Cu(II)-based complex loaded with drug paclitaxel hydrogels against thyroid cancer and optimizing novel derivatives

This study introduces a novel approach for synthesizing a Cu(II)-based coordination polymer (CP), {[Cu(L)(4,4´-OBA)]·H2O}n (1), using a mixed ligand method. The CP was successfully prepared by reacting Cu(NO3)2·3H2O with the ligand 3,6-bis(benzimidazol-1-yl)pyridazine in the presence of 4,4´-H2OBA, demonstrating an innovative synthesis strategy. Furthermore, a novel hydrogel composed of hyaluronic acid (HA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) with a porous structure was developed for drug delivery purposes. This hydrogel facilitates the encapsulation of CP1, and enables the loading of paclitaxel onto the composite to form HA/CMCS-CP1@paclitaxel. In vitro cell experiments demonstrated the promising modulation of thyroid cancer biomarker genes S100A6 and ARID1A by HA/CMCS-CP1@paclitaxel. Finally, reinforcement learning simulations were employed to optimize novel metal-organic frameworks, underscoring the innovative contributions of this study.

3-Phenyl-4-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-5-[(prop-2-en-1-yl)sulfanyl]-4H-1,2,4-triazole

1,2,4-Triazoles appear to be attractive substances due to their wide range of applications. Previously 3-phenyl-4-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-5-[(prop-2-en-1-yl)sulfanyl]-4H-1,2,4-triazole (Atr) has proven to be an effective precursor for us to prepare Cu(I)-π,σ-coordination compounds with nonlinear optical and magnetic properties. In this study, we present the structural characterization of Atr by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. The crystals are monoclinic, Sp.gr. P21, Z = 2, unit cell dimensions: a = 5.6967(3), b = 7.8045(3), c = 14.9327(7) Å, β = 91.113(4)°, V = 663.78(5) Å3 at 150 K. To analyze the intermolecular interactions in the crystal structure of Atr, a DFT computational study was also performed.

A 5-(2-Pyridyl)tetrazolate Complex of Molybdenum(VI), Its Structure, and Transformation to a Molybdenum Oxide-Based Hybrid Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Epoxidation of Olefins

There is a considerable practical interest in discovering new ways to obtain organomolybdenum heterogeneous catalysts for olefin epoxidation that are easier to recover and reuse and display enhanced productivity. In this study, the complex salt (H2pytz)[MoO2Cl2(pytz)] (1) (Hpytz = 5-(2-pyridyl)tetrazole) has been prepared, structurally characterized, and employed as a precursor for the hydrolysis-based synthesis of a microcrystalline molybdenum oxide/organic hybrid material formulated as [MoO3(Hpytz)] (2). In addition to single-crystal X-ray diffraction (for 1), compounds 1 and 2 were characterized by FT-IR and Raman spectroscopies, solid-state 13C{1H} cross-polarization (CP) magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated as olefin epoxidation catalysts using the model reaction of cis-cyclooctene (Cy8) with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), at 70 °C, which gave 100% epoxide selectivity up to 100% conversion. While 1 behaved as a homogeneous catalyst, hybrid 2 behaved as a heterogeneous catalyst and could be recovered for recycling without showing structural degradation or loss of catalytic performance over consecutive reaction cycles. The substrate scope was broadened to monoterpene DL-limonene (Lim) and biobased unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters, methyl oleate (MeOle), and methyl linoleate (MeLin), which gave predominantly epoxide products.

The Structure and Property of Two Different Metal-Organic Frameworks Based on N/O-Donor Mixed Ligands

Two different metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) [Cd2(AZN)(HAZN)(btc)(Hbtc)·4H2O]·2H2O (1), and [Zn3(AZN)2(btc)2·4H2O] (2) were synthesized by the reactions of different metal salts with mixed ligands of 1-(4-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole (AZN) and trimesic acid (H3btc). The different metal centers in the reaction condition have important impact on the resulting structures of MOFs 1 and 2. Compound 1 is a one-dimensional (1D) chain structure, while 2 features a three-dimensional (3D) framework with 3-fold interpenetration topology of Point (Schläfli) symbol of (6·82)4(62·82·102). Furthermore, the luminescent properties have been studied for MOFs 1 and 2.

A Photoluminescent Cd(II) Coordination Polymer with Potential Active Sites Exhibiting Multiresponsive Fluorescence Sensing for Trace Amounts of NACs and Fe3+ and Al3+ Ions

The elaborately designed π-electron-rich fluorescent ligand 1,4-bis(1-carboxymethylene-4-imidazolyl)benzene (H₂L), possessing bifunctional groups including the carboxylate groups (building units) and 4-imidazoyl groups (N-donor potential active sites) has been employed to construct fluorescent coordination polymers. A luminescent sensor, namely [Cd(L)(phen)₂]·5H₂O (1), was obtained, which has a one-dimensional structure. The fluorescent material shows a blue emission maximum at 457 nm with a luminescence lifetime of 488 ns and a quantum yield (QY) of 4.56%. Significantly, 1 serves as a promising multiresponsive luminescent sensor to detect trace nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) with the limits of detection (LOD) of 7.21 × 10^-8, 1.85 × 10^-5, and 1.15 × 10^-5 mol/L for 2-nitrophenol (2-NP), 3-nitrophenol (3-NP), and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), respectively. Furthermore, CP 1 exhibits fluorescent turn-off and turn-on sensing behavior for Fe³⁺ and Al³⁺ metal ions with trace amounts of 1.05 × 10^-7 and 1.13 × 10^-7 mol/L, respectively. Experimental methods and theoretical calculations were employed to elucidate the sensing mechanism in detail.

New Application of 1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives as Antitubercular Agents. Structure, In Vitro Screening and Docking Studies

A series of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives were synthesized and assigned as potential anti-tuberculosis substances. The molecular and crystal structures for the model compounds C1, C12, and C13 were determined using X-ray analysis. The X-ray investigation confirmed the synthesis pathway and the assumed molecular structures for analyzed 1,2,4-triazol-5-thione derivatives. The conformational preferences resulting from rotational degrees of freedom of the 1,2,4-triazole ring substituents were characterized. The lipophilicity (logP) and electronic parameters as the energy of frontier orbitals, dipole moments, NBO net charge distribution on the atoms, and electrostatic potential distribution for all structures were calculated at AM1 and DFT/B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level. The in vitro test was done against M. tuberculosis H37Ra, M. phlei, M. smegmatis, and M. timereck. The obtained results clearly confirmed the antituberculosis potential of compound C4, which turned out to be the most active against Mycobacterium H37Ra (MIC = 0.976 μg/mL), Mycobaterium pheli (MIC = 7.81 μg/mL) and Mycobacerium timereck (62.6 μg/mL). Satisfactory results were obtained with compounds C8, C11, C14 versus Myc. H37Ra, Myc. pheli, Myc. timereck (MIC = 31.25-62.5 μg/mL). The molecular docking studies were carried out for all investigated compounds using the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cytochrome P450 CYP121 enzyme as molecular a target connected with antimycobacterial activity.

On the Border between Low-Nuclearity and One-Dimensional Solids: A Unique Interplay of 1,2,4-Triazolyl-Based {CuII5(OH)2} Clusters and MoVI-Oxide Matrix

A pentanuclear Cu^II₅-hydroxo cluster possessing an unusual linear-shaped configuration was formed and crystallized under hydrothermal conditions as a result of the unique cooperation of bridging 1,2,4-triazole ligand ( trans-1,4-cyclohexanediyl-4,4'-bi(1,2,4-triazole) ( tr₂ cy)), Mo^VI-oxide, and CuSO₄. This structural motif can be rationalized by assuming in situ generation of {Cu₂Mo₆O₂₂}^4- anions, which represent heteroleptic derivatives of γ-type [Mo₈O₂₆]^4- further interlinked by [Cu₃(OH)₂]⁴⁺ cations through [ N- N] bridges. The framework structure of the resulting compound [Cu₅(OH)₂( tr₂ cy)₂Mo₆O₂₂]·6H₂O (1) is thus built up from neutral heterometallic {Cu₅(OH)₂Mo₆O₂₂} _n layers pillared with tetradentate tr₂ cy. Quantum-chemical calculations demonstrate that the exclusive site of the parent γ-[Mo₈O₂₆]^4- cluster into which Cu^II inserts corresponds with the site that has the lowest defect ("MoO₂ vacancy") formation energy, demonstrating how the local metal-polyoxomolybdate chemistry can express itself in the final crystal structure. Magnetic susceptibility measurements of 1 show strong antiferromagnetic coupling within the Cu₅ chain with exchange parameters J₁ = -500(40) K (-348(28) cm^-1), J₂ = -350(10) K (-243(7) cm^-1) and g = 2.32(2), χ² = 6.5 × 10^-4. Periodic quantum-chemical calculations reproduce the antiferromagnetic character of 1 and connect it with an effective ligand-mediated spin coupling mechanism that comes about from the favorable structural arrangement between the Cu centers and the OH^-, O^2-, and tr₂ cy bridging ligands.

Flexible and rigid dicarboxylic acids enable the assembly of achiral and chiral 3D Co(ii) metal–organic frameworks

The homochirality of the 3D Co(ii) MOFs may arise from the rotation of the two phenyl rings in the biphenyl-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid ligand.

Complexes of nickel(II) and copper(II) with 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylic acid and of cobalt(III) with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole-5-carboxylic acid

Because of their versatile coordination modes and strong coordination ability for metals, triazole ligands can provide a wide range of possibilities for the construction of metal-organic frameworks. Three transition-metal complexes, namely bis(μ-1,2,4-triazol-4-ide-3-carboxylato)-κ³N²,O:N¹;κ³N¹:N²,O-bis[triamminenickel(II)] tetrahydrate, [Ni₂(C₃HN₃O₂)₂(NH₃)₆]·4H₂O, (I), catena-poly[[[diamminediaquacopper(II)]-μ-1,2,4-triazol-4-ide-3-carboxylato-κ³N¹:N⁴,O-[diamminecopper(II)]-μ-1,2,4-triazol-4-ide-3-carboxylato-κ³N⁴,O:N¹] dihydrate], {[Cu₂(C₃HN₃O₂)₂(NH₃)₄(H₂O)₂]·2H₂O}_n, (II), (μ-5-amino-1,2,4-triazol-1-ide-3-carboxylato-κ²N¹:N²)di-μ-hydroxido-κ⁴O:O-bis[triamminecobalt(III)] nitrate hydroxide trihydrate, [Co₂(C₃H₂N₄O₂)(OH)₂(NH₃)₆](NO₃)(OH)·3H₂O, (III), with different structural forms have been prepared by the reaction of transition metal salts, i.e. NiCl₂, CuCl₂ and Co(NO₃)₂, with 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylic acid or 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole-5-carboxylic acid hemihydrate in aqueous ammonia at room temperature. Compound (I) is a dinuclear complex. Extensive O-H...O, O-H...N and N-H...O hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking interactions between the centroids of the triazole rings contribute to the formation of the three-dimensional supramolecular structure. Compound (II) exhibits a one-dimensional chain structure, with O-H...O hydrogen bonds and weak O-H...N, N-H...O and C-H...O hydrogen bonds linking anions and lattice water molecules into the three-dimensional supramolecular structure. Compared with compound (I), compound (III) is a structurally different dinuclear complex. Extensive N-H...O, N-H...N, O-H...N and O-H...O hydrogen bonding occurs in the structure, leading to the formation of the three-dimensional supramolecular structure.

Different magnetic responses observed in Co, Co and Co-based MOFs

Four magnetic MOFs with anisotropic Co(II) ions, {[Co5(H2O)2(μ3-OH)2(atz)2(stp)2]·1.5H2O}n (1), {[Co5(H2O)2(μ3-OH)2(trz)2(stp)2]·1.3H2O}n (2), {[Co5(H2O)6(μ3-OH)2(trz)2(stp)2]·2.5CH3OH}n (3) and {[Co3(H2O)4(Hdatrz)2(stp)2]·3H2O}n (4) (stp(3-) = 2-sulfoterephthalate, trz(-) = 1,2,4-triazolate, atz(-) = 3-amino-1,2,4-triazolate and Hdatrz = 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole) were solvothermally isolated by varying the substituent groups appended on the N-heterocyclic triazole and structurally and magnetically characterized. Structural analyses indicate that the former two complexes are crystallographically isostructural, exhibiting pillared-layer frameworks with mixed triazolyl and carboxylate extended Co + Co layers supported by rigid stp(3-) connectors. Complex 3 is built from butterfly-shaped Co cluster-based layers, which are interconnected with single cobalt(ii) octahedra by ditopic stp(3-) bridges. By contrast, complex 4 consists of linear {Co3(μ-N1,N4-Hdatrz)2} subunits, which are extended by 3-connected stp(3-) linkers into a stable 3D framework. Magnetically, 1 exhibits ferromagnetic ordering below 2.7 K due to the well-organized alignment of the non-compensated resultant moment from octahedra and tetrahedral cobalt(ii) carriers, while 3 is in a non-zero paramagnetic state above 2.0 K resulting from the coexistence of intermetallic ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions. The magnetic competition between weak inter-subunit antiferromagnetic interactions and the external magnetic field makes 4 behave as a field-induced metamagnet with a critical field of 27.5 kOe. These interesting magnetostructural results suggest that the anisotropy of the moment carrier and the interlayer/intersubunit separations significantly dominate the magnetic responses in extended MOFs, providing an informative platform for the further development of interesting magnetic materials, both of academic and industrial interest.

Fine-Tuning of Magnetic Properties in Nickel(II) Trinuclear EMACs via Modifications of Equatorial Ligands

The relationship between equatorial ligands structures and magnetic response of [Ni3]6+ extended metal atom chain core has been investigated. The distances between metal ions in Ni metal strings are largely predefined by framework provided through equatorial ligands. The equatorial ligands thus have primary influence on the magnitude of magnetic coupling between terminal high spin centers. Since the σ channel has greatest contribution to J, the variations in Ni–Ni bond lengths have immediate and strong effect on magnetic properties. The secondary, yet important role is played by ligand field strength and nucleophilicity. It has been shown that energy difference between singly occupied σ-type MOs composed of d(z2) of terminal ions and doubly occupied σ-type MO evolved from d(z2) of the central ion in antiferromagnetic state solution is inversely proportional to magnitude of J. Hence, the alignment between energies of d(z2) orbitals on HS and LS centers directly affected by ligand field strength governs the magnetic response. Moreover, the greater basicity of lone pairs coordinating terminal metal atoms correlates with the larger absolute value of magnetic coupling constant.

New iron tetrazolate frameworks: synthesis, temperature effect, thermal behaviour, Mössbauer and magnetic studies

The exploration of the FeF3/FeF2-Hamtetraz-HF system in dimethylformamide by solvothermal synthesis evidences two isostructural 3D hybrid fluoroferrates. They are prepared from the same starting mixture at two different synthesis temperatures: 120 °C for [Hdma]·(Fe4(II)Fe(III)F8(H2O)2(amtetraz)4) () and 140 °C for [Hdma]1.5·(Fe4.5(II)Fe0.5(III)F7(H2O)(HCOO)(amtetraz)4) (). Both compounds are characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, X-ray thermodiffraction, TGA analysis, Mössbauer spectrometry and SQUID magnetometry. They crystallize in the monoclinic system and are built from two distinct chains connected by aminotetrazolate anions. The first chain ∞(Fe(II)FN4) is common to and and can be found in numerous fluorides. In the second chain ∞(Fe3X12) (X = F, N, O), iron cations adopt both valence states Fe(ii)/Fe(iii). The hydrolysis of DMF implies the formation of a [Hdma](+) cation and a (HCOO)(-) anion. The presence of Fe(3+) in both phases is evidenced by (57)Fe Mössbauer spectrometry. The magnetic properties are studied and two transitions from a paramagnetic regime to a long range ordered state below 30 K and 5 K are identified.

Four linear Cu(II)3 subunit-based coordination polymers with various inter-subunit connections, spin ground-states and intra-/inter-subunit magnetic couplings

Four new 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole (atr)-based coordination polymers, {[Cu2(atr)(H2O)(μ-OH)2(pa)]·H2O}n (), {[Cu3(atr)2(H2O)2(μ-OH)2(npa)2]·2H2O}n (), {[Cu3(atr)5(dca)(μ-OH)(ClO4)2](ClO4)2}n () and {[Cu3(atr)2(H2O)(μ3-OH)(μ-OH)2(spa)]·1.5H2O}n () (pa(2-) = phthalate, npa(2-) = 3-nitrophthalate, dca(-) = dicyanamide and spa(3-) = 4-sulfophthalate), were successfully obtained by varying the carboxylate- and cyanide-modified magnetic bridges. Structural determinations reveal that the former three samples are bent one-dimensional chains constructed from linear Cu(II)3 subunits and different inter-subunit connections. In , linear {Cu3(μ-N1,N2-atr)2(μ-OH)2}(4+) and {Cu3(μ-COO)2(μ-OH)2}(4+) subunits are alternately connected in a sharing-vertex manner to give a ferrimagnetic S = 1/2 spin ground-state. The linear {Cu3(μ-N1,N2-atr)2(μ-OH)2}(4+) building block of is repeatedly bridged by pairs of single-atom bridging carboxylate groups of the npa(2-) ligand leading to a paramagnetic S = 1/2 spin ground-state. By contrast, each linear {Cu3(μ-N1,N2-atr)4}(6+) core in is periodically propagated by four-fold heterobridges (μ-OH(-), μ-ClO4(-), μ-N1,N2-atr and μ-dca(-)) to generate an overall diamagnetic S = 0 spin ground-state. Complex is a three-dimensional pillared-layer framework composed of linear {Cu3(μ-N1,N2-atr)2(μ-OH)2}(4+)-based layers and ditopic spa(3-) connectors, which exhibits a ferrimagnetic S = 1/2 spin ground-state and a metamagnetic transition resulting from the competition between the weak interchain/interlayer antiferromagnetic interaction and the enhanced external magnetic field. In addition, different intra- and inter-subunit magnetic strengths are observed in with the coupling constants 182 < -Jintra < 43 and -127 < Jinter < 51.2 cm(-1). These interesting magnetostructural results are significant and helpful for the cyclic polyazolate-based magnetic materials.

Crystal structures of 2,6-bis[(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl]pyridine and 1,1-[pyridine-2,6-diylbis(methylene)]bis(4-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-4-ium) iodide triiodide

In the structures of the 2,6-bis(1,2,4-triazoly-3-yl)methyl-substituted pyridine compound, C11H11N7, (I) and the iodide triiodide salt, C13H17N72+·I−·I3−, (II), the dihedral angles between the two triazole rings and the pyridine ring are 66.4 (1) and 74.6 (1)° in (I), and 68.4 (2)° in (II), in which the dication lies across a crystallographic mirror plane. The overall packing structure for (I) is two-dimensional with the layers lying parallel to the (001) plane. In (II), the triiodide anion lies within the mirror plane, occupying the space between the two triazole substituent groups and was found to have minor disorder [occupancy ratio 0.9761 (9):0.0239 (9)]. The overall packing of structure (II) can be described as two-dimensional with the layers stacking parallel to the (001) plane. In the crystal, the predominant intermolecular interactions in (I) and (II) involve the acidic hydrogen atom in the third position of the triazole ring, with either the triazole N-atom acceptor in weak C—H...N hydrogen bonds in (I), or with halide counter-ions through C—H...I interactions, in (II).

Four tetrazolate-based 3D frameworks with diverse subunits directed by inorganic anions and azido coligand: hydro/solvothermal syntheses, crystal structures, and magnetic properties

Four magnetic frameworks with hourglass-shaped {Cu₅(μ₃-OH)₂}⁸⁺ cluster, linear {Cu₃(μ-Cl)₂}⁴⁺ core, linear {Cu(μ_1,1-N₃)}⁺ chain and trigonal-prismatic {Cu₈(μ₃-tz)₆}¹⁰⁺ motifs were reported.

Vapochromic properties versus metal ion coordination of β-bispyrazolato–copper(ii) coordination polymers: a first-principles investigation

Vapochromic properties of Cu(ii) coordination polymers are explained on the basis of first principles calculations.

The copper(i) metal azolate framework showing unusual coordination mode for the 1,2,4-triazole derivative and photocatalytic activity

A novel photocatalyst containing a tetranuclear Cu₄ cluster constructed by six 1,2,4-triazole units was reported where two of the six 1,2,4-triazole units show unusual bridging “crevice” coordination mode with their 1- and 2-positioned sp² N-atoms as symmetrically bridging centers.

Solvent-free heterogeneous catalysis for cyanosilylation in a modified sodalite-type Cu(ii)-MOF

Modified sodalite-type Cu–BTT MOF is an active solvent-free heterogeneous catalyst for cyanosilylation. The catalyst loading is only one eleventh of that for related Mn–BTT but conversion of benzaldehyde is 96%. These properties make the modified MOF an ideal green catalyst.

Triazolate-based 3D frameworks and a 2D layer with centrosymmetric CuII7, CuII5, CuII4 clusters and tunable interlayer/interchain compactness: hydrothermal syntheses, crystal structures and magnetic properties

A 2D layer and three 3D frameworks with different interchain/interlayer compactness and spin ground-states were reported.