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Guo H, Liu S, Sun CC. Modulating Pharmaceutical Properties of Berberine Chloride through Cocrystallization with Benzendiol Isomers. Pharm Res 2023; 40:2791-2800. [PMID: 37226026 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03533-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To synthesize and characterize new cocrystals of berberine chloride (BCl) for potential pharmaceutical tablet formulation. METHODS Solutions of BCl with each of three selected cocrystal formers, catechol (CAT), resorcinol (RES), and hydroquinone (HYQ) were slowly evaporated at room temperature to obtain crystals. Crystal structures were solved using single crystal X-ray diffraction. Bulk powders were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry, FTIR, dynamic moisture sorption, and dissolution (both intrinsic and powder). RESULTS Single crystal structures confirmed the formation of cocrystals with all three coformers, which revealed various intermolecular interactions that stabilized crystal lattices, including O-H···Cl- hydrogen bonds. All three cocrystals exhibited better stability against high humidity (up to 95% relative humidity) at 25 ℃ and higher intrinsic and powder dissolution rates than BCl. CONCLUSION The enhanced pharmaceutical properties of all three cocrystals, as compared to BCl, further contribute to the existing evidence that confirms the beneficial role of cocrystallization in facilitating drug development. These new cocrystals expand the structure landscape of BCl solid forms, which is important for future analysis to establish a reliable relationship between crystal structure and pharmaceutical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Shuyu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Changquan Calvin Sun
- Pharmaceutical Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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2
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Deng Y, Liu S, Jiang Y, Martins ICB, Rades T. Recent Advances in Co-Former Screening and Formation Prediction of Multicomponent Solid Forms of Low Molecular Weight Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2174. [PMID: 37765145 PMCID: PMC10538140 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicomponent solid forms of low molecular weight drugs, such as co-crystals, salts, and co-amorphous systems, are a result of the combination of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) with a pharmaceutically acceptable co-former. These solid forms can enhance the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of APIs, making them increasingly interesting and important in recent decades. Nevertheless, predicting the formation of API multicomponent solid forms in the early stages of formulation development can be challenging, as it often requires significant time and resources. To address this, empirical and computational methods have been developed to help screen for potential co-formers more efficiently and accurately, thus reducing the number of laboratory experiments needed. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current screening and prediction methods for the formation of API multicomponent solid forms, covering both crystalline states (co-crystals and salts) and amorphous forms (co-amorphous). Furthermore, it discusses recent advances and emerging trends in prediction methods, with a particular focus on artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehua Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.D.); (S.L.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Shiyuan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.D.); (S.L.)
| | - Yanbin Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.D.); (S.L.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Inês C. B. Martins
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
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3
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Synthesis and structural characterization of two novel olanzapine cocrystals with decreased or enhanced dissolution rate. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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4
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DUTT B, CHOUDHARY M, BUDHWAR V. A Brief Discussion of Multi-Component Organic Solids: Key Emphasis on Co-Crystallization. Turk J Pharm Sci 2022; 19:220-231. [DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2020.78700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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5
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Makadia J, Madu SJ, Arroo R, Seaton CC, Li M. Artemisinin–acetylenedicarboxylic acid cocrystal: screening, structure determination, and physicochemical property characterisation. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01400e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin is used to treat multi-drug resistant strains of malaria and is also in the early stages of development as an anti-cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Makadia
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Shadrack J. Madu
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Randolph Arroo
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Colin C. Seaton
- School of Chemistry and Bioscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Mingzhong Li
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
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6
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Guan D, Xuan B, Wang C, Long R, Jiang Y, Mao L, Kang J, Wang Z, Chow SF, Zhou Q. Improving the Physicochemical and Biopharmaceutical Properties of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Derived from Traditional Chinese Medicine through Cocrystal Engineering. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2160. [PMID: 34959440 PMCID: PMC8704577 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) extracted and isolated from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) are of interest for drug development due to their wide range of biological activities. However, the overwhelming majority of APIs in TCMs (T-APIs), including flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids and phenolic acids, are limited by their poor physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties, such as solubility, dissolution performance, stability and tabletability for drug development. Cocrystallization of these T-APIs with coformers offers unique advantages to modulate physicochemical properties of these drugs without compromising the therapeutic benefits by non-covalent interactions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current challenges, applications, and future directions of T-API cocrystals, including cocrystal designs, preparation methods, modifications and corresponding mechanisms of physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties. Moreover, a variety of studies are presented to elucidate the relationship between the crystal structures of cocrystals and their resulting properties, along with the underlying mechanism for such changes. It is believed that a comprehensive understanding of cocrystal engineering could contribute to the development of more bioactive natural compounds into new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyingzi Guan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (D.G.); (R.L.); (Y.J.); (L.M.); (J.K.); (Z.W.)
| | - Bianfei Xuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Chengguang Wang
- Pharmaceutical Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Ruitao Long
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (D.G.); (R.L.); (Y.J.); (L.M.); (J.K.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yaqin Jiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (D.G.); (R.L.); (Y.J.); (L.M.); (J.K.); (Z.W.)
| | - Lina Mao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (D.G.); (R.L.); (Y.J.); (L.M.); (J.K.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jinbing Kang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (D.G.); (R.L.); (Y.J.); (L.M.); (J.K.); (Z.W.)
| | - Ziwen Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (D.G.); (R.L.); (Y.J.); (L.M.); (J.K.); (Z.W.)
| | - Shing Fung Chow
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Qun Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (D.G.); (R.L.); (Y.J.); (L.M.); (J.K.); (Z.W.)
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7
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Kaur M, Yardley V, Wang K, Masania J, Botana A, Arroo RRJ, Li M. Artemisinin Cocrystals for Bioavailability Enhancement. Part 1: Formulation Design and Role of the Polymeric Excipient. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:4256-4271. [PMID: 34723557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin (ART) is a most promising antimalarial agent, which is both effective and well tolerated in patients, though it has therapeutic limitations due to its low solubility, bioavailability, and short half-life. The objective of this work was to explore the possibility of formulating ART cocrystals, i.e., artemisinin-orcinol (ART-ORC) and artemisinin-resorcinol (ART2-RES), as oral dosage forms to deliver ART molecules for bioavailability enhancement. This is the first part of the study, aiming to develop a simple and effective formulation, which can then be tested on an appropriate animal model (i.e., mouse selected for in vivo study) to evaluate their preclinical pharmacokinetics for further development. In the current work, the physicochemical properties (i.e., solubility and dissolution rate) of ART cocrystals were measured to collect information necessary for the formulation development strategy. It was found that the ART solubility can be increased significantly by its cocrystals, i.e., 26-fold by ART-ORC and 21-fold by ART2-RES, respectively. Screening a set of polymers widely used in pharmaceutical products, including poly(vinylpyrrolidone), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate, based on the powder dissolution performance parameter analysis, revealed that poly(vinylpyrrolidone)/vinyl acetate (PVP-VA) was the most effective crystallization inhibitor. The optimal concentration of PVP-VA at 0.05 mg/mL for the formulation was then determined by a dissolution/permeability method, which represented a simplified permeation model to simultaneously evaluate the effects of a crystallization inhibitor on the dissolution and permeation performance of ART cocrystals. Furthermore, experiments, including surface dissolution of single ART cocrystals monitored by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and diffusion properties of ART in solution measured by 1H and diffusion-ordered spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, provided insights into how the excipient affects the ART cocrystal dissolution performance and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manreet Kaur
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, U.K
| | - Vanessa Yardley
- Department of Infection & Immunity, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, U.K
| | - Ke Wang
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, U.K
| | - Jinit Masania
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, U.K
| | | | - Randolph R J Arroo
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, U.K
| | - Mingzhong Li
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, U.K
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8
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In-silico methods of cocrystal screening: A review on tools for rational design of pharmaceutical cocrystals. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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9
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Roy M, Li K, Nisar M, Wong LWY, Sung HHY, Haynes RK, Williams ID. Varying degrees of homostructurality in a series of cocrystals of antimalarial drug 11-azaartemisinin with salicylic acids. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2021; 77:262-270. [PMID: 34089249 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229621004460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The X-ray structures of three new 1:1 pharmaceutical cocrystals of 11-azaartemisinin (11-Aza; systematic name: 1,5,9-trimethyl-14,15,16-trioxa-11-azatetracyclo[10.3.1.04,13.08,13]hexadecan-10-one, C15H23NO4) with bromo-substituted salicylic acids [namely, 5-bromo- (5-BrSalA, C7H5BrO3), 4-bromo- (4-BrSalA, C7H5BrO3) and 3,5-dibromosalicylic acid (3,5-Br2SalA, C7H4Br2O3)] are reported. All the structures are related to the parent 11-Aza:SalA cocrystal (monoclinic P21) reported previously. The 5-BrSalA analogue is isostructural with the parent, with lattice expansion along the c axis. The 4-BrSalA and 3,5-Br2SalA cocrystals retain the highly preserved 21 stacks of the molecular pairs, but these pack with a varying degree of slippage with respect to neighbouring stacks, altering the close contacts between them, and represent two potential alternative homostructural arrangements for the parent compound. Structure redeterminations of the bromosalicylic acids 5-BrSalA, 4-BrSalA and 3,5-Br2SalA at 100 K show that the packing efficiency of the cocrystals need not be higher than the parent coformers, based on specific-volume calculations, attributable to the strong O-H...O=C hydrogen bonds of 2.54 Å in the cocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Keyao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Madiha Nisar
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lawrence W Y Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Herman H Y Sung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Richard K Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ian D Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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10
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Abstract
Eutectic, co-amorphous, cocrystal, and physical mixtures of curcumin with basic amino acids are prepared and characterized by PXRD, DSC, NMR, FT-IR, and SEM; solubility and dissolution improvement achieved in 40% ethanol–water system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anilkumar Gunnam
- School of Chemistry
- University of Hyderabad
- Hyderabad 500 046
- India
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11
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Jiang Q, Hirsh DA, Tu Y, Luo L. Multicomponent crystals of an artemisinin derivative and cinchona alkaloids for use as antimalarial drugs. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00974e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multicomponent crystals of an artemisinin derivative and cinchona alkaloids were produced, combining two major types of antimalaria drugs with unique hydrogen bond interactions. These salts demonstrate a new category of antimalarial pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jiang
- Material and Analytical Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road/P.O. Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - David A. Hirsh
- Material and Analytical Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road/P.O. Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Yifan Tu
- Material and Analytical Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road/P.O. Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Laibin Luo
- Material and Analytical Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road/P.O. Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
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12
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Devogelaer J, Meekes H, Tinnemans P, Vlieg E, Gelder R. Co‐crystal Prediction by Artificial Neural Networks**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan‐Joris Devogelaer
- Radboud University Institute for Molecules and Materials Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Meekes
- Radboud University Institute for Molecules and Materials Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Paul Tinnemans
- Radboud University Institute for Molecules and Materials Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Elias Vlieg
- Radboud University Institute for Molecules and Materials Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - René Gelder
- Radboud University Institute for Molecules and Materials Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
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13
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Devogelaer J, Meekes H, Tinnemans P, Vlieg E, de Gelder R. Co-crystal Prediction by Artificial Neural Networks*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21711-21718. [PMID: 32797658 PMCID: PMC7756866 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A significant amount of attention has been given to the design and synthesis of co-crystals by both industry and academia because of its potential to change a molecule's physicochemical properties. Yet, difficulties arise when searching for adequate combinations of molecules (or coformers) to form co-crystals, hampering the efficient exploration of the target's solid-state landscape. This paper reports on the application of a data-driven co-crystal prediction method based on two types of artificial neural network models and co-crystal data present in the Cambridge Structural Database. The models accept pairs of coformers and predict whether a co-crystal is likely to form. By combining the output of multiple models of both types, our approach shows to have excellent performance on the proposed co-crystal training and validation sets, and has an estimated accuracy of 80 % for molecules for which previous co-crystallization data is unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan‐Joris Devogelaer
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and MaterialsHeyendaalseweg 1356525AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Hugo Meekes
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and MaterialsHeyendaalseweg 1356525AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Paul Tinnemans
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and MaterialsHeyendaalseweg 1356525AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Elias Vlieg
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and MaterialsHeyendaalseweg 1356525AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - René de Gelder
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and MaterialsHeyendaalseweg 1356525AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
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14
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Cocrystals of Isoniazid with Polyphenols: Mechanochemical Synthesis and Molecular Structure. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10070569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Isoniazid is used as anti-tuberculosis drug which possesses functional groups capable of forming hydrogen bonds. A series of cocrystals of isoniazid (INH) with polyphenolic coformers such as catechol (CAT), orcinol (ORC), 2-methylresorcinol (MER), pyrogallol (PYR), and phloroglucinol (PLG) were prepared by solvent-assisted grinding. Powder cocrystals were characterized by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. The crystal structure of the cocrystals revealed the unexpected hydration of the INH-MER cocrystal and the preference of the (phenol) O–H∙∙∙N (pyridine) and (terminal) N-H∙∙∙O (phenol) heterosynthons in the stabilization of the structures. The supramolecular architecture of the cocrystals is affected by the conformation and the substitution pattern of the hydroxyl groups of the polyphenols.
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15
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Macrae CF, Sovago I, Cottrell SJ, Galek PTA, McCabe P, Pidcock E, Platings M, Shields GP, Stevens JS, Towler M, Wood PA. Mercury 4.0: from visualization to analysis, design and prediction. J Appl Crystallogr 2020; 53:226-235. [PMID: 32047413 PMCID: PMC6998782 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576719014092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1899] [Impact Index Per Article: 474.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The program Mercury, developed at the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, was originally designed primarily as a crystal structure visualization tool. Over the years the fields and scientific communities of chemical crystallography and crystal engineering have developed to require more advanced structural analysis software. Mercury has evolved alongside these scientific communities and is now a powerful analysis, design and prediction platform which goes a lot further than simple structure visualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare F. Macrae
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK
| | - Ioana Sovago
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK
| | - Simon J. Cottrell
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK
| | - Peter T. A. Galek
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK
| | - Patrick McCabe
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK
| | - Elna Pidcock
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK
| | - Michael Platings
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK
| | - Greg P. Shields
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK
| | - Joanna S. Stevens
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK
| | - Matthew Towler
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK
| | - Peter A. Wood
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK
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Budhwar V, Dutt B, Choudhary M. Cocrystallization: An innovative route toward better medication. JOURNAL OF REPORTS IN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/jrptps.jrptps_103_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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17
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Preparation, characterization, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of metronidazole–gallic acid cocrystal: A combined experimental and theoretical investigation. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Intermolecular Interactions in Functional Crystalline Materials: From Data to Knowledge. CRYSTALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst9090478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Intermolecular interactions of organic, inorganic, and organometallic compounds are the key to many composition–structure and structure–property networks. In this review, some of these relations and the tools developed by the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center (CCDC) to analyze them and design solid forms with desired properties are described. The potential of studies supported by the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD)-Materials tools for investigation of dynamic processes in crystals, for analysis of biologically active, high energy, optical, (electro)conductive, and other functional crystalline materials, and for the prediction of novel solid forms (polymorphs, co-crystals, solvates) are discussed. Besides, some unusual applications, the potential for further development and limitations of the CCDC software are reported.
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Taylor R, Wood PA. A Million Crystal Structures: The Whole Is Greater than the Sum of Its Parts. Chem Rev 2019; 119:9427-9477. [PMID: 31244003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The founding in 1965 of what is now called the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) has reaped dividends in numerous and diverse areas of chemical research. Each of the million or so crystal structures in the database was solved for its own particular reason, but collected together, the structures can be reused to address a multitude of new problems. In this Review, which is focused mainly on the last 10 years, we chronicle the contribution of the CSD to research into molecular geometries, molecular interactions, and molecular assemblies and demonstrate its value in the design of biologically active molecules and the solid forms in which they are delivered. Its potential in other commercially relevant areas is described, including gas storage and delivery, thin films, and (opto)electronics. The CSD also aids the solution of new crystal structures. Because no scientific instrument is without shortcomings, the limitations of CSD research are assessed. We emphasize the importance of maintaining database quality: notwithstanding the arrival of big data and machine learning, it remains perilous to ignore the principle of garbage in, garbage out. Finally, we explain why the CSD must evolve with the world around it to ensure it remains fit for purpose in the years ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Taylor
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre , 12 Union Road , Cambridge CB2 1EZ , United Kingdom
| | - Peter A Wood
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre , 12 Union Road , Cambridge CB2 1EZ , United Kingdom
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Connor LE, Vassileiou AD, Halbert GW, Johnston BF, Oswald IDH. Structural investigation and compression of a co-crystal of indomethacin and saccharin. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce00838a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Indomethacin : saccharin cocrystal has been studied under high pressure conditions and the amide interactions compared with previous high pressure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Connor
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
- UK
- Collaborative International Research Programme: University of Strathclyde
| | | | - Gavin W. Halbert
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
- UK
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation
| | - Blair F. Johnston
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
- UK
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation
| | - Iain D. H. Oswald
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
- UK
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21
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Dong B, Tang J, Guo Z, Zhu Y, Yao S. Simultaneous recovery of ionic liquid and bioactive alkaloids with same tropane nucleus through an unusual co-crystal after extraction. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Nisar M, Wong LWY, Sung HHY, Haynes RK, Williams ID. Cocrystals of the antimalarial drug 11-azaartemisinin with three alkenoic acids of 1:1 or 2:1 stoichiometry. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2018; 74:742-751. [PMID: 29870011 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229618006320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The stoichiometry, X-ray structures and stability of four pharmaceutical cocrystals previously identified from liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) of 11-azaartemisinin (11-Aza; systematic name: 1,5,9-trimethyl-14,15,16-trioxa-11-azatetracyclo[10.3.1.04,13.08,13]hexadecan-10-one) with trans-cinnamic (Cin), maleic (Mal) and fumaric (Fum) acids are herein reported. trans-Cinnamic acid, a mono acid, forms 1:1 cocrystal 11-Aza:Cin (1, C15H23NO4·C9H8O2). Maleic acid forms both 1:1 cocrystal 11-Aza:Mal (2, C15H23NO4·C4H4O4), in which one COOH group is involved in self-catenation, and 2:1 cocrystal 11-Aza2:Mal (3, 2C15H23NO4·C4H4O4). Its isomer, fumaric acid, only affords 2:1 cocrystal 11-Aza2:Fum (4). All cocrystal formation appears driven by acid-lactam R22(8) heterosynthons with short O-H...O=C hydrogen bonds [O...O = 2.56 (2) Å], augmented by weaker C=O...H-N contacts. Despite a better packing efficiency, cocrystal 3 is metastable with respect to 2, probably due to a higher conformational energy for the maleic acid molecule in its structure. In each case, the microcrystalline powders from LAG were useful in providing seeding for the single-crystal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Nisar
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lawrence W Y Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Herman H Y Sung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Richard K Haynes
- Centre of Excellence in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Ian D Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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23
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Mechanochemical Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Lidocaine-Phloroglucinol Hydrate 1:1:1 Complex. CRYSTALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst8030130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Synthesis of a Glibenclamide Cocrystal: Full Spectroscopic and Thermal Characterization. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1597-1604. [PMID: 29432762 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A cocrystal of glibenclamide, an antidiabetic drug classified as type II compound according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System, has been synthesized using tromethamine as coformer in 1:1 molar ratio, by slow solvent evaporation cocrystalization. The cocrystal obtained was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, Raman, mid infrared, and near-infrared spectroscopy. The results consistently show the formation of a cocrystal between active pharmaceutical ingredients and conformer with the synthons corresponding to hydrogen bonding between hydrogen in amines of tromethamine and carbonyl and sulfonyl groups in glibenclamide.
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Ross SA, Lamprou DA, Douroumis D. Engineering and manufacturing of pharmaceutical co-crystals: a review of solvent-free manufacturing technologies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:8772-86. [PMID: 27302311 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01289b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Design and synthesis of pharmaceutical cocrystals have received great interest in recent years. Cocrystallization of drug substances offers a tremendous opportunity for the development of new drug products with superior physical and pharmacological properties such as solubility, stability, hydroscopicity, dissolution rates and bioavailability. It is now possible to engineer and develop cocrystals via 'green chemistry' and environmentally friendly approaches such as solid-state synthesis in the absence of organic solvents. In addition, significant efforts have been directed towards computational screening, cocrystal manufacturing in a continuous manner and real-time monitoring for quality purposes by using various analytical tools. Pharmaceutical cocrystals are not fully exploited yet and there is a lot of ground to cover before they can be successfully utilized as medical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Ross
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - D A Lamprou
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science (SIPBS)s, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK. and EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation (CMAC), University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1 RD, UK
| | - D Douroumis
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
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Tan D, Loots L, Friščić T. Towards medicinal mechanochemistry: evolution of milling from pharmaceutical solid form screening to the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:7760-81. [PMID: 27185190 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc02015a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This overview highlights the emergent area of mechanochemical reactions for making active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), and covers the latest advances in the recently established area of mechanochemical screening and synthesis of pharmaceutical solid forms, specifically polymorphs, cocrystals, salts and salt cocrystals. We also provide an overview of the most recent developments in pharmaceutical uses of mechanochemistry, including real-time reaction monitoring, techniques for polymorph control and approaches for continuous manufacture using twin screw extrusion, and more. Most importantly, we show how the overlap of previously unrelated areas of mechanochemical screening for API solid forms, organic synthesis by milling, and mechanochemical screening for molecular recognition, enables the emergence of a new research discipline in which different aspects of pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry are addressed through mechanochemistry rather than through conventional solution-based routes. The emergence of such medicinal mechanochemistry is likely to have a strong impact on future pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry, as it offers not only access to materials and reactivity that are sometimes difficult or even impossible to access from solution, but can also provide a general answer to the demands of the pharmaceutical industry for cleaner, safer and efficient synthetic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin Tan
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada.
| | - Leigh Loots
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada.
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada.
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27
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Surov AO, Churakov AV, Proshin AN, Dai XL, Lu T, Perlovich GL. Cocrystals of a 1,2,4-thiadiazole-based potent neuroprotector with gallic acid: solubility, thermodynamic stability relationships and formation pathways. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:14469-14481. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02532k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The thermodynamic stability relationships and the formation pathways of the cocrystals of 1,2,4-thiadiazole-based neuroprotector with gallic acid were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem O. Surov
- Institution of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry RAS
- 153045 Ivanovo
- Russia
| | - Andrei V. Churakov
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - Alexey N. Proshin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Chernogolovka
- Russia
| | - Xia-Lin Dai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Tongbu Lu
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low Carbon Technologies
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin
- China
| | - German L. Perlovich
- Institution of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry RAS
- 153045 Ivanovo
- Russia
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28
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Abstract
Novel pharmaceutical salts of albendazole drugs are crystallized with sulfonic acids and carboxylic acids. The disorder of the thiopropyl chain in the parent crystal structure is resolved in the salt crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Bolla
- School of Chemistry
- University of Hyderabad
- Hyderabad 500 046
- India
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | - Ashwini Nangia
- School of Chemistry
- University of Hyderabad
- Hyderabad 500 046
- India
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
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29
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Nisar M, Sung HHY, Puschmann H, Lakerveld R, Haynes RK, Williams ID. 11-Azaartemisinin cocrystals with preserved lactam : acid heterosynthons. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce01875d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The R22(8) lactam : acid hetero-synthon, found in several new 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 cocrystals between the anti-malarial 11-azaartemisinin and organic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Nisar
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
- Kowloon
- China
| | - Herman H.-Y. Sung
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
- Kowloon
- China
| | | | - Richard Lakerveld
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
- Kowloon
- China
| | - Richard K. Haynes
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
- Kowloon
- China
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Ian D. Williams
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
- Kowloon
- China
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30
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Singh D, Bedi N, Tiwary AK. Enhancing solubility of poorly aqueous soluble drugs: critical appraisal of techniques. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-017-0357-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Sanphui P, Rajput L, Gopi SP, Desiraju GR. New multi-component solid forms of anti-cancer drug Erlotinib: role of auxiliary interactions in determining a preferred conformation. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2016; 72:291-300. [PMID: 27240760 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520616003607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Erlotinib is a BCS (biopharmaceutical classification system) class II drug used for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. There is an urgent need to obtain new solid forms of higher solubility to improve the bioavailability of the API (active pharmaceutical ingredient). In this context, cocrystals with urea, succinic acid, and glutaric acid and salts with maleic acid, adipic acid, and saccharin were prepared via wet granulation and solution crystallizations. Crystal structures of the free base (Z' = 2), cocrystals of erlotinib-urea (1:1), erlotinib-succinic acid monohydrate (1:1:1), erlotinib-glutaric acid monohydrate (1:1:1) and salts of erlotinib-adipic acid adipate (1:0.5:0.5) are determined and their hydrogen-bonding patterns are analyzed. Self recognition via the (amine) N-H...N (pyridine) hydrogen bond between the API molecules is replaced by several heterosynthons such as acid-pyridine, amide-pyridine and carboxylate-pyridinium in the new binary systems. Auxiliary interactions play an important role in determining the conformation of the API in the crystal. FT-IR spectroscopy is used to distinguish between the salts and cocrystals in the new multi-component systems. The new solid forms are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to confirm their unique phase identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palash Sanphui
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, Karnatakla 560012, India
| | - Lalit Rajput
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, Karnatakla 560012, India
| | - Shanmukha Prasad Gopi
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, Karnatakla 560012, India
| | - Gautam R Desiraju
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, Karnatakla 560012, India
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32
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Clements M, le Roex T, Blackie M. Multicomponent Crystal Systems of Known Antimalarial Drug Molecules. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1786-92. [PMID: 26368592 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Potential drug molecules are often discarded due to poor physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic profiles. As such, research into the use of multicomponent crystal systems (such as salts and co-crystals) is currently being conducted with the aim of improving the properties of the molecule, without altering the bioactivity of the drug. Although numerous studies have been performed on a wide variety of drug molecules, research with antimalarial drug molecules seems to have been neglected. With many of the current drugs becoming inactive due to resistance, there is an urgent need to find effective drugs with good pharmacokinetic profiles. The objective of this review is therefore to determine the extent to which multicomponent crystal systems have been used in antimalarial chemotherapy and whether this method provides a viable alternative to discarding potential drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Clements
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Tanya le Roex
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Margaret Blackie
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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33
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Kaur R, Gautam R, Cherukuvada S, Guru Row TN. Do carboximide-carboxylic acid combinations form co-crystals? The role of hydroxyl substitution on the formation of co-crystals and eutectics. IUCRJ 2015; 2:341-51. [PMID: 25995843 PMCID: PMC4420544 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252515002651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Carboxylic acids, amides and imides are key organic systems which provide understanding of molecular recognition and binding phenomena important in biological and pharmaceutical settings. In this context, studies of their mutual interactions and compatibility through co-crystallization may pave the way for greater understanding and new applications of their combinations. Extensive co-crystallization studies are available for carboxylic acid/amide combinations, but only a few examples of carboxylic acid/imide co-crystals are currently observed in the literature. The non-formation of co-crystals for carboxylic acid/imide combinations has previously been rationalized, based on steric and computed stability factors. In the light of the growing awareness of eutectic mixtures as an alternative outcome in co-crystallization experiments, the nature of various benzoic acid/cyclic imide combinations is established in this paper. Since an additional functional group can provide sites for new intermolecular inter-actions and, potentially, promote supramolecular growth into a co-crystal, benzoic acids decorated with one or more hydroxyl groups have been systematically screened for co-crystallization with one unsaturated and two saturated cyclic imides. The facile formation of an abundant number of hydroxybenzoic acid/cyclic carboximide co-crystals is reported, including polymorphic and variable stoichiometry co-crystals. In the cases where co-crystals did not form, the combinations are shown invariably to result in eutectics. The presence or absence and geometric disposition of hydroxyl functionality on benzoic acid is thus found to drive the formation of co-crystals or eutectics for the studied carboxylic acid/imide combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanpreet Kaur
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, India
| | - Raj Gautam
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, India
| | - Suryanarayan Cherukuvada
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, India
| | - Tayur N. Guru Row
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, India
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Cherukuvada S, Nangia A. Eutectics as improved pharmaceutical materials: design, properties and characterization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:906-23. [PMID: 24322207 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47521b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Eutectics are a long known class of multi-component solids with important and useful applications in daily life. In comparison to other multi-component crystalline solids, such as salts, solid solutions, molecular complexes and cocrystals, eutectics are less studied in terms of molecular structure organization and bonding interactions. Classically, a eutectic is defined based on its low melting point compared to the individual components. In this article, we attempt to define eutectics not just based on thermal methods but from a structural organization view point, and discuss their microstructures and properties as organic materials vis-a-vis solid solutions and cocrystals. The X-ray crystal structure of a cocrystal is different from that of the individual components whereas the unit cell of a solid solution is similar to that of one of the components. Eutectics are closer to the latter species in that their crystalline arrangement is similar to the parent components but they are different with respect to the structural integrity. A solid solution possesses structural homogeneity throughout the structure (single phase) but a eutectic is a heterogeneous ensemble of individual components whose crystal structures are like discontinuous solid solutions (phase separated). Thus, a eutectic may be better defined as a conglomerate of solid solutions. A structural analysis of cocrystals, solid solutions and eutectics has led to an understanding that materials with strong adhesive (hetero) interactions between the unlike components will lead to cocrystals whereas those having stronger cohesive (homo/self) interactions will more often give rise to solid solutions (for similar structures of components) and eutectics (for different structures of components). We demonstrate that the same crystal engineering principles which have been profitably utilized for cocrystal design in the past decade can now be applied to make eutectics as novel composite materials, illustrated by stable eutectics of the hygroscopic salt of the anti-tuberculosis drug ethambutol as a case study. A current gap in the characterization of eutectic microstructure may be fulfilled through pair distribution function (PDF) analysis of X-ray diffraction data, which could be a rapid signature technique to differentiate eutectics from their components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryanarayan Cherukuvada
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Central University PO, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, India.
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35
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Wood PA, Feeder N, Furlow M, Galek PTA, Groom CR, Pidcock E. Knowledge-based approaches to co-crystal design. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce00316k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Abstract
How do molecules aggregate in solution, and how do these aggregates consolidate themselves in crystals? What is the relationship between the structure of a molecule and the structure of the crystal it forms? Why do some molecules adopt more than one crystal structure? Why do some crystal structures contain solvent? How does one design a crystal structure with a specified topology of molecules, or a specified coordination of molecules and/or ions, or with a specified property? What are the relationships between crystal structures and properties for molecular crystals? These are some of the questions that are being addressed today by the crystal engineering community, a group that draws from the larger communities of organic, inorganic, and physical chemists, crystallographers, and solid state scientists. This Perspective provides a brief historical introduction to crystal engineering itself and an assessment of the importance and utility of the supramolecular synthon, which is one of the most important concepts in the practical use and implementation of crystal design. It also provides a look to the future from the viewpoint of the author, and indicates some directions in which this field might be moving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam R Desiraju
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India.
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37
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Eddleston MD, Sivachelvam S, Jones W. Screening for polymorphs of cocrystals: a case study. CrystEngComm 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce26496j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Delori A, Galek PTA, Pidcock E, Jones W. Quantifying homo- and heteromolecular hydrogen bonds as a guide for adduct formation. Chemistry 2012; 18:6835-46. [PMID: 22511542 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An investigation into the predictability of molecular adduct formation is presented by using the approach of hydrogen bond propensity. Along with the predictions, crystallisation reactions (1a-1j) were carried out between the anti-malarial drug pyrimethamine (1) and the acids oxalic (a), malonic (b), acetylenedicarboxylic (c), adipic (d), pimelic (e), suberic (f), azelaic acids (g), as well as hexachlorobenzene (h), 1,4-diiodobenzene (i), and 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene (j); seven (1a to 1g) of these successfully formed salts. Five of these seven salts were found to be either hydrated or solvated. Hydrogen bond propensity calculations predict that hydrogen bonds between 1 and acids a-g are more likely to form rather than the H bonds involved in self-association, providing a rationale for the observation of the seven new salts. In contrast, propensity of hydrogen bonds between 1 and h-j is much smaller as compared to other bonds predicted for self-association/solvate formation, in agreement with the observed unsuccessful reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Delori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
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39
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Delori A, Friščić T, Jones W. The role of mechanochemistry and supramolecular design in the development of pharmaceutical materials. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce06582g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Friščić T, Halasz I, Strobridge FC, Dinnebier RE, Stein RS, Fábián L, Curfs C. A rational approach to screen for hydrated forms of the pharmaceutical derivative magnesium naproxen using liquid-assisted grinding. CrystEngComm 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ce00894j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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