. Thioglycosides Act as Metabolic Inhibitors of Bacterial Glycan Biosynthesis. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:2025-2035. [PMID: 37698279 PMCID: PMC10580310 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Glycans that coat the surface of bacteria are compelling antibiotic targets because they contain distinct monosaccharides that are linked to pathogenesis and are absent in human cells. Disrupting glycan biosynthesis presents a path to inhibiting the ability of a bacterium to infect the host. We previously demonstrated that O-glycosides act as metabolic inhibitors and disrupt bacterial glycan biosynthesis. Inspired by a recent study which showed that thioglycosides (S-glycosides) are 10 times more effective than O-glycosides at inhibiting glycan biosynthesis in mammalian cells, we crafted a panel of S-glycosides based on rare bacterial monosaccharides. The novel thioglycosides altered glycan biosynthesis and fitness in pathogenic bacteria but had no notable effect on glycosylation or growth in beneficial bacteria or mammalian cells. In contrast to findings in mammalian cells, S-glycosides and O-glycosides exhibited comparable potency in bacteria. However, S-glycosides exhibited enhanced selectivity relative to O-glycosides. These novel metabolic inhibitors will allow selective perturbation of the bacterial glycocalyx for functional studies and set the stage to expand our antibiotic arsenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella
de la Luz Quintana
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin
College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, United States
| | - Ankita Paul
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400-076, India
| | - Aniqa Chowdhury
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin
College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, United States
| | - Karen D. Moulton
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin
College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, United States
| | - Suvarn S. Kulkarni
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400-076, India
| | - Danielle H. Dube
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin
College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, United States
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4
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Rai D, Kulkarni SS. Total Synthesis of Trisaccharide Repeating Unit of Staphylococcus aureus Type 8 (CP8) Capsular Polysaccharide. Org Lett 2023; 25:1509-1513. [PMID: 36852946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a highly efficient total synthesis of Staphylococcus aureus type 8 trisaccharide repeating unit in a lesser number of steps and high stereoselectivity. The complex trisaccharide contains rare amino sugars, viz., d-fucosamine, l-fucosamine, and 2-acetamido d-mannuronic acid. The installation of consecutive sterically hindered 1,2-cis glycosidic linkages, especially β-mannosylation, is the key challenge in this synthesis. The total synthesis of target molecule was completed via a longest linear sequence of 18 steps in 7.1% overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Suvarn S Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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5
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Barrett K, Dube DH. Chemical tools to study bacterial glycans: a tale from discovery of glycoproteins to disruption of their function. Isr J Chem 2023; 63:e202200050. [PMID: 37324574 PMCID: PMC10266715 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria coat themselves with a dense array of cell envelope glycans that enhance bacterial fitness and promote survival. Despite the importance of bacterial glycans, their systematic study and perturbation remains challenging. Chemical tools have made important inroads toward understanding and altering bacterial glycans. This review describes how pioneering discoveries from Prof. Carolyn Bertozzi's laboratory inspired our laboratory to develop sugar probes to facilitate the study of bacterial glycans. As described below, we used metabolic glycan labelling to install bioorthogonal reporters into bacterial glycans, ultimately permitting the discovery of a protein glycosylation system, the identification of glycosylation genes, and the development of metabolic glycan inhibitors. Our results have provided an approach to screen bacterial glycans and gain insight into their function, even in the absence of detailed structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Barrett
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011 USA
| | - Danielle H Dube
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011 USA
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6
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Rossing E, Pijnenborg JFA, Boltje TJ. Chemical tools to track and perturb the expression of sialic acid and fucose monosaccharides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:12139-12150. [PMID: 36222364 PMCID: PMC9623448 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04275d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of glycans is a highly conserved biological process and found in all domains of life. The expression of cell surface glycans is increasingly recognized as a target for therapeutic intervention given the role of glycans in major pathologies such as cancer and microbial infection. Herein, we summarize our contributions to the development of unnatural monosaccharide derivatives to infiltrate and alter the expression of both mammalian and bacterial glycans and their therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel Rossing
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Johan F A Pijnenborg
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Thomas J Boltje
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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7
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Luong P, Ghosh A, Moulton KD, Kulkarni SS, Dube DH. Synthesis and Application of Rare Deoxy Amino l-Sugar Analogues to Probe Glycans in Pathogenic Bacteria. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:889-900. [PMID: 35302355 PMCID: PMC9445936 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cell envelope glycans are compelling antibiotic targets as they are critical for strain fitness and pathogenesis yet are virtually absent from human cells. However, systematic study and perturbation of bacterial glycans remains challenging due to their utilization of rare deoxy amino l-sugars, which impede traditional glycan analysis and are not readily available from natural sources. The development of chemical tools to study bacterial glycans is a crucial step toward understanding and altering these biomolecules. Here we report an expedient methodology to access azide-containing analogues of a variety of unusual deoxy amino l-sugars starting from readily available l-rhamnose and l-fucose. Azide-containing l-sugar analogues facilitated metabolic profiling of bacterial glycans in a range of Gram-negative bacteria and revealed differential utilization of l-sugars in symbiotic versus pathogenic bacteria. Further application of these probes will refine our knowledge of the glycan repertoire in diverse bacteria and aid in the design of novel antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Luong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, United States
| | - Antara Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400-076, India
| | - Karen D. Moulton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, United States
| | - Suvarn S. Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400-076, India
| | - Danielle H. Dube
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, United States
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8
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Kumar M, Kumar N, Gurawa A, Kashyap S. Stereoselective Synthesis of
α
‐ʟ‐Rhamnopyranosides from ʟ‐Rhamnal Employing Ruthenium‐Catalysis. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Research Laboratory (CCRL) Department of Chemistry Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur (MNIT Jaipur) J. L. N. Marg Jaipur 302 017 INDIA
| | - Nitin Kumar
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Research Laboratory (CCRL) Department of Chemistry Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur (MNIT Jaipur) J. L. N. Marg Jaipur 302 017 INDIA
| | - Aakanksha Gurawa
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Research Laboratory (CCRL) Department of Chemistry Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur (MNIT Jaipur) J. L. N. Marg Jaipur 302 017 INDIA
| | - Sudhir Kashyap
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Research Laboratory (CCRL) Department of Chemistry Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur (MNIT Jaipur) J. L. N. Marg Jaipur 302 017 INDIA
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9
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Banahene N, Kavunja HW, Swarts BM. Chemical Reporters for Bacterial Glycans: Development and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:3336-3413. [PMID: 34905344 PMCID: PMC8958928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria possess an extraordinary repertoire of cell envelope glycans that have critical physiological functions. Pathogenic bacteria have glycans that are essential for growth and virulence but are absent from humans, making them high-priority targets for antibiotic, vaccine, and diagnostic development. The advent of metabolic labeling with bioorthogonal chemical reporters and small-molecule fluorescent reporters has enabled the investigation and targeting of specific bacterial glycans in their native environments. These tools have opened the door to imaging glycan dynamics, assaying and inhibiting glycan biosynthesis, profiling glycoproteins and glycan-binding proteins, and targeting pathogens with diagnostic and therapeutic payload. These capabilities have been wielded in diverse commensal and pathogenic Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and mycobacterial species─including within live host organisms. Here, we review the development and applications of chemical reporters for bacterial glycans, including peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, glycoproteins, teichoic acids, and capsular polysaccharides, as well as mycobacterial glycans, including trehalose glycolipids and arabinan-containing glycoconjugates. We cover in detail how bacteria-targeting chemical reporters are designed, synthesized, and evaluated, how they operate from a mechanistic standpoint, and how this information informs their judicious and innovative application. We also provide a perspective on the current state and future directions of the field, underscoring the need for interdisciplinary teams to create novel tools and extend existing tools to support fundamental and translational research on bacterial glycans.
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10
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Jong H, Wösten MMSM, Wennekes T. Sweet impersonators: Molecular mimicry of host glycans by bacteria. Glycobiology 2021; 32:11-22. [PMID: 34939094 PMCID: PMC8881735 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
All bacteria display surface-exposed glycans that can play an important role in their interaction with the host and in select cases mimic the glycans found on host cells, an event called molecular or glycan mimicry. In this review, we highlight the key bacteria that display human glycan mimicry and provide an overview of the involved glycan structures. We also discuss the general trends and outstanding questions associated with human glycan mimicry by bacteria. Finally, we provide an overview of several techniques that have emerged from the discipline of chemical glycobiology, which can aid in the study of the composition, variability, interaction and functional role of these mimicking glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Jong
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomedical Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc M S M Wösten
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Wennekes
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomedical Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Luong P, Dube DH. Dismantling the bacterial glycocalyx: Chemical tools to probe, perturb, and image bacterial glycans. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 42:116268. [PMID: 34130219 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial glycocalyx is a quintessential drug target comprised of structurally distinct glycans. Bacterial glycans bear unusual monosaccharide building blocks whose proper construction is critical for bacterial fitness, survival, and colonization in the human host. Despite their appeal as therapeutic targets, bacterial glycans are difficult to study due to the presence of rare bacterial monosaccharides that are linked and modified in atypical manners. Their structural complexity ultimately hampers their analytical characterization. This review highlights recent advances in bacterial chemical glycobiology and focuses on the development of chemical tools to probe, perturb, and image bacterial glycans and their biosynthesis. Current technologies have enabled the study of bacterial glycosylation machinery even in the absence of detailed structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Luong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
| | - Danielle H Dube
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA.
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12
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Moulton KD, Adewale AP, Carol HA, Mikami SA, Dube DH. Metabolic Glycan Labeling-Based Screen to Identify Bacterial Glycosylation Genes. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:3247-3259. [PMID: 33186014 PMCID: PMC7808405 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cell surface glycans are quintessential drug targets due to their critical role in colonization of the host, pathogen survival, and immune evasion. The dense cell envelope glycocalyx contains distinctive monosaccharides that are stitched together into higher order glycans to yield exclusively bacterial structures that are critical for strain fitness and pathogenesis. However, the systematic study and inhibition of bacterial glycosylation enzymes remains challenging. Bacteria produce glycans containing rare sugars refractory to traditional glycan analysis, complicating the study of bacterial glycans and the identification of their biosynthesis machinery. To ease the study of bacterial glycans in the absence of detailed structural information, we used metabolic glycan labeling to detect changes in glycan biosynthesis. Here, we screened wild-type versus mutant strains of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori, ultimately permitting the identification of genes involved in glycoprotein and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Our findings provide the first evidence that H. pylori protein glycosylation proceeds via a lipid carrier-mediated pathway that overlaps with lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Protein glycosylation mutants displayed fitness defects consistent with those induced by small molecule glycosylation inhibitors. Broadly, our results suggest a facile approach to screen for bacterial glycosylation genes and gain insight into their biosynthesis and functional importance, even in the absence of glycan structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D. Moulton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
| | - Adedunmola P. Adewale
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
| | - Hallie A. Carol
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
| | - Sage A. Mikami
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
| | - Danielle H. Dube
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
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13
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Hira J, Uddin MJ, Haugland MM, Lentz CS. From Differential Stains to Next Generation Physiology: Chemical Probes to Visualize Bacterial Cell Structure and Physiology. Molecules 2020; 25:E4949. [PMID: 33114655 PMCID: PMC7663024 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical probes have been instrumental in microbiology since its birth as a discipline in the 19th century when chemical dyes were used to visualize structural features of bacterial cells for the first time. In this review article we will illustrate the evolving design of chemical probes in modern chemical biology and their diverse applications in bacterial imaging and phenotypic analysis. We will introduce and discuss a variety of different probe types including fluorogenic substrates and activity-based probes that visualize metabolic and specific enzyme activities, metabolic labeling strategies to visualize structural features of bacterial cells, antibiotic-based probes as well as fluorescent conjugates to probe biomolecular uptake pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Hira
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology and Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies (CANS), UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway; (J.H.); (M.J.U.)
| | - Md. Jalal Uddin
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology and Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies (CANS), UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway; (J.H.); (M.J.U.)
| | - Marius M. Haugland
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies (CANS), UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway;
| | - Christian S. Lentz
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology and Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies (CANS), UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway; (J.H.); (M.J.U.)
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14
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Gast D, Koller F, Krafczyk R, Bauer L, Wunder S, Lassak J, Hoffmann-Röder A. A set of rhamnosylation-specific antibodies enables detection of novel protein glycosylations in bacteria. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:6823-6828. [PMID: 32936181 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01289k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite its potential importance for bacterial virulence, protein rhamnosylation has not yet been sufficiently studied. Specific anti-SerRha, anti-ThrRha and anti-AsnRha antibodies allowed the identification of previously unknown monorhamnosylated proteins in cytosol and membrane fractions of bacterial cell lysates. Mapping of the complete rhamnoproteome in pathogens should facilitate development of targeted therapies against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gast
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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15
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Gucchait A, Shit P, Misra AK. Concise synthesis of a tetrasaccharide related to the repeating unit of the cell wall O-antigen of Salmonella enterica O60. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Cantelli A, Piro F, Pecchini P, Di Giosia M, Danielli A, Calvaresi M. Concanavalin A-Rose Bengal bioconjugate for targeted Gram-negative antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2020; 206:111852. [PMID: 32199235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is considered a very promising therapeutic modality for antimicrobial therapy. Although several studies have demonstrated that Gram-positive bacteria are very sensitive to PDT, Gram-negative bacteria are more resistant to photodynamic action. This difference is due to a different cell wall structure. Gram-negative bacteria have an outer cell membrane containing lipopolysaccharides (LPS) that hinder the binding of photosensitizer molecules, protecting the bacterial cells from chemical attacks. Combination of the lipopolysaccharides-binding activity of Concanavalin A (ConA) with the photodynamic properties of Rose Bengal (RB) holds the potential of an innovative protein platform for targeted photodynamic therapy against Gram-negative bacteria. A ConA-RB bioconjugate was synthesized and characterized. Approximately 2.4 RB molecules were conjugated per ConA monomer. The conjugation of RB to ConA determines a decrease of the singlet oxygen generation and an increase of superoxide and peroxide production. The photokilling efficacy of the ConA-RB bioconjugate was demonstrated in a planktonic culture of E. coli. Irradiation with white light from a LED lamp produced a dose-dependent photokilling of bacteria. ConA-RB conjugates exhibited a consistent improvement over RB (up to 117-fold). The improved uptake of the photosensitizer explains the enhanced PDT effect accompanying increased membrane damages induced by the ConA-RB conjugate. The approach can be readily generalized (i) using different photo/sonosensitizers, (ii) to target other pathogens characterized by cell membranes containing lipopolysaccharides (LPS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cantelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Piro
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Francesco Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pietro Pecchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Di Giosia
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Danielli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Francesco Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Calvaresi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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17
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Bera M, Mukhopadhyay B. Synthesis of the tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the O-antigen from Pseudomonas putida BIM B-1100 having rare D-Quip3NAc. Carbohydr Res 2020; 489:107955. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.107955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Ghotekar BK, Podilapu AR, Kulkarni SS. Total Synthesis of the Lipid-Anchor-Attached Core Trisaccharides of Lipoteichoic Acids of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus oralis Uo5. Org Lett 2020; 22:537-541. [PMID: 31887057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report an efficient total synthesis of lipid-anchor-appended core trisaccharides of lipoteichoic acids of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus oralis Uo5. The key features include the expedient synthesis of the rare sugar 2,4,6-trideoxy-2-acetamido-4-amino-d-Galp building block via one-pot sequential SN2 reactions and the α-selective coupling of d-thioglucoside with the diacyl glycerol acceptor to construct a common disaccharide acceptor, which was utilized in the total synthesis of target molecules 1 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasaheb K Ghotekar
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Ananda Rao Podilapu
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Suvarn S Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai 400076 , India
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19
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Williams DA, Pradhan K, Paul A, Olin IR, Tuck OT, Moulton KD, Kulkarni SS, Dube DH. Metabolic inhibitors of bacterial glycan biosynthesis. Chem Sci 2020; 11:1761-1774. [PMID: 34123271 PMCID: PMC8148367 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05955e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial cell wall is a quintessential drug target due to its critical role in colonization of the host, pathogen survival, and immune evasion. The dense cell wall glycocalyx contains distinctive monosaccharides that are absent from human cells, and proper assembly of monosaccharides into higher-order glycans is critical for bacterial fitness and pathogenesis. However, the systematic study and inhibition of bacterial glycosylation enzymes remains challenging. Bacteria produce glycans containing rare deoxy amino sugars refractory to traditional glycan analysis, complicating the study of bacterial glycans and the creation of glycosylation inhibitors. To ease the study of bacterial glycan function in the absence of detailed structural or enzyme information, we crafted metabolic inhibitors based on rare bacterial monosaccharide scaffolds. Metabolic inhibitors were assessed for their ability to interfere with glycan biosynthesis and fitness in pathogenic and symbiotic bacterial species. Three metabolic inhibitors led to dramatic structural and functional defects in Helicobacter pylori. Strikingly, these inhibitors acted in a bacteria-selective manner. These metabolic inhibitors will provide a platform for systematic study of bacterial glycosylation enzymes not currently possible with existing tools. Moreover, their selectivity will provide a pathway for the development of novel, narrow-spectrum antibiotics to treat infectious disease. Our inhibition approach is general and will expedite the identification of bacterial glycan biosynthesis inhibitors in a range of systems, expanding the glycochemistry toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Williams
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College 6600 College Station Brunswick ME 04011 USA
| | - Kabita Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Ankita Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Ilana R Olin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College 6600 College Station Brunswick ME 04011 USA
| | - Owen T Tuck
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College 6600 College Station Brunswick ME 04011 USA
| | - Karen D Moulton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College 6600 College Station Brunswick ME 04011 USA
| | - Suvarn S Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Danielle H Dube
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College 6600 College Station Brunswick ME 04011 USA
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20
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Zhang ZJ, Wang YC, Yang X, Hang HC. Chemical Reporters for Exploring Microbiology and Microbiota Mechanisms. Chembiochem 2019; 21:19-32. [PMID: 31730246 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The advances made in bioorthogonal chemistry and the development of chemical reporters have afforded new strategies to explore the targets and functions of specific metabolites in biology. These metabolite chemical reporters have been applied to diverse classes of bacteria including Gram-negative, Gram-positive, mycobacteria, and more complex microbiota communities. Herein we summarize the development and application of metabolite chemical reporters to study fundamental pathways in bacteria as well as microbiota mechanisms in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenrun J Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yen-Chih Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Xinglin Yang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Howard C Hang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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21
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Behera A, Rai D, Kulkarni SS. Total Syntheses of Conjugation-Ready Trisaccharide Repeating Units of Pseudomonas aeruginosa O11 and Staphylococcus aureus Type 5 Capsular Polysaccharide for Vaccine Development. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 142:456-467. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Archanamayee Behera
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Diksha Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Suvarn S. Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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22
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Sun X, Jian Y, Wang H, Ge S, Yan M, Yu J. Ultrasensitive Microfluidic Paper-Based Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Molecularly Imprinted Film and Boronate Affinity Sandwich Assay for Glycoprotein Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:16198-16206. [PMID: 30892007 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b02005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we proposed a strategy that combined molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and hybridization chain reaction into microfluidic paper-based analytical devices for ultrasensitive detection of target glycoprotein ovalbumin (OVA). During the fabrication, Au nanorods with a large surface area and superior conductibility were grown on paper cellulosic fiber as a matrix to introduce a boronate affinity sandwich assay. The composite of MIPs including 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid (MPBA) was able to capture target glycoprotein OVA. SiO2@Au nanocomposites labeled MPBA and cerium dioxide (CeO2)-modified nicked DNA double-strand polymers (SiO2@Au/dsDNA/CeO2) as a signal tag were captured into the surface of the electrode in the presence of OVA. An electrochemical signal was generated by using nanoceria as redox-active catalytic amplifiers in the presence of 1-naphthol in electrochemical assays. As a result, the electrochemical assay was fabricated and could be applied in the detection of OVA in the wide linear range of 1 pg/mL to 1000 ng/mL with a relatively low detection limit of 0.87 pg/mL (S/N = 3). The results indicated that the proposed platform possessed potential applications in clinical diagnosis and other related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Sun
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipements for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P.R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P.R. China
| | - Yannan Jian
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipements for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P.R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P.R. China
| | - He Wang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipements for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P.R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P.R. China
| | - Shenguang Ge
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipements for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P.R. China
| | - Mei Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P.R. China
| | - Jinghua Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P.R. China
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23
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Emmadi M, Kulkarni SS. Synthesis of Rare Deoxy Amino Sugar Building Blocks Enabled the Total Synthesis of a Polysaccharide Repeating Unit Analogue from the LPS of Psychrobacter cryohalolentis K5T. J Org Chem 2018; 83:14323-14337. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Emmadi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Suvarn S. Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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24
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Andolina G, Wei R, Liu H, Zhang Q, Yang X, Cao H, Chen S, Yan A, Li XD, Li X. Metabolic Labeling of Pseudaminic Acid-Containing Glycans on Bacterial Surfaces. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:3030-3037. [PMID: 30230814 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The rise in antibiotic-resistant bacteria is causing worldwide concerns. The urgent need for new antibacterial drugs calls for new thinking and strategies to explore novel, narrow-spectrum, and pathogen-specific antibacterial targets. Legionaminic acid (Leg) and pseudaminic acid (Pse) are nonulosonic acid carbohydrates with structural similarity to eukaryotic sialic acid, and are distributed in numerous pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria as components of cell surface-associated glycans. They are involved in the host interaction, pathogenicity, antiphage defense mechanism, and immune escape mechanism. To further explore their biological significance, we developed a synthesis of 2-acetamido-4-azidoacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-l-altrose (Alt-4NAz) and 2-azidoacetamido-4-acetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-l-altrose (Alt-2NAz), among which Alt-4NAz served as an effective chemical reporter to realize bacterial Pse metabolic labeling. The effectiveness of this chemical reporter has been demonstrated in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio vulnificus, and Acinetobacter baumannii strains. Expectedly, this strategy can provide a useful assay to detect phenotypic presence of Pse biosynthesis and screen for agents targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Andolina
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruohan Wei
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Yang
- State Key Lab of Chiroscience, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiluo Cao
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng Chen
- State Key Lab of Chiroscience, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aixin Yan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang David Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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25
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Behera A, Kulkarni SS. Chemical Synthesis of Rare, Deoxy-Amino Sugars Containing Bacterial Glycoconjugates as Potential Vaccine Candidates. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23081997. [PMID: 30103434 PMCID: PMC6222762 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria often contain rare deoxy amino sugars which are absent in the host cells. This structural difference can be harnessed for the development of vaccines. Over the last fifteen years, remarkable progress has been made toward the development of novel and efficient protocols for obtaining the rare sugar building blocks and their stereoselective assembly to construct conjugation ready bacterial glycans. In this review, we discuss the total synthesis of a variety of rare sugar containing bacterial glycoconjugates which are potential vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archanamayee Behera
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | - Suvarn S Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
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26
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Lakshminarayanan A, Richard M, Davis BG. Studying glycobiology at the single-molecule level. Nat Rev Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-018-0019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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27
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Bakshani CR, Morales-Garcia AL, Althaus M, Wilcox MD, Pearson JP, Bythell JC, Burgess JG. Evolutionary conservation of the antimicrobial function of mucus: a first defence against infection. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2018; 4:14. [PMID: 30002868 PMCID: PMC6031612 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-018-0057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucus layers often provide a unique and multi-functional hydrogel interface between the epithelial cells of organisms and their external environment. Mucus has exceptional properties including elasticity, changeable rheology and an ability to self-repair by re-annealing, and is therefore an ideal medium for trapping and immobilising pathogens and serving as a barrier to microbial infection. The ability to produce a functional surface mucosa was an important evolutionary step, which evolved first in the Cnidaria, which includes corals, and the Ctenophora. This allowed the exclusion of non-commensal microbes and the subsequent development of the mucus-lined digestive cavity seen in higher metazoans. The fundamental architecture of the constituent glycoprotein mucins is also evolutionarily conserved. Although an understanding of the biochemical interactions between bacteria and the mucus layer are important to the goal of developing new antimicrobial strategies, they remain relatively poorly understood. This review summarises the physicochemical properties and evolutionary importance of mucus, which make it so successful in the prevention of bacterial infection. In addition, the strategies developed by bacteria to counteract the mucus layer are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie R Bakshani
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ana L Morales-Garcia
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mike Althaus
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Matthew D Wilcox
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jeffrey P Pearson
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John C Bythell
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J Grant Burgess
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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28
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Fulton KM, Li J, Tomas JM, Smith JC, Twine SM. Characterizing bacterial glycoproteins with LC-MS. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:203-216. [PMID: 29400572 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1435276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Though eukaryotic glycoproteins have been studied since their discovery in the 1930s, the first bacterial glycoprotein was not identified until the 1970s. As a result, their role in bacterial pathogenesis is still not well understood and they remain an understudied component of bacterial virulence. In recent years, mass spectrometry has emerged as a leading technology for the study of bacterial glycoproteins, largely due to its sensitivity and versatility. Areas covered: Identification and comprehensive characterization of bacterial glycoproteins usually requires multiple complementary mass spectrometry approaches, including intact protein analysis, top-down analysis, and bottom-up methods used in combination with specialized liquid chromatography. This review provides an overview of liquid chromatography separation technologies, as well as current and emerging mass spectrometry approaches used specifically for bacterial glycoprotein identification and characterization. Expert commentary: Bacterial glycoproteins may have significant clinical utility as a result of their unique structures and exposure on the surface of the cells. Better understanding of these glycoconjugates is an essential first step towards that goal. These often unique structures, and by extension the key enzymes involved in their synthesis, represent promising targets for novel antimicrobials, while unique carbohydrate structures may be used as antigens in vaccines or as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Fulton
- a Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Jianjun Li
- a Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Juan M Tomas
- b Departament de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biologia , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Jeffrey C Smith
- c Department of Chemistry , Carleton University , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Susan M Twine
- a Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Canada
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29
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Song W, Cai J, Zou X, Wang X, Hu J, Yin J. Applications of controlled inversion strategies in carbohydrate synthesis. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Liu H, Zhang Y, Wei R, Andolina G, Li X. Total Synthesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1244 Pilin Glycan via de Novo Synthesis of Pseudaminic Acid. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:13420-13428. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Department of Chemistry,
State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong
Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry,
State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong
Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Ruohan Wei
- Department of Chemistry,
State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong
Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Gloria Andolina
- Department of Chemistry,
State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong
Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry,
State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong
Kong SAR 999077, China
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31
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Chaudhury A, Ghosh R. A target oriented expeditious approach towards synthesis of certain bacterial rare sugar derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:1444-1452. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02670b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A 3-step sequential one-pot protection profile manipulation on suitable d-glucosamine/d-mannose derivatives led to the diversity oriented synthesis of rare sugar derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rina Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700 032
- India
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32
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Clark EL, Emmadi M, Krupp KL, Podilapu AR, Helble JD, Kulkarni SS, Dube DH. Development of Rare Bacterial Monosaccharide Analogs for Metabolic Glycan Labeling in Pathogenic Bacteria. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:3365-3373. [PMID: 27766829 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial glycans contain rare, exclusively bacterial monosaccharides that are frequently linked to pathogenesis and essentially absent from human cells. Therefore, bacterial glycans are intriguing molecular targets. However, systematic discovery of bacterial glycoproteins is hampered by the presence of rare deoxy amino sugars, which are refractory to traditional glycan-binding reagents. Thus, the development of chemical tools that label bacterial glycans is a crucial step toward discovering and targeting these biomolecules. Here, we explore the extent to which metabolic glycan labeling facilitates the studying and targeting of glycoproteins in a range of pathogenic and symbiotic bacterial strains. We began with an azide-containing analog of the naturally abundant monosaccharide N-acetylglucosamine and discovered that it is not broadly incorporated into bacterial glycans, thus revealing a need for additional azidosugar substrates to broaden the utility of metabolic glycan labeling in bacteria. Therefore, we designed and synthesized analogs of the rare deoxy amino d-sugars N-acetylfucosamine, bacillosamine, and 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxygalactose and established that these analogs are differentially incorporated into glycan-containing structures in a range of pathogenic and symbiotic bacterial species. Further application of these analogs will refine our knowledge of the glycan repertoire in diverse bacteria and may find utility in treating a variety of infectious diseases with selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Clark
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, United States
| | - Madhu Emmadi
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Katharine L. Krupp
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, United States
| | - Ananda R. Podilapu
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Jennifer D. Helble
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, United States
| | - Suvarn S. Kulkarni
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Danielle H. Dube
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, United States
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33
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Patel P, Kearney JF. Immunological Outcomes of Antibody Binding to Glycans Shared between Microorganisms and Mammals. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:4201-4209. [PMID: 27864551 PMCID: PMC5119654 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycans constitute basic cellular components of living organisms across biological kingdoms, and glycan-binding Abs participate in many cellular interactions during immune defense against pathogenic organisms. Glycan epitopes are expressed as carbohydrate-only entities or as oligomers or polymers on proteins and lipids. Such epitopes on glycoproteins may be formed by posttranslational modifications or neoepitopes resulting from metabolic-catabolic processes and can be altered during inflammation. Pathogenic organisms can display host-like glycans to evade the host immune response. However, Abs to glycans, shared between microorganisms and the host, exist naturally. These Abs are able to not only protect against infectious disease, but also are involved in host housekeeping functions and can suppress allergic disease. Despite the reactivity of these Abs to glycans shared between microorganisms and host, diverse tolerance-inducing mechanisms permit the B cell precursors of these Ab-secreting cells to exist within the normal B cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeyam Patel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - John F Kearney
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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34
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A novel mass spectrometric strategy "BEMAP" reveals Extensive O-linked protein glycosylation in Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32016. [PMID: 27562176 PMCID: PMC5000012 DOI: 10.1038/srep32016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The attachment of sugars to proteins via side-chain oxygen atoms (O-linked glycosylation) is seen in all three domains of life. However, a lack of widely-applicable analytical tools has restricted the study of this process, particularly in bacteria. In E. coli, only four O-linked glycoproteins have previously been characterized. Here we present a glycoproteomics technique, termed BEMAP, which is based on the beta-elimination of O-linked glycans followed by Michael-addition of a phosphonic acid derivative, and subsequent titanium dioxide enrichment. This strategy allows site-specific mass-spectrometric identification of proteins with O-linked glycan modifications in a complex biological sample. Using BEMAP we identified cell surface-associated and membrane vesicle glycoproteins from Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and non-pathogenic E. coli K-12. We identified 618 glycosylated Serine and Threonine residues mapping to 140 proteins in ETEC, including several known virulence factors, and 34 in E. coli K-12. The two strains had 32 glycoproteins in common. Remarkably, the majority of the ETEC glycoproteins were conserved in both strains but nevertheless were only glycosylated in the pathogen. Therefore, bacterial O-linked glycosylation is much more extensive than previously thought, and is especially important to the pathogen.
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35
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Glibstrup E, Pedersen CM. Scalable Synthesis of Anomerically Pure Orthogonal-Protected GlcN3 and GalN3 from d-Glucosamine. Org Lett 2016; 18:4424-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Glibstrup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, 2100 Copenhagen
Ø, Denmark
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36
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Sanapala SR, Kulkarni SS. Expedient Route To Access Rare Deoxy Amino l-Sugar Building Blocks for the Assembly of Bacterial Glycoconjugates. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:4938-47. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b01823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Someswara Rao Sanapala
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Suvarn S. Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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37
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Aiguabella N, Holland MC, Gilmour R. Fluorine-directed 1,2-trans glycosylation of rare sugars. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:5534-8. [PMID: 26880180 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00025h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To reconcile the urgent need to access well defined β-configured 2,6-di-deoxypyranose analogues for chemical biology, with the intrinsic α-selectivity of the native system, the directing role of fluorine at C2 has been explored. Localised partial charge inversion (C-H(δ+)→ C-F(δ-)) elicits a reversal of the substrate-based α-stereoselectivity, irrespective of the protecting group electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Aiguabella
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Excellence Cluster EXC 1003 "Cells in Motion", Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Extracellular Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites metabolize and incorporate unnatural sugars into cellular proteins. Microbes Infect 2015; 18:199-210. [PMID: 26687036 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that infects all nucleated cell types in diverse warm-blooded organisms. Many of the surface antigens and effector molecules secreted by the parasite during invasion and intracellular growth are modified by glycans. Glycosylated proteins in the nucleus and cytoplasm have also been reported. Despite their prevalence, the complete inventory and biological significance of glycosylated proteins in Toxoplasma remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to globally profile parasite glycoproteins using a bioorthogonal chemical reporter strategy. This strategy involves the metabolic incorporation of unnatural functional groups (i.e., "chemical reporters") into Toxoplasma glycans, followed by covalent labeling with visual probes or affinity tags. The two-step approach enables the visualization and identification of newly biosynthesized glycoconjugates in the parasite. Using a buffer that mimics intracellular conditions, extracellular Toxoplasma tachyzoites were found to metabolize and incorporate unnatural sugars (equipped with bioorthogonal functional groups) into diverse proteins. Covalent chemistries were used to visualize and retrieve these labeled structures. Subsequent mass spectrometry analysis revealed 89 unique proteins. This survey identified novel proteins as well as previously characterized proteins from lectin affinity analyses.
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39
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Siegrist MS, Swarts BM, Fox DM, Lim SA, Bertozzi CR. Illumination of growth, division and secretion by metabolic labeling of the bacterial cell surface. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:184-202. [PMID: 25725012 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuu012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell surface is the essential interface between a bacterium and its surroundings. Composed primarily of molecules that are not directly genetically encoded, this highly dynamic structure accommodates the basic cellular processes of growth and division as well as the transport of molecules between the cytoplasm and the extracellular milieu. In this review, we describe aspects of bacterial growth, division and secretion that have recently been uncovered by metabolic labeling of the cell envelope. Metabolite derivatives can be used to label a variety of macromolecules, from proteins to non-genetically-encoded glycans and lipids. The embedded metabolite enables precise tracking in time and space, and the versatility of newer chemoselective detection methods offers the ability to execute multiple experiments concurrently. In addition to reviewing the discoveries enabled by metabolic labeling of the bacterial cell envelope, we also discuss the potential of these techniques for translational applications. Finally, we offer some guidelines for implementing this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sloan Siegrist
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Benjamin M Swarts
- Department of Chemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Douglas M Fox
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Shion An Lim
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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40
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García-Cano I, Serrano-Maldonado CE, Olvera-García M, Delgado-Arciniega E, Peña-Montes C, Mendoza-Hernández G, Quirasco M. Antibacterial activity produced by Enterococcus spp. isolated from an artisanal Mexican dairy product, Cotija cheese. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Emmadi M, Kulkarni SS. Total synthesis of the bacillosamine containing α-l-serine linked trisaccharide of Neisseria meningitidis. Carbohydr Res 2014; 399:57-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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42
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Lu Q, Yao Q, Xu Y, Li L, Li S, Liu Y, Gao W, Niu M, Sharon M, Ben-Nissan G, Zamyatina A, Liu X, Chen S, Shao F. An Iron-Containing Dodecameric Heptosyltransferase Family Modifies Bacterial Autotransporters in Pathogenesis. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 16:351-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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43
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Podilapu AR, Kulkarni SS. First Synthesis of Bacillus cereus Ch HF-PS Cell Wall Trisaccharide Repeating Unit. Org Lett 2014; 16:4336-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol5021527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Rao Podilapu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Suvarn S. Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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44
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Tra VN, Dube DH. Glycans in pathogenic bacteria--potential for targeted covalent therapeutics and imaging agents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:4659-73. [PMID: 24647371 PMCID: PMC4049282 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00660g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A substantial obstacle to the existing treatment of bacterial diseases is the lack of specific probes that can be used to diagnose and treat pathogenic bacteria in a selective manner while leaving the microbiome largely intact. To tackle this problem, there is an urgent need to develop pathogen-specific therapeutics and diagnostics. Here, we describe recent evidence that indicates distinctive glycans found exclusively on pathogenic bacteria could form the basis of targeted therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. In particular, we highlight the use of metabolic oligosaccharide engineering to covalently deliver therapeutics and imaging agents to bacterial glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van N Tra
- Bowdoin College, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Brunswick, Maine, USA.
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45
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Sanapala SR, Kulkarni SS. Chemical synthesis of asparagine-linked archaeal N-glycan from Methanothermus fervidus. Chemistry 2014; 20:3578-83. [PMID: 24616211 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several N-linked glycoproteins have been identified in archaea and there is growing evidence that the N-glycan is involved in survival and functioning of archaea in extreme conditions. Chemical synthesis of the archaeal N-glycans represents a crucial step towards understanding the putative function of protein glycosylation in archaea. Herein the first total synthesis of the archaeal L-asparagine linked hexasaccharide from Methanothermus fervidus is reported using a highly convergent [3+3] glycosylation approach in high overall yields. The synthesis relies on efficient preparation of regioselectively protected thioglycoside building blocks for orthogonal glycosylations and late stage N-aspartylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Someswara Rao Sanapala
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076 (India)
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46
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Abstract
Over the past three decades, a powerful array of techniques has been developed for expressing heterologous proteins and saccharides on the surface of bacteria. Surface-engineered bacteria, in turn, have proven useful in a variety of settings, including high-throughput screening, biofuel production, and vaccinology. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive review of methods for displaying polypeptides and sugars on the bacterial cell surface, and discuss the many innovative applications these methods have found to date. While already an important biotechnological tool, we believe bacterial surface display may be further improved through integration with emerging methodology in other fields, such as protein engineering and synthetic chemistry. Ultimately, we envision bacterial display becoming a multidisciplinary platform with the potential to transform basic and applied research in bacteriology, biotechnology, and biomedicine.
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47
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Emmadi M, Kulkarni SS. Recent advances in synthesis of bacterial rare sugar building blocks and their applications. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:870-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4np00003j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This Highlight describes recent advances in the synthesis of the bacterial deoxy amino hexopyranoside building blocks and their application in constructing various biologically important bacterial O-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Emmadi
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai, India
| | - Suvarn S. Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai, India
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48
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49
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Emmadi M, Kulkarni SS. Synthesis of orthogonally protected bacterial, rare-sugar and D-glycosamine building blocks. Nat Protoc 2013; 8:1870-89. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2013.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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50
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Champasa K, Longwell SA, Eldridge AM, Stemmler EA, Dube DH. Targeted identification of glycosylated proteins in the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori (Hp). Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:2568-86. [PMID: 23754784 PMCID: PMC3769331 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.029561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Virulence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is directly linked to the pathogen's ability to glycosylate proteins; for example, Hp flagellin proteins are heavily glycosylated with the unusual nine-carbon sugar pseudaminic acid, and this modification is absolutely essential for Hp to synthesize functional flagella and colonize the host's stomach. Although Hp's glycans are linked to pathogenesis, Hp's glycome remains poorly understood; only the two flagellin glycoproteins have been firmly characterized in Hp. Evidence from our laboratory suggests that Hp synthesizes a large number of as-yet unidentified glycoproteins. Here we set out to discover Hp's glycoproteins by coupling glycan metabolic labeling with mass spectrometry analysis. An assessment of the subcellular distribution of azide-labeled proteins by Western blot analysis indicated that glycoproteins are present throughout Hp and may therefore serve diverse functions. To identify these species, Hp's azide-labeled glycoproteins were tagged via Staudinger ligation, enriched by tandem affinity chromatography, and analyzed by multidimensional protein identification technology. Direct comparison of enriched azide-labeled glycoproteins with a mock-enriched control by both SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry-based analyses confirmed the selective enrichment of azide-labeled glycoproteins. We identified 125 candidate glycoproteins with diverse biological functions, including those linked with pathogenesis. Mass spectrometry analyses of enriched azide-labeled glycoproteins before and after cleavage of O-linked glycans revealed the presence of Staudinger ligation-glycan adducts in samples only after beta-elimination, confirming the synthesis of O-linked glycoproteins in Hp. Finally, the secreted colonization factors urease alpha and urease beta were biochemically validated as glycosylated proteins via Western blot analysis as well as by mass spectrometry analysis of cleaved glycan products. These data set the stage for the development of glycosylation-based therapeutic strategies, such as new vaccines based on natively glycosylated Hp proteins, to eradicate Hp infection. Broadly, this report validates metabolic labeling as an effective and efficient approach for the identification of bacterial glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokwan Champasa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, USA
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