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Relationships between puroindoline A-prolamin interactions and wheat grain hardness. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0225293. [PMID: 32991576 PMCID: PMC7523994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Grain hardness is an important quality trait of cereal crops. In wheat, it is mainly determined by the Hardness locus that harbors genes encoding puroindoline A (PINA) and puroindoline B (PINB). Any deletion or mutation of these genes leading to the absence of PINA or to single amino acid changes in PINB leads to hard endosperms. Although it is generally acknowledged that hardness is controlled by adhesion strength between the protein matrix and starch granules, the physicochemical mechanisms connecting puroindolines and the starch-protein interactions are unknown as of this time. To explore these mechanisms, we focused on PINA. The overexpression in a hard wheat cultivar (cv. Courtot with the Pina-D1a and Pinb-D1d alleles) decreased grain hardness in a dose-related effect, suggesting an interactive process. When PINA was added to gliadins in solution, large aggregates of up to 13 μm in diameter were formed. Turbidimetry measurements showed that the PINA-gliadin interaction displayed a high cooperativity that increased with a decrease in pH from neutral to acid (pH 4) media, mimicking the pH change during endosperm development. No turbidity was observed in the presence of isolated α– and γ-gliadins, but non-cooperative interactions of PINA with these proteins could be confirmed by surface plasmon resonance. A significant higher interaction of PINA with γ-gliadins than with α–gliadins was observed. Similar binding behavior was observed with a recombinant repeated polypeptide that mimics the repeat domain of gliadins, i.e., (Pro-Gln-Gln-Pro-Tyr)8. Taken together, these results suggest that the interaction of PINA with a monomeric gliadin creates a nucleation point leading to the aggregation of other gliadins, a phenomenon that could prevent further interaction of the storage prolamins with starch granules. Consequently, the role of puroindoline-prolamin interactions on grain hardness should be addressed on the basis of previous observations that highlight the similar subcellular routing of storage prolamins and puroindolines.
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2
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The antimicrobial properties of the puroindolines, a review. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:86. [PMID: 31134452 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial proteins, and especially antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) hold great promise in the control of animal and plant diseases with low risk of pathogen resistance. The two puroindolines, a and b, from wheat control endosperm softness of the wheat caryopsis (grain), but have also been shown to inhibit the growth and kill various bacteria and fungi, while showing little toxicity to erythrocytes. Puroindolines are small (~ 13 kDa) amphipathic proteins with a characteristic tryptophan-rich domain (TRD) that is part of an 18 or 19 amino acid residue loop subtended by a disulfide bond. This review presents a brief history of the puroindolines, their physical-chemical characteristics, their interaction with lipids and membranes, and their activity as antimicrobial proteins and AMPs. In this latter context, the use of the TRDs of puroindoline a and b in puroindoline AMP function is reviewed. The activity of puroindoline a and b and their AMPs appear to act through similar but somewhat different modes, which may involve membrane binding, membrane disruption and ion channel formation, and intra-cellular nucleic acid binding and metabolic disruption. Natural and synthetic mutants have identified key elements of the puroindolines for antimicrobial activity.
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Jo S, Myatt D, Qi Y, Doutch J, Clifton LA, Im W, Widmalm G. Multiple Conformational States Contribute to the 3D Structure of a Glucan Decasaccharide: A Combined SAXS and MD Simulation Study. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:1169-1175. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b11085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunhwan Jo
- Leadership
Computing Facility, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Argonne 60439, Illinois, United States
| | - Daniel Myatt
- ISIS
Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11
OQX, U.K
| | - Yifei Qi
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - James Doutch
- ISIS
Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11
OQX, U.K
| | - Luke A. Clifton
- ISIS
Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11
OQX, U.K
| | - Wonpil Im
- Department
of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem 18015, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Nirmal RC, Furtado A, Wrigley C, Henry RJ. Influence of Gene Expression on Hardness in Wheat. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164746. [PMID: 27741295 PMCID: PMC5065149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Puroindoline (Pina and Pinb) genes control grain texture or hardness in wheat. Wild-type/soft alleles lead to softer grain while a mutation in one or both of these genes results in a hard grain. Variation in hardness in genotypes with identical Pin alleles (wild-type or mutant) is known but the molecular basis of this is not known. We now report the identification of wheat genotypes with hard grain texture and wild-type/soft Pin alleles indicating that hardness in wheat may be controlled by factors other than mutations in the coding region of the Pin genes. RNA-Seq analysis was used to determine the variation in the transcriptome of developing grains of thirty three diverse wheat genotypes including hard (mutant Pin) and soft (wild type) and those that were hard without having Pin mutations. This defined the role of pin gene expression and identified other candidate genes associated with hardness. Pina was not expressed in hard wheat with a mutation in the Pina gene. The ratio of Pina to Pinb expression was generally lower in the hard non mutant genotypes. Hardness may be associated with differences in Pin expression and other factors and is not simply associated with mutations in the PIN protein coding sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi C. Nirmal
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Agnelo Furtado
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Colin Wrigley
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Robert J. Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
- * E-mail:
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5
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Geneix N, Dalgalarrondo M, Bakan B, Rolland-Sabaté A, Elmorjani K, Marion D. A single amino acid substitution in puroindoline b impacts its self-assembly and the formation of heteromeric assemblies with puroindoline a. J Cereal Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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6
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Seifert A, Göpfrich K, Burns JR, Fertig N, Keyser UF, Howorka S. Bilayer-spanning DNA nanopores with voltage-switching between open and closed state. ACS NANO 2015; 9:1117-26. [PMID: 25338165 PMCID: PMC4508203 DOI: 10.1021/nn5039433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-spanning nanopores from folded DNA are a recent example of biomimetic man-made nanostructures that can open up applications in biosensing, drug delivery, and nanofluidics. In this report, we generate a DNA nanopore based on the archetypal six-helix-bundle architecture and systematically characterize it via single-channel current recordings to address several fundamental scientific questions in this emerging field. We establish that the DNA pores exhibit two voltage-dependent conductance states. Low transmembrane voltages favor a stable high-conductance level, which corresponds to an unobstructed DNA pore. The expected inner width of the open channel is confirmed by measuring the conductance change as a function of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) size, whereby smaller PEGs are assumed to enter the pore. PEG sizing also clarifies that the main ion-conducting path runs through the membrane-spanning channel lumen as opposed to any proposed gap between the outer pore wall and the lipid bilayer. At higher voltages, the channel shows a main low-conductance state probably caused by electric-field-induced changes of the DNA pore in its conformation or orientation. This voltage-dependent switching between the open and closed states is observed with planar lipid bilayers as well as bilayers mounted on glass nanopipettes. These findings settle a discrepancy between two previously published conductances. By systematically exploring a large space of parameters and answering key questions, our report supports the development of DNA nanopores for nanobiotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kerstin Göpfrich
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. Burns
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Structural Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Niels Fertig
- Nanion Technologies GmbH, D-80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich F. Keyser
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence to ;
| | - Stefan Howorka
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Structural Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence to ;
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7
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Burns JR, Göpfrich K, Wood JW, Thacker VV, Stulz E, Keyser UF, Howorka S. Lipid-bilayer-spanning DNA nanopores with a bifunctional porphyrin anchor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12069-72. [PMID: 24014236 PMCID: PMC4016739 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Burns
- Department of Chemistry, University College London20 Gordon Street, London WC1H OAJ (UK)
| | - Kerstin Göpfrich
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of CambridgeCambridge CB3 0HE (UK)
| | - James W Wood
- School of Chemistry, University of SouthamptonSouthampton SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Vivek V Thacker
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of CambridgeCambridge CB3 0HE (UK)
| | - Eugen Stulz
- School of Chemistry, University of SouthamptonSouthampton SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Ulrich F Keyser
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of CambridgeCambridge CB3 0HE (UK)
| | - Stefan Howorka
- Department of Chemistry, University College London20 Gordon Street, London WC1H OAJ (UK)
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Burns JR, Göpfrich K, Wood JW, Thacker VV, Stulz E, Keyser UF, Howorka S. Lipid-Bilayer-Spanning DNA Nanopores with a Bifunctional Porphyrin Anchor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201305765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Sanders MR, Clifton LA, Neylon C, Frazier RA, Green RJ. Selected wheat seed defense proteins exhibit competitive binding to model microbial lipid interfaces. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:6890-6900. [PMID: 23767912 DOI: 10.1021/jf401336a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Puroindolines (Pins) and purothionins (Pths) are basic, amphiphilic, cysteine-rich wheat proteins that play a role in plant defense against microbial pathogens. This study examined the co-adsorption and sequential addition of Pins (Pin-a, Pin-b, and a mutant form of Pin-b with Trp-44 to Arg-44 substitution) and β-purothionin (β-Pth) model anionic lipid layers using a combination of surface pressure measurements, external reflection FTIR spectroscopy, and neutron reflectometry. Results highlighted differences in the protein binding mechanisms and in the competitive binding and penetration of lipid layers between respective Pins and β-Pth. Pin-a formed a blanket-like layer of protein below the lipid surface that resulted in the reduction or inhibition of β-Pth penetration of the lipid layer. Wild-type Pin-b participated in co-operative binding with β-Pth, whereas the mutant Pin-b did not bind to the lipid layer in the presence of β-Pth. The results provide further insight into the role of hydrophobic and cationic amino acid residues in antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Sanders
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom
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Burns JR, Stulz E, Howorka S. Self-assembled DNA nanopores that span lipid bilayers. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:2351-6. [PMID: 23611515 DOI: 10.1021/nl304147f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
DNA nanotechnology excels at rationally designing bottom-up structures that can functionally replicate naturally occurring proteins. Here we describe the design and generation of a stable DNA-based nanopore that structurally mimics the amphiphilic nature of protein pores and inserts into bilayers to support a steady transmembrane flow of ions. The pore carries an outer hydrophobic belt comprised of small chemical alkyl groups which mask the negatively charged oligonucleotide backbone. This modification overcomes the otherwise inherent energetic mismatch to the hydrophobic environment of the membrane. By merging the fields of nanopores and DNA nanotechnology, we expect that the small membrane-spanning DNA pore will help open up the design of entirely new molecular devices for a broad range of applications including sensing, electric circuits, catalysis, and research into nanofluidics and controlled transmembrane transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Burns
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Structural Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, England, United Kingdom
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Pauly A, Pareyt B, Fierens E, Delcour JA. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. and T. turgidum L. ssp. durum) Kernel Hardness: I. Current View on the Role of Puroindolines and Polar Lipids. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013; 12:413-426. [PMID: 33412687 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Wheat hardness has major consequences for the entire wheat supply chain from breeders and millers over manufacturers to, finally, consumers of wheat-based products. Indeed, differences in hardness among Triticum aestivum L. or between T. aestivum L. and T. turgidum L. ssp. durum wheat cultivars determine not only their milling properties, but also the properties of flour or semolina endosperm particles, their preferential use in cereal-based applications, and the quality of the latter. Although the mechanism causing differences in wheat hardness has been subject of research more than once, it is still not completely understood. It is widely accepted that differences in wheat hardness originate from differences in the interaction between the starch granules and the endosperm protein matrix in the kernel. This interaction seems impacted by the presence of either puroindoline a and/or b, polar lipids on the starch granule surface, or by a combination of both. We focus here on wheat hardness and its relation to the presence of puroindolines and polar lipids. More in particular, the structure, properties, and genetics of puroindolines and their interactions with polar lipids are critically discussed as is their possible role in wheat hardness. We also address future research needs as well as the presence of puroindoline-type proteins in other cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Pauly
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Pareyt
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen Fierens
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan A Delcour
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Miao Y, Chen L, Wang C, Wang Y, Zheng Q, Gao C, Yang G, He G. Expression, purification and antimicrobial activity of puroindoline A protein and its mutants. Amino Acids 2012; 43:1689-96. [PMID: 22402594 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1250-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Wheat puroindoline proteins, PINA and PINB, play key roles in determining wheat grain hardness as well as in defending the plant against pathogens. PINA has much greater membrane-binding property and antimicrobial activity because it contains more tryptophan residues in the unique tryptophan-rich domain (TRD). In order to obtain proteins with higher antimicrobial activity, mutants of PINA containing two or three copies of TRD, designated ABBC and ABBBC, respectively, were constructed and expressed in E. coli Rosetta-gami (DE3). Metal affinity chromatography was used to purify the soluble affinity-tagged recombinant proteins. The secondary structures of the recombinant proteins were predicted by the online program Protein Homology/analog Y Recognition Engine v2.0 and experimentally assessed using circular dichroism. Minimum inhibition concentration tests and fluorescence microscope analyses were employed to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of the mutants. The results showed that the purified recombinant ABBC was correctly folded and presented significantly higher antimicrobial activities against E. coli and S. aureus than wild-type PINA, suggesting its potential use as an antimicrobial agent. The results also confirmed that TRD is a determinant of the antimicrobial activity of PINA and demonstrated that it is feasible to enhance the antimicrobial activity of PINA by adding one copy of TRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Miao
- China-UK HUST-RRes Genetic Engineering and Genomics Joint Laboratory, Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of MoST of China, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics MoE of China, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
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13
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Clifton LA, Sanders MR, Hughes AV, Neylon C, Frazier RA, Green RJ. Lipid binding interactions of antimicrobial plant seed defence proteins: puroindoline-a and β-purothionin. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:17153-62. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21799b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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