1
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Agner JA, Albert S, Allmendinger P, Hollenstein U, Hugi A, Jouy P, Keppler K, Mangold M, Merkt F, Quack M. High-resolution spectroscopic measurements of cold samples in supersonic beams using a QCL dual-comb spectrometer*. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2094297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef A. Agner
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sieghard Albert
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Urs Hollenstein
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Karen Keppler
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Frédéric Merkt
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Quack
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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2
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CHAWANANON S, Pirali O, Goubet M, ASSELIN P. Characterizing centrosymmetric two-ring PAHs using jet-cooled high resolution mid-infrared laser spectroscopy and anharmonic Quantum Chemical calculations. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:064301. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0096777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) molecules in the interstellar medium, recently confirmed by the detection of cyano-naphthalenes, renews the interest of extensive spectroscopic and physical-chemistry studies about such large species. The present study reports the jet-cooled rovibrational IR study of three centrosymmetric two-ring PAH molecules, naphthalene (C10H8), [1,5] naphthyridine (C8H6N2) and biphenyl (C12H10) in the in-plane ring C-H bending (975-1035 cm-1) and C-C ring stretching (1580-1620 cm-1) regions. For the two most rigid PAHs, the accuracy of spectroscopic parameters derived in ground and several excited states (6 for naphthalene and 6 for [1,5] naphthyridine) has significantly improved the literature values. In addition, comparison between experiments and quantum chemical calculations confirms the predictive power of the corrected calculated rotational parameters. The more flexible structure of biphenyl makes particularly challenging the analysis of high resolution jet-cooled spectra of n19 and n23 modes recorded at about 1601 and 1013 cm-1 respectively. The presence of three torsional vibrations below 120 cm-1 together with small values of the rotational constants prevented us to determine the ground and v19=1 excited rotational constants independently. In the n23 band region, the presence of two bands rotationally resolved and separated by only 0.8 cm-1, raises the question of possible splittings due to a large amplitude motion, most probably the torsion of the aliphatic bond between the two phenyl rings.
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3
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Garay-Ruiz D, Álvarez-Moreno M, Bo C, Martínez-Núñez E. New Tools for Taming Complex Reaction Networks: The Unimolecular Decomposition of Indole Revisited. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2022; 2:225-236. [PMID: 36855573 PMCID: PMC9718323 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.1c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The level of detail attained in the computational description of reaction mechanisms can be vastly improved through tools for automated chemical space exploration, particularly for systems of small to medium size. Under this approach, the unimolecular decomposition landscape for indole was explored through the automated reaction mechanism discovery program AutoMeKin. Nevertheless, the sheer complexity of the obtained mechanisms might be a hindrance regarding their chemical interpretation. In this spirit, the new Python library amk-tools has been designed to read and manipulate complex reaction networks, greatly simplifying their overall analysis. The package provides interactive dashboards featuring visualizations of the network, the three-dimensional (3D) molecular structures and vibrational normal modes of all chemical species, and the corresponding energy profiles for selected pathways. The combination of the joined mechanism generation and postprocessing workflow with the rich chemistry of indole decomposition enabled us to find new details of the reaction (obtained at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ//M06-2X/MG3S level of theory) that were not reported before: (i) 16 pathways leading to the formation of HCN and NH3 (via amino radical); (ii) a barrierless reaction between methylene radical and phenyl isocyanide, which might be an operative mechanism under the conditions of the interstellar medium; and (iii) reaction channels leading to both hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen isocyanide, of potential astrochemical interest as the computed HNC/HCN ratios greatly exceed the calculated equilibrium value at very low temperatures. The reported reaction networks can be very valuable to supplement databases of kinetic data, which is of remarkable interest for pyrolysis and astrochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Garay-Ruiz
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science & Technology (BIST), Avinguda Països Catalans,
16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain,Departament
de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Moises Álvarez-Moreno
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science & Technology (BIST), Avinguda Països Catalans,
16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carles Bo
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science & Technology (BIST), Avinguda Països Catalans,
16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain,Departament
de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain,
| | - Emilio Martínez-Núñez
- Departmento
de Química Física, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain,
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4
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Liang Y, Zhang Y, Fábri C, Ma J, Zhao J, Billinghurst B, Chen Z. High-resolution FTIR spectroscopy of benzaldehyde in the far-infrared region: probing the rotational barrier. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:8549-8556. [PMID: 33876017 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00188d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A discrepancy between theoretical and experimental values of the rotational barrier in benzaldehyde has been observed, which was attributed to inaccurate experimental results in part. Here, we report results on the -CHO torsion of benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO) based on a high resolution spectroscopic investigation in the far-infrared range in an effort to remove the experimental ambiguity. The rotationally-resolved vibrational spectra were measured with an unapodized resolution of 0.00064 cm-1 using synchrotron-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy at the Canadian Light Source. The torsional fundamental νt = 109.415429(20) cm-1 was unambiguously assigned via rovibrational analysis, followed by the tentative assignment of the first (2νt-νt) and second (3νt- 2νt) hot bands at 107.58 cm-1 and 105.61 cm-1, respectively, by comparison of the observed Q branch structures at high resolution with simulation based on a previous microwave study. This assignment is different from any previous low resolution infrared studies in which the intensity patterns were misleading. The key result of the assignment of the first three transitions allowed the determination of the barrier to internal rotation of (hc)1533.6 cm-1 (4.38 kcal mol-1). When compared with calculated results from vibrational second-order perturbation theory (VPT2) and the quasiadiabatic channel reaction path Hamiltonian (RPH) approach, the experimental value is still too low and this suggests that the discrepancy between theory and experiment remains despite the best experimental efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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5
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Beckert A, Sigg H, Aeppli G. Taking advantage of multiplet structure for lineshape analysis in Fourier space. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:24937-24950. [PMID: 32907025 DOI: 10.1364/oe.395877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lineshape analysis is a recurrent and often computationally intensive task in optics, even more so for multiple peaks in the presence of noise. We demonstrate an algorithm which takes advantage of peak multiplicity (N) to retrieve line shape information. The method is exemplified via analysis of Lorentzian and Gaussian contributions to individual lineshapes for a practical spectroscopic measurement, and benefits from a linear increase in sensitivity with the number N. The robustness of the method and its benefits in terms of noise reduction and order of magnitude improvement in run-time performance are discussed.
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6
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Albert S, Chen Z, Keppler K, Lerch P, Quack M, Schurig V, Trapp O. The Gigahertz and Terahertz spectrum of monodeutero-oxirane (c-C 2H 3DO). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:3669-3675. [PMID: 30444517 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05311a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The rotational spectrum of monodeutero-oxirane was analysed as measured using the Zurich Gigahertz (GHz) spectrometer and our highest resolution Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer system coupled to synchrotron radiation at the Swiss Light Source (SLS). 112 distinct line frequencies have been newly assigned in the GHz range (extended to 120 GHz, compared to previous work extending to only 59 GHz) including rotational states up to J = 23. We have furthermore assigned 398 lines in the far infrared or Terahertz range (0.75-2.10 THz or 25-70 cm-1) including transitions with rotational quantum numbers up to J = 59. The results are discussed in relation to the possible first astrophysical observation of an isotopically chiral molecule and in relation to molecular parity violation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sieghard Albert
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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7
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Costa A, López‐Castillo A. Polyazulenes and Polynaphthalenes: Prediction and Computational Study. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Costa
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar) São Carlos, SP 13560-970 Brazil
| | - A. López‐Castillo
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar) São Carlos, SP 13560-970 Brazil
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8
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Thomas PS, Carrington T, Agarwal J, Schaefer HF. Using an iterative eigensolver and intertwined rank reduction to compute vibrational spectra of molecules with more than a dozen atoms: Uracil and naphthalene. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:064108. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5039147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip S. Thomas
- Chemistry Department, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Tucker Carrington
- Chemistry Department, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jay Agarwal
- Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-0525, USA
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-0525, USA
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9
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Albert S, Bauerecker S, Bekhtereva ES, Bolotova IB, Hollenstein H, Quack M, Ulenikov ON. High resolution FTIR spectroscopy of fluoroform 12CHF3 and critical analysis of the infrared spectrum from 25 to 1500 cm−1. Mol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2017.1392628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Albert
- Physical Chemistry, ETH-Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - S. Bauerecker
- Physical Chemistry, ETH-Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - E. S. Bekhtereva
- Physical Chemistry, ETH-Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
| | | | | | - M. Quack
- Physical Chemistry, ETH-Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - O. N. Ulenikov
- Physical Chemistry, ETH-Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
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10
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Nelson DJ, Oliveira AM, Lineberger WC. Anion photoelectron spectroscopy of deprotonated indole and indoline. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:064307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5003978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Nelson
- JILA and The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Allan M. Oliveira
- JILA and The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - W. Carl Lineberger
- JILA and The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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11
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Meek SA, Hipke A, Guelachvili G, Hänsch TW, Picqué N. Doppler-free Fourier transform spectroscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:162-165. [PMID: 29328222 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sub-Doppler broadband multi-heterodyne spectroscopy is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Using two laser frequency combs of slightly different repetition frequencies, we have recorded Doppler-free two-photon dual-comb spectra of atomic rubidium resonances of a width of 6 MHz, while simultaneously interrogating a spectral span of 10 THz. The atomic transitions are uniquely identified via the intensity modulation of the observed fluorescence radiation. To the best of our knowledge, these results represent the first demonstration of Doppler-free Fourier transform spectroscopy and extend the range of applications of broadband spectroscopy towards precision nonlinear spectroscopy.
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12
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Chatterjee K, Dopfer O. Infrared spectroscopy of hydrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon cations: naphthalene+–water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:32262-32271. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06893j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The combination of infrared spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations unravels the salient properties of the bifurcated CH⋯O ionic hydrogen bond typical for the PAH+–H2O interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntal Chatterjee
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik
- Technische Universität Berlin
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Otto Dopfer
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik
- Technische Universität Berlin
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
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13
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Albert S, Chen Z, Fábri C, Lerch P, Prentner R, Quack M. A combined Gigahertz and Terahertz (FTIR) spectroscopic investigation of meta-D-phenol: observation of tunnelling switching. Mol Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2016.1226444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sieghard Albert
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Light Source, Paul-Scherrer-Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Ziqiu Chen
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Csaba Fábri
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Lerch
- Swiss Light Source, Paul-Scherrer-Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin Quack
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Albert S, Arn F, Bolotova I, Chen Z, Fábri C, Grassi G, Lerch P, Quack M, Seyfang G, Wokaun A, Zindel D. Synchrotron-Based Highest Resolution Terahertz Spectroscopy of the ν 24 Band System of 1,2-Dithiine (C 4H 4S 2): A Candidate for Measuring the Parity Violating Energy Difference between Enantiomers of Chiral Molecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:3847-3853. [PMID: 27606811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The chiral C2 symmetric molecule 1,2-dithiine (1,2-dithia-3,5-hexadiene, C4H4S2) has been identified as a possible candidate for measuring the parity violating energy difference between enantiomers. We report here the observation and analysis of the low-frequency fundamental ν24 using highest resolution synchrotron-based interferometric Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in the terahertz range with a band center of ν0 = 6.95375559 THz (ν̃0 = 231.952319 (10) cm-1) and two related hot bands, the (ν13 + ν24) ← ν13 band at ν0 = 6.97256882 THz (ν̃0 = 232.579861 (33) cm-1) and the 2ν24 ← ν24 band at ν0 = 7.01400434 THz (ν̃0 = 233.962001 (14) cm-1). This success in the difficult analyses of the THz spectrum of a complex chiral molecule of importance for fundamental tests on molecular parity violation is enabled by the ideal setup of an FTIR experiment of currently unique resolution with the very stable and bright synchrotron radiation at the Swiss Light Source (SLS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sieghard Albert
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich , CH 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Arn
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich , CH 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irina Bolotova
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich , CH 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ziqiu Chen
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich , CH 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Csaba Fábri
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich , CH 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guido Grassi
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich , CH 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Lerch
- Swiss Light Source, PSI Villigen , CH 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Martin Quack
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich , CH 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georg Seyfang
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich , CH 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel Zindel
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich , CH 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Spaun B, Changala PB, Patterson D, Bjork BJ, Heckl OH, Doyle JM, Ye J. Continuous probing of cold complex molecules with infrared frequency comb spectroscopy. Nature 2016; 533:517-20. [PMID: 27144351 DOI: 10.1038/nature17440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Albert S, Bolotova I, Chen Z, Fábri C, Horný L, Quack M, Seyfang G, Zindel D. High resolution GHz and THz (FTIR) spectroscopy and theory of parity violation and tunneling for 1,2-dithiine (C4H4S2) as a candidate for measuring the parity violating energy difference between enantiomers of chiral molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:21976-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01493c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Our results show that this molecule is a suitable candidate for a possible first determination of the parity violating energy difference ΔpvE between enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Albert
- Physical Chemistry
- ETH Zurich
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
- Swiss Light Source
| | - I. Bolotova
- Physical Chemistry
- ETH Zurich
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Z. Chen
- Physical Chemistry
- ETH Zurich
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - C. Fábri
- Physical Chemistry
- ETH Zurich
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - L'. Horný
- Physical Chemistry
- ETH Zurich
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - M. Quack
- Physical Chemistry
- ETH Zurich
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - G. Seyfang
- Physical Chemistry
- ETH Zurich
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - D. Zindel
- Physical Chemistry
- ETH Zurich
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
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17
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Gruet S, Pirali O, Goubet M, Tokaryk DW, Brechignac P. High-Resolution Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of N-Substituted Two-Ring Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: An Extended Study. J Phys Chem A 2015; 120:95-105. [PMID: 26654581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b09626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their N-substituted derivatives are among the largest species for which gas-phase high-resolution spectroscopy can be performed nowadays. In this paper we report the observation and analysis of spectra from several N-substituted two-ring PAHs, all taken in the "fingerprint" far-infrared region (<850 cm(-1)). Together with accurate measurements of their pure rotational transitions in the millimeter and submillimeter ranges, these synchrotron-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements provide an accurate description of the rotational energy levels in the ground and low-energy excited vibrational states of these species. To complement the experimental data, anharmonic DFT calculations were performed to obtain relatively accurate rotational and vibrational parameters. The calculated results strongly support the rotational analysis and provide a good estimate of the equilibrium structures for each species. Extended measurements, analysis, and calculations are presented here for the far-IR bands of quinoline (C9H7N), isoquinoline (C9H7N), quinoxaline (C8H6N2), quinazoline (C8H6N2), [1,5]-naphthyridine (C8H6N2), [1,6]-naphthyridine (C8H6N2), and indole (C8H7N) molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gruet
- AILES beamline Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers , 91190 Saint-Aubin, France.,Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS , Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - O Pirali
- AILES beamline Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers , 91190 Saint-Aubin, France.,Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS , Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - M Goubet
- Université Lille, CNRS , UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - D W Tokaryk
- Physics Department, University of New Brunswick , Fredericton E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - P Brechignac
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS , Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
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18
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Fábri C, Horný Ľ, Quack M. Tunneling and Parity Violation in Trisulfane (HSSSH): An Almost Ideal Molecule for Detecting Parity Violation in Chiral Molecules. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:3584-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Fábri
- Physical Chemistry; ETH Zürich, CH; 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Ľuboš Horný
- Physical Chemistry; ETH Zürich, CH; 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Martin Quack
- Physical Chemistry; ETH Zürich, CH; 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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19
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Albert S, Keppler K, Quack M. High-resolution rovibrational spectroscopy of fluorobenzene, C6H5F: analysis of theB1fundamentals ν4, ν10b, ν17b, theB2fundamental ν15and assignment of theA1levels ν12, 2ν16aand 2ν18b†. Mol Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2015.1023754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Goubet M, Pirali O. The far-infrared spectrum of azulene and isoquinoline and supporting anharmonic density functional theory calculations to high resolution spectroscopy of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and derivatives. J Chem Phys 2015; 140:044322. [PMID: 25669538 DOI: 10.1063/1.4862828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the laboratory, the acquisition and analysis of the rotationally resolved spectra of large molecular systems remain challenging. We report in this paper the rotational analysis of the ν30-GS band of azulene and the ν41-GS band of isoquinoline recorded with synchrotron-based Fourier transform absorption spectroscopy in the far-IR. As a support to rotational analyses, we employed a method based on standard density functional theory calculations performed at the anharmonic level which accurately reproduced the rotational constants of 28 vibrational states of 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and aza-derivatives. This method appears as an invaluable support for the spectral assignment of the very congested rotational structures of the infrared bands of PAH species and should be very helpful in the active search of these molecules in space through their pure rotational or rovibrational spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Goubet
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, UMR 8523 CNRS - Université Lille 1, Bâtiment P5, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Pirali
- AILES Beamline, Synchrotron SOLEIL, l'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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21
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Pirali O, Kisiel Z, Goubet M, Gruet S, Martin-Drumel MA, Cuisset A, Hindle F, Mouret G. Rotation-vibration interactions in the spectra of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Quinoline as a test-case species. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:104310. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4913750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- O. Pirali
- AILES Beamline, Synchrotron SOLEIL, l’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay, UMR8214 CNRS – Université Paris-Sud, Bât. 210, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Z. Kisiel
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M. Goubet
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, UMR 8523 CNRS - Université Lille 1, Bâtiment P5, F-59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, France
| | - S. Gruet
- AILES Beamline, Synchrotron SOLEIL, l’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay, UMR8214 CNRS – Université Paris-Sud, Bât. 210, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - M. A. Martin-Drumel
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l’Atmosphère, EA-4493, Université du Littoral – Côte d’Opale, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - A. Cuisset
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l’Atmosphère, EA-4493, Université du Littoral – Côte d’Opale, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - F. Hindle
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l’Atmosphère, EA-4493, Université du Littoral – Côte d’Opale, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - G. Mouret
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l’Atmosphère, EA-4493, Université du Littoral – Côte d’Opale, 59140 Dunkerque, France
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22
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Chalyavi N, Catani K, Sanelli J, Dryza V, Bieske E. Gas-phase electronic spectrum of the indole radical cation. Mol Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2014.1001456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Bloino J. A VPT2 Route to Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: The Role of Mechanical and Electrical Anharmonicity. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:5269-87. [DOI: 10.1021/jp509985u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bloino
- Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici
(ICCOM-CNR), UOS di Pisa,
Area della Ricerca CNR, Via G. Moruzzi
1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Scuola Normale Superiore, piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
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24
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Ulenikov ON, Bekhtereva ES, Albert S, Bauerecker S, Niederer HM, Quack M. Survey of the high resolution infrared spectrum of methane (12CH4and13CH4): Partial vibrational assignment extended towards 12 000 cm−1. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:234302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4899263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- O. N. Ulenikov
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics and Technology National Research, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - E. S. Bekhtereva
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics and Technology National Research, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - S. Albert
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Light Source, Paul-Scherrer-Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - S. Bauerecker
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - H. M. Niederer
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M. Quack
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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25
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Quack M. On Biomolecular Homochirality as a Quasi-Fossil of the Evolution of Life. ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118959602.ch18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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26
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Gruet S, Goubet M, Pirali O. High resolution measurements supported by electronic structure calculations of two naphthalene derivatives: [1,5]- and [1,6]-naphthyridine—Estimation of the zero point inertial defect for planar polycyclic aromatic compounds. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:234308. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4882652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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27
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Tudorie M, Kleiner I, Jahn M, Grabow JU, Goubet M, Pirali O. Coupled Large Amplitude Motions: A Case Study of the Dimethylbenzaldehyde Isomers. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:13636-47. [DOI: 10.1021/jp407603y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Tudorie
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR 7583 CNRS/IPSL, Universités Paris-Est et Paris Diderot , 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
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28
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Albert S, Lerch P, Quack M. Synchrotron‐Based Rotationally Resolved High‐Resolution FTIR Spectroscopy of Azulene and the Unidentified Infrared Bands of Astronomy. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:3204-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippe Lerch
- Swiss Light Source, Paul‐Scherrer‐Institute, 5332 Villigen (Switzerland)
| | - Martin Quack
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland)
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29
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Wong A, Thompson CD, Appadoo DR, Plathe R, Roy P, Manceron L, Barros J, McNaughton D. Synchrotron far-infrared spectroscopy of the two lowest fundamental modes of 1,1-difluoroethane. Mol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2013.797115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andy Wong
- School of Chemistry, Monash University , Clayton, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Pascale Roy
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, l’Orme des Merisiers , Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Laurent Manceron
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, l’Orme des Merisiers , Saint-Aubin, France
- LADIR, CNRS-UPMC, UMR 7075 , Paris, France
| | - Joanna Barros
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, l’Orme des Merisiers , Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Don McNaughton
- School of Chemistry, Monash University , Clayton, Australia
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30
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Charmet AP, Quartarone G, Ronchin L, Tortato C, Vavasori A. Quantum Chemical Investigation on Indole: Vibrational Force Field and Theoretical Determination of Its Aqueous pKa Value. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:6846-58. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4049692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pietropolli Charmet
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Calle
Larga Santa Marta 2137, I-30123, Venezia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Quartarone
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Calle
Larga Santa Marta 2137, I-30123, Venezia, Italy
| | - Lucio Ronchin
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Calle
Larga Santa Marta 2137, I-30123, Venezia, Italy
| | - Claudio Tortato
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Calle
Larga Santa Marta 2137, I-30123, Venezia, Italy
| | - Andrea Vavasori
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Calle
Larga Santa Marta 2137, I-30123, Venezia, Italy
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31
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Velasco AV, Cheben P, Florjańczyk M, Schmid JH, Bock PJ, Lapointe J, Delâge A, Janz S, Vachon M, Calvo ML, Xu DX, Civiš S. Optical fiber interferometer array for scanless Fourier-transform spectroscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:2262-2264. [PMID: 23811896 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.002262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report a spatial heterodyne Fourier-transform spectrometer implemented with an array of optical fiber interferometers. This configuration generates a wavelength-dependent stationary interferogram from which the input spectrum is retrieved in a single shot without scanning elements. Furthermore, fabrication and experimental deviations from the ideal behavior of the device are corrected by spectral inversion algorithms. The spectral resolution of our system can be readily scaled up by incorporating longer optical fiber delays, providing a pathway toward surpassing current spectroscopy resolution limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor V Velasco
- Departamento de Óptica, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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32
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Haase C, Agner JA, Merkt F. High-resolution laser spectroscopy between 0.9 and 14.3 THz in a supersonic beam: Rydberg-Rydberg transitions of atomic Xe at intermediate n values. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:244202. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4809740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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33
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Martin-Drumel M, Pirali O, Loquais Y, Falvo C, Bréchignac P. Lowest energy vibrational modes of some naphthalene derivatives: Azulene, quinoline, isoquinoline – Experiment and theory. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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34
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Pirali O, Goubet M, Huet TR, Georges R, Soulard P, Asselin P, Courbe J, Roy P, Vervloet M. The far infrared spectrum of naphthalene characterized by high resolution synchrotron FTIR spectroscopy and anharmonic DFT calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:10141-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp44305a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Bahou M, Wu YJ, Lee YP. Formation and infrared absorption of protonated naphthalenes (1-C10H9+and 2-C10H9+) and their neutral counterparts in solid para-hydrogen. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:1907-17. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp43143b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Auerswald J, Engels B, Fischer I, Gerbich T, Herterich J, Krueger A, Lang M, Schmitt HC, Schon C, Walter C. The electronic structure of pyracene: a spectroscopic and computational study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:8151-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp44271c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Albert S, Lerch P, Prentner R, Quack M. Tunneling and Tunneling Switching Dynamics in Phenol and Its Isotopomers from High-Resolution FTIR Spectroscopy with Synchrotron Radiation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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38
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Albert S, Lerch P, Prentner R, Quack M. Tunneling and tunneling switching dynamics in phenol and its isotopomers from high-resolution FTIR spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 52:346-9. [PMID: 23225305 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tunneling and chemical reactions by tunneling switching are reported for phenol and ortho-deuterophenol on the basis of high-resolution FTIR spectroscopy. Tunneling splittings are measured for the torsional motion in the ground and several vibrationally excited states of phenol. Tunneling times range from 10 ns to 1 ps, depending on excitation. For more-highly excited torsional levels in ortho-deuterophenol, delocalization and chemical reaction by tunneling switching is found.
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39
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Tanner CM, Quack M. Reinvestigation of the ν2 + 2ν3subband in the overtone icosad of12CH4using cavity ring-down (CRD) spectroscopy of a supersonic jet expansion. Mol Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2012.702934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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40
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Fischer KH, Herterich J, Fischer I, Jaeqx S, Rijs AM. Phenylpropargyl Radicals and Their Dimerization Products: An IR/UV Double Resonance Study. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:8515-22. [PMID: 22830569 DOI: 10.1021/jp306075a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin H. Fischer
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Herterich
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Fischer
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sander Jaeqx
- FOM institute for plasma physics Rijnhuizen, Edisonbaan 14, 3934 MN Nieuwegein,
The Netherlands
| | - Anouk M. Rijs
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Toernooiveld
7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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41
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Abstract
We review the frontiers of spectroscopy from a historical perspective, starting with the development of atomic spectroscopy about 150 years ago, followed by some comments on selected previous Faraday Discussions. As the spectrum of frontiers at the Faraday Discussion 150 is very broad, we give only a brief survey providing a map of the various frontiers approached today. This is followed by an exemplary discussion of one particular frontier towards the spectroscopic detection of symmetry violations in fundamental physics. In particular the understanding of parity violation in chiral molecules has recently made great progress. We briefly describe the advances made in recent decades as well as the current status of theory and experiments in this exciting field of research. We conclude with an outlook on open questions and frontiers of the future in spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Quack
- ETH Zürich, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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42
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Lerch P, Dumas P, Schilcher T, Nadji A, Luedeke A, Hubert N, Cassinari L, Boege M, Denard JC, Stingelin L, Nadolski L, Garvey T, Albert S, Gough C, Quack M, Wambach J, Dehler M, Filhol JM. Assessing noise sources at synchrotron infrared ports. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2012; 19:1-9. [PMID: 22186638 PMCID: PMC3408956 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049511041884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Today, the vast majority of electron storage rings delivering synchrotron radiation for general user operation offer a dedicated infrared port. There is growing interest expressed by various scientific communities to exploit the mid-IR emission in microspectroscopy, as well as the far infrared (also called THz) range for spectroscopy. Compared with a thermal (laboratory-based source), IR synchrotron radiation sources offer enhanced brilliance of about two to three orders of magnitude in the mid-IR energy range, and enhanced flux and brilliance in the far-IR energy range. Synchrotron radiation also has a unique combination of a broad wavelength band together with a well defined time structure. Thermal sources (globar, mercury filament) have excellent stability. Because the sampling rate of a typical IR Fourier-transform spectroscopy experiment is in the kHz range (depending on the bandwidth of the detector), instabilities of various origins present in synchrotron radiation sources play a crucial role. Noise recordings at two different IR ports located at the Swiss Light Source and SOLEIL (France), under conditions relevant to real experiments, are discussed. The lowest electron beam fluctuations detectable in IR spectra have been quantified and are shown to be much smaller than what is routinely recorded by beam-position monitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ph Lerch
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland.
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