1
|
Kourkopoulos A, Sijm DTHM, Vrolijk MF. Current approaches and challenges of sample preparation procedures for the safety assessment of paper and cardboard food contact materials: A comprehensive review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:4108-4129. [PMID: 35880303 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the European Union (EU), Regulation (EC) 1935/2004 provides a harmonized legal EU framework and sets out the general principles for safety and inertness for all Food Contact Materials (FCMs) and Food Contact Articles. From a food safety point of view, however, specific EU legislation for paper and cardboard FCMs is lacking, while at Member State level, national legislation differs among countries. More than 11,000 chemicals have been identified in all types of FCMs, most of them without any information on toxicity or migration potential from FCM to food. The present review shows a wide variability of protocols, approaches, and conditions used in scientific studies, which are difficult to compare. In this regard, procedures and conditions laid down in EU legislation for plastics and European Standards (EN protocols) may serve as a good basis for the future sample preparation procedures in the framework of paper and cardboard FCMs safety assessment. Challenges on sample preparation procedures are presented involving the interlinked steps of sample preparation, conditions used and their impact in chemical analysis and in vitro bioassay testing. Currently, there is no general consensus on the criteria for structuring, evaluating, and tuning sample preparation procedures for paper and cardboard FCMs. For this purpose, a set of modified criteria and a decision tree are proposed based on the literature. Along this, mass transfer processes occurring in paper and cardboard FCMs and parameters affecting chemical migration need to be accounted for prior to reaching general consensus on criteria for sample preparation procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Kourkopoulos
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dick T H M Sijm
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Office for Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Misha F Vrolijk
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lestido-Cardama A, Sendón R, Bustos J, Nieto MT, Paseiro-Losada P, Rodríguez-Bernaldo de Quirós A. Food and beverage can coatings: A review on chemical analysis, migration, and risk assessment. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:3558-3611. [PMID: 35687326 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The internal surface of food and beverage cans is generally covered with polymeric coatings to preserve food and protect metal substrate from corrosion. Coating materials are complex formulations that contain different starting substances (e.g., monomers, prepolymers, additives, etc.) and in addition during the manufacture of the material several compounds can be formed (e.g., reaction products, degradation products, etc.). These substances have the potential to migrate into the food. Many of them have not been identified and only some have been toxicologically evaluated. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review on the analytical methods used for the identification of potential migrants in can coatings. The migration and exposure to chemicals migrating from can coatings are also reviewed and discussed so far, which is essential for risk assessment. Moreover, a brief section on the current status of the legislation on varnishes and coatings for food contact in Europe is also presented. Liquid chromatography coupled to diode array and fluorescence detectors and particularly to mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry seem to be the techniques of choice for the identification of potential migrants in can coatings. Some studies have reported migration levels of BPA (bisphenol A) and BADGE (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether) and derivatives exceeding the specific migration limits set in the European legislation. On the whole, low dietary exposure to migrants from can coatings has been reported. However, it is interesting to highlight that in these studies the combined exposure to multiple chemicals has not been considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antía Lestido-Cardama
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Raquel Sendón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juana Bustos
- National Food Centre, Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - María Teresa Nieto
- National Food Centre, Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Perfecto Paseiro-Losada
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez-Bernaldo de Quirós
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Canellas E, Vera P, Nerin C, Dreolin N, Goshawk J. The detection and elucidation of oligomers migrating from biodegradable multilayer teacups using liquid chromatography coupled to ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2021; 374:131777. [PMID: 34906802 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable materials are increasingly being used in manufacturing processes due to their environmental benefits. In this work, a study has been performed to assess the migration of compounds from biodegradable multilayer teacups to a tea solution. Liquid chromatography in conjunction with ion-mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been used for the elucidation of non-volatile compounds. An orthogonal projection to latent structures-discriminant analysis has been carried out to compare the tea after migration against untreated tea used as blank. Headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has been optimised to analyse the migration of volatile compounds. Eight migrants were identified in the tea, six of which were non-intentionally added oligomers. The degree of migration for hot tea ranged from 0.05 and 4.68 mg/kg, exceeding the specific migration limit. Nevertheless, the migration to cold tea was an order of magnitude lower (between 0.003 and 0.56 mg/kg).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Canellas
- GUIA Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, I3A, María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Paula Vera
- GUIA Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, I3A, María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerin
- GUIA Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, I3A, María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Jeff Goshawk
- Waters Corporation, Wilmslow SK9 4AX, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kato LS, Conte-Junior CA. Safety of Plastic Food Packaging: The Challenges about Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) Discovery, Identification and Risk Assessment. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2077. [PMID: 34202594 PMCID: PMC8271870 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several food contact materials (FCMs) contain non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), and most of the substances that migrate from plastic food packaging are unknown. This review aimed to situate the main challenges involving unknown NIAS in plastic food packaging in terms of identification, migration tests, prediction, sample preparation, determination methods and risk assessment trials. Most studies have identified NIAS in plastic materials as polyurethane adhesives (PU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyester coatings, polypropylene materials (PP), multilayers materials, plastic films, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), recycled materials, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Degradation products are almost the primary source of NIAS in plastic FCMs, most from antioxidants as Irganox 1010 and Irgafos 168, following by oligomers and side reaction products. The NIAS assessment in plastics FCMs is usually made by migration tests under worst-case conditions using food simulants. For predicted NIAS, targeted analytical methods are applied using GC-MS based methods for volatile NIAS and GC-MS and LC-MS based methods for semi- and non-volatile NIAS; non-targeted methods to analyze unknown NIAS in plastic FCMs are applied using GC and LC techniques combined with QTOF mass spectrometry (HRMS). In terms of NIAS risk assessment and prioritization, the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept is the most applied tool for risk assessment. Bioassays with sensitive analytical techniques seem to be an efficient method to identify NIAS and their hazard to human exposure; the combination of genotoxicity testing with analytical chemistry could allow the Cramer class III TTC application to prioritize unknown NIAS. The scientific justification for implementing a molecular weight-based cut-off (<1000 Da) in the risk assessment of FCMs should be reevaluated. Although official guides and opinions are being issued on the subject, the whole chain's alignment is needed, and more specific legislation on the steps to follow to get along with NIAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Seiko Kato
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Conte-Junior
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Food Science (PPGCAL), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Hygiene (PPGHV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Vital Brazil Filho, Niterói 24220-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Sanitary Surveillance (PPGVS), National Institute of Health Quality Control (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Predicting 3D moisture sorption behavior of materials from 1D investigations. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17852. [PMID: 33082520 PMCID: PMC7576181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74898-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Moisture in materials can be a source of future outgassing and exacerbate unwanted changes in physical and chemical properties. Here, we investigate the effect of sample size and shape on the moisture transport phenomena through a combined experimental and modeling approach. Several different materials varying in size and shape were investigated over a wide range of relative humidities (0–90%) and temperatures (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$30{-}70^{\,\circ } \hbox {C}$$\end{document}30-70∘C) using gravimetric type dynamic vapor sorption (DVS). A dynamic triple-mode sorption model, developed previously, was employed to describe the experimental results with good success; the model includes absorption, adsorption, pooling (clustering) of species, and molecular diffusion. Here we show that the full triple-mode sorption model is robust enough to predict the dynamic uptake and outgassing of 3-dimensional (3D) samples using parameters derived from quasi-1D samples. This successful demonstration on three different materials (filled polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), unfilled PDMS, and ceramic inorganic composite) illustrates that the model is robust at describing the scale-independent physics and chemistry of moisture sorption and diffusion materials. This work demonstrates that while sorption mechanisms manifest in testing of all sample sizes, some of these mechanisms were so subtle that they were overlooked in our initial modeling and assessment, illustrating the importance of multi-scale experiments in the development of robust predictive capabilities. Our study also outlines the challenges and viable solutions for global optimization of a multi-parameter model. The ability to quantify moisture sorption and diffusion, independent of scale, using 1D lab-scale experiments enables prediction of long-term bulk materials behavior in real applications.
Collapse
|
6
|
Douziech M, Benítez-López A, Ernstoff A, Askham C, Hendriks AJ, King H, Huijbregts MAJ. A regression-based model to predict chemical migration from packaging to food. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:469-477. [PMID: 31641273 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Packaging materials can be a source of chemical contaminants in food. Process-based migration models (PMM) predict the chemical fraction transferred from packaging materials to food (FC) for application in prioritisation tools for human exposure. These models, however, have a relatively limited applicability domain and their predictive performance is typically low. To overcome these limitations, we developed a linear mixed-effects model (LMM) to statistically relate measured FC to properties of chemicals, food, packaging, and experimental conditions. We found a negative relationship between the molecular weight (MW) and FC, and a positive relationship with the fat content of the food depending on the octanol-water partitioning coefficient of the migrant. We also showed that large chemicals (MW > 400 g/mol) have a higher migration potential in packaging with low crystallinity compared with high crystallinity. The predictive performance of the LMM for chemicals not included in the database in contact with untested food items but known packaging material was higher (Coefficient of Efficiency (CoE) = 0.21) compared with a recently developed PMM (CoE = -5.24). We conclude that our empirical model is useful to predict chemical migration from packaging to food and prioritise chemicals in the absence of measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Douziech
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ana Benítez-López
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Integrative Ecology, Avd. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41001, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alexi Ernstoff
- Quantis, EPFL Innovation Park-Bâtiment D, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - A Jan Hendriks
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henry King
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Bedfordshire, MK441LQ, UK
| | - Mark A J Huijbregts
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li B, Wang ZW, Bai YH. Determination of the partition and diffusion coefficients of five chemical additives from polyethylene terephthalate material in contact with food simulants. Food Packag Shelf Life 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
8
|
Dawidowicz AL, Nowakowski P, Typek R, Dybowski MP. Effect of food packaging material on some physicochemical properties of polyacrylate varnish layers. Food Packag Shelf Life 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
9
|
Otoukesh M, Nerín C, Aznar M, Kabir A, Furton KG, Es'haghi Z. Determination of adhesive acrylates in recycled polyethylene terephthalate by fabric phase sorptive extraction coupled to ultra performance liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1602:56-63. [PMID: 31155144 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This article presents fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) as a simple and effective pre-concentration method for the enrichment of acrylate compounds in different food simulants and subsequent analysis of the extracts by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (UPLC-MS). Acrylate compounds come from acrylic adhesives used commonly for sticking the paper labels on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles and therefore, they may exist in recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET). Four acrylates were studied: ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDM), pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA), triethylene glycol diacrylate (TEGDA) and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA). Five different types of FPSE media coated with different sol-gel sorbents were studied and finally sol-gel polyethylene glycol- polypropylene glycol-polyethylene glycol triblock copolymer (PEG-PPG-PEG) coated FPSE media was chosen for its satisfactory results. The optimal conditions affecting the extraction efficiency of compounds were determined in three different food simulants. Statistical evaluation of this method reveals good linearity and precision. Under the optimized conditions, the method provided limits of detection of the compounds in the range of (0.1-1.9 ng g-1, 0.1-1.2 ng g-1, 0.2-2.3 ng g-1) in EtOH 10%, HAc 3% and EtOH 20% and the enrichment factor values (EFs) after applying N2 were in the range of 11.1-25.0, 13.8-26.3, 8.3-21.9, in simulants A, B and C respectively. The optimized method was applied successfully to analyze thirteen types of recycled PET samples. Acrylates were found in some of the samples at ng g-1 levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdiyeh Otoukesh
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Made Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Made Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Margarita Aznar
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Made Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Abuzar Kabir
- International Forensic Research Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Kenneth G Furton
- International Forensic Research Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Zarrin Es'haghi
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, 19395-4697 Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li B. Determination of the mass transport properties of chemical additives in polypropylene material/simulated food system. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:625-637. [PMID: 30900953 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1569266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The mass transport process (migration) of five additives from three different types of polypropylene (PP) films into selected food simulants was studied. The migration tests were carried out at different time-temperature conditions, and the concentration of additives in polymer matrix and food simulants were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). With all data, the mass transport properties for migration kinetics (partition and diffusion coefficients) were determined. Results showed that the partition coefficient was affected significantly by the temperature and simulants' properties, whereas little affected by the types of PP film and molecular weight of substance. The polarity, structure and shape of substances can also have an influence in their partition between the polymer matrix and food simulants. Additionally, comparison results between the experimental diffusion coefficients and the calculated values by Piringer model suggested that the current migration model with the default modelling parameters for PP does not describe realistically the diffusion coefficients of additives. The calculated diffusion coefficients were greater than the experimental values, as a consequence, the migration of chemical additives will be overestimated. For more realistic migration calculations, more accurate modelling parameters in Piringer model should be established and the effect of food on migration should be high interest in future work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- a College of Food and Bioengineering , Zhengzhou University of Light Industry , Zhengzhou , China.,b Henan Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and safety , Zhengzhou , China.,c Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control , Zhengzhou , China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
The behaviour of Tenax as food simulant in the migration of polymer additives from food contact materials by means of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and PARAFAC. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1589:18-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
12
|
Peters RJ, Groeneveld I, Sanchez PL, Gebbink W, Gersen A, de Nijs M, van Leeuwen SP. Review of analytical approaches for the identification of non-intentionally added substances in paper and board food contact materials. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
13
|
Determination of non-volatile components of a biodegradable food packaging material based on polyester and polylactic acid (PLA) and its migration to food simulants. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1583:1-8. [PMID: 30477716 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bioplastic materials are increasingly used due to its benefits for the environment preservation. Among them, food packaging materials based on polylactic acid (PLA) are among the most employed. In this work, a sample treatment methodology based on dissolution/precipitation has been optimized, selecting finally dichloromethane/ethanol as solvent/antisolvent system. The extracts obtained were analysed by UPLC-MS(QTOF), that allowed the identification of the main PLA non-volatile components. The recovery results were between 100.9 to 114.0%. The methodology was applied to the analysis of pellets and films of a PLA-polyester blend sample. A total of 37 different compounds were detected, where the four compounds with the highest intensity in pellet samples were cyclic oligomers coming from the polyester part of the blend and composed by adipic acid (AA), phthalic acid (PA) and butanediol (BD). Migration experiments to 3 food simulants were also performed: ethanol 95% (v/v), ethanol 10% (v/v) and acetic acid 3% (w/v). The results showed that in addition to those compounds previously detected in the film, new compounds coming from the reaction of PLA components with food simulants were present in migration solutions.
Collapse
|
14
|
Denk P, Buettner A. Identification and quantification of glue-like off-odors in elastic therapeutic tapes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:3395-3404. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
15
|
Dastjerdi J, Garmabi H. Influence of Nano-Sized Calcium Carbonate on Adhesion of HDPE/ Cross-Linked High Density Polyethylene Multilayer Structures. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javad Dastjerdi
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology; Amirkabir University of Technology; No. 424 Hafez Ave. Tehran Iran
| | - Hamid Garmabi
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology; Amirkabir University of Technology; No. 424 Hafez Ave. Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nerin C, Canellas E, Vera P, Garcia-Calvo E, Luque-Garcia JL, Cámara C, Ausejo R, Miguel J, Mendoza N. A common surfactant used in food packaging found to be toxic for reproduction in mammals. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 113:115-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
17
|
Canellas E, Vera P, Nerín C. Migration assessment and the ‘threshold of toxicological concern’ applied to the safe design of an acrylic adhesive for food-contact laminates. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1721-1729. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1308017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Canellas
- GUIA Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Research and Development, Samtack Adhesivos Industriales, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Vera
- GUIA Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerín
- GUIA Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vera P, Echegoyen Y, Canellas E, Nerín C, Palomo M, Madrid Y, Cámara C. Nano selenium as antioxidant agent in a multilayer food packaging material. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6659-70. [PMID: 27497969 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9780-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were incorporated in a flexible multilayer plastic material using a water-base adhesive as vehicle for SeNPs. The antioxidant performance of the original solutions containing spherical SeNPs of 50-60 nm diameter, the adhesive containing these SeNPs, and the final multilayer plastic material to be used as food packaging were quantitatively measured. The radical scavenging capacity due to SeNPs was quantified by a free radical assay developed in the laboratory and by the diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. DPPH was not efficient to measure the scavenging capacity in the multilayer when the free radical scavenger is not in the surface in contact with it. Several multilayer laminated structures composed by [PET (20 m)-adhesive-LDPE (with variable thickness from 35 to 90 μm)] were prepared and measured, demonstrating for the first time that free radicals derived from oxygen (OH·, O2·, and O2H) cross the PE layer and arrive at the adhesive. SeNPs remain as such after manufacture and the final laminate is stable after 3 months of storage. The antioxidant multilayer is a non-migrating efficient free radical scavenger, able to protect the packaged product versus oxidation and extending the shelf life without being in direct contact with the product. Migration tests of both Se and SeNPs to simulants and hazelnuts demonstrated the non-migrating performance of this new active packaging. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Vera
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, CPS, University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Yolanda Echegoyen
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, CPS, University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Canellas
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, CPS, University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.,Samtack Adhesivos Industriales, C/ Cerámica, n°3, Pol. Ind. Magarola Sud, 08292, Esparreguera, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, CPS, University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - María Palomo
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University Complutense of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Madrid
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University Complutense of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Cámara
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University Complutense of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Multiple headspace-solid phase microextraction for the determination of migrants coming from a self-stick label in fresh sausage. Food Chem 2016; 197:24-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
20
|
Maia J, Rodríguez-Bernaldo de Quirós A, Sendón R, Cruz JM, Seiler A, Franz R, Simoneau C, Castle L, Driffield M, Mercea P, Oldring P, Tosa V, Paseiro P. Determination of key diffusion and partition parameters and their use in migration modelling of benzophenone from low-density polyethylene (LDPE) into different foodstuffs. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:715-24. [PMID: 26892649 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1156165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The mass transport process (migration) of a model substance, benzophenone (BZP), from LDPE into selected foodstuffs at three temperatures was studied. A mathematical model based on Fick's Second Law of Diffusion was used to simulate the migration process and a good correlation between experimental and predicted values was found. The acquired results contribute to a better understanding of this phenomenon and the parameters so-derived were incorporated into the migration module of the recently launched FACET tool (Flavourings, Additives and Food Contact Materials Exposure Tool). The migration tests were carried out at different time-temperature conditions, and BZP was extracted from LDPE and analysed by HPLC-DAD. With all data, the parameters for migration modelling (diffusion and partition coefficients) were calculated. Results showed that the diffusion coefficients (within both the polymer and the foodstuff) are greatly affected by the temperature and food's physical state, whereas the partition coefficient was affected significantly only by food characteristics, particularly fat content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Maia
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez-Bernaldo de Quirós
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Raquel Sendón
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - José Manuel Cruz
- b Industrial Engineering School , University of Vigo , Vigo , Spain
| | - Annika Seiler
- c Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV , Freising , Germany
| | - Roland Franz
- c Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV , Freising , Germany
| | - Catherine Simoneau
- d European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre , Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Unit Chemical Assessment and Testing , Ispra (Va) , Italy
| | - Laurence Castle
- e The Food and Environment Research Agency , Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs , York , UK
| | - Malcolm Driffield
- e The Food and Environment Research Agency , Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs , York , UK
| | | | | | - Valer Tosa
- h National Institute for Research and Development of Molecular and Isotopic Technologies , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Perfecto Paseiro
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Clemente I, Aznar M, Nerín C, Bosetti O. Migration from printing inks in multilayer food packaging materials by GC-MS analysis and pattern recognition with chemometrics. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:703-14. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1155757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
22
|
Carrizo D, Taborda G, Nerín C, Bosetti O. Extension of shelf life of two fatty foods using a new antioxidant multilayer packaging containing green tea extract. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
23
|
Cherta L, Portolés T, Pitarch E, Beltran J, López F, Calatayud C, Company B, Hernández F. Analytical strategy based on the combination of gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight and hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass analyzers for non-target analysis in food packaging. Food Chem 2015; 188:301-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
24
|
UPLC–ESI-Q-TOF-MSE and GC–MS identification and quantification of non-intentionally added substances coming from biodegradable food packaging. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:6781-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8848-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
25
|
Kakoti A, Siddiqui MF, Goswami P. A low cost design and fabrication method for developing a leak proof paper based microfluidic device with customized test zone. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:026502. [PMID: 25945146 PMCID: PMC4401808 DOI: 10.1063/1.4918641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This article describes a fabrication process for the generation of a leak proof paper based microfluidic device and a new design strategy for convenient incorporation of externally prepared test zones. Briefly, a negative photolithographic method was used to prepare the device with a partial photoresist layer on the rear of the device to block the leakage of sample. Microscopy and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy data validated the formation of the photoresist layer. The partial layer of photoresist on the device channel limits sample volume to 7 ± 0.2 μl as compared to devices without the partial photoresist layer which requires a larger sample volume of 10 ± 0.1 μl. The design prototype with a customized external test zone exploits the channel protrusions on the UV exposed photoresist treated paper to bridge the externally applied test zone to the sample and absorbent zones. The partially laminated device with an external test zone has a comparatively low wicking speed of 1.8 ± 0.9 mm/min compared to the completely laminated device with an inbuilt test zone (3.3 ± 1.2 mm/min) which extends the reaction time between the analyte and reagents. The efficacy of the prepared device was studied with colorimetric assays for the non-specific detection of protein by tetrabromophenol blue, acid/base with phenolphthalein indicator, and specific detection of proteins using the HRP-DAB chemistry. The prepared device has the potential for leak proof detection of analyte, requires low sample volume, involves reduced cost of production (∼$0.03, excluding reagent and lamination cost), and enables the integration of customized test zones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankana Kakoti
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Mohd Farhan Siddiqui
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Pranab Goswami
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Boccacci Mariani M, Giannetti V, Mannino P, Ceccarelli V. Enhanced Quality Control of Recycled Paperboard for Food Packaging. ANAL LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.999271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
27
|
Canellas E, Vera P, Nerín C. Risk assessment derived from migrants identified in several adhesives commonly used in food contact materials. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 75:79-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
28
|
Canellas E, Vera P, Nerín C. Atmospheric pressure gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry as a tool for identification of volatile migrants from autoadhesive labels used for direct food contact. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:1181-1190. [PMID: 25395134 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA) are used to manufacture labels that are applied directly on the food. These adhesives could contain not only intentionally added compounds (IAS) to the adhesive formula but also non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), due to the impurities from the raw materials used, decomposition of the initial components or from chemical interactions between them. These compounds could migrate to the food and contaminate it. In this study, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS/Q) and atmospheric pressure gas chromatography coupled to a quadrupole hyphenated to a time of flight mass spectrometer (APGC-MS/Q-TOF) have been used for identification of unknown compounds and NIAS coming from a PSA. Seven compounds were identified by GC-MS/Q, and other eight compounds remained initially unknown. The structure of these eight new compounds was elucidated by working with the spectra obtained by APGC-MS/Q-TOF. Finally, two different migration studies were carried out. The first one with Tenax as solid food simulant in contact with the paper label containing the adhesive and the second one with isooctane filled in a natural pork intestine where the label containing the adhesive was applied on the external side. The results are shown and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Canellas
- GUIA Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, I3A, María de Luna, 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain; Samtack Adhesivos Industriales, C/Cerámica, no3, Pol. Ind. Magarola Sud, 08292, Esparreguera, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nerin C, Ubeda JL, Alfaro P, Dahmani Y, Aznar M, Canellas E, Ausejo R. Compounds from multilayer plastic bags cause reproductive failures in artificial insemination. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4913. [PMID: 24810330 PMCID: PMC4015085 DOI: 10.1038/srep04913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of reproductive failure were detected in some Spanish sow farms in the Spring of 2010. Regular returns to estrus and variable reductions in litter size were observed. The problem started suddenly and did not appear to be related to the quality of the ejaculates, disease, alterations of body condition or any other apparent reasons. Subsequent studies determined that the problem was the origin of the plastic bags used for semen storage. Chemical analysis of the suspicious bags identified unexpected compounds such as BADGE, a cyclic lactone and an unknown phthalate that leached into the semen at concentrations of 0.2 to 2.5 mg/L. Spermatozoa preserved in these bags passed all of the routine quality control tests, and no differences were observed between storage in the control and suspicious bags (p > 0.05). In vitro fecundation tests and endocrine profiler panel analysis (EPP) did not show any alterations, whereas the in vivo tests confirmed the described failure. This is the first described relationship between reproductive failure and toxic compounds released from plastic bags.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Nerin
- Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Universidad de Zaragoza, Campus Rio Ebro, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza
| | - J L Ubeda
- 1] Department of Research and Development, Magapor SL, Ejea de los Caballeros (Zaragoza), Spain [2]
| | - P Alfaro
- 1] Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Universidad de Zaragoza, Campus Rio Ebro, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza [2]
| | - Y Dahmani
- 1] Department of Research and Development, Magapor SL, Ejea de los Caballeros (Zaragoza), Spain [2]
| | - M Aznar
- 1] Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Universidad de Zaragoza, Campus Rio Ebro, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza [2]
| | - E Canellas
- 1] Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Universidad de Zaragoza, Campus Rio Ebro, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza [2]
| | - R Ausejo
- 1] Department of Research and Development, Magapor SL, Ejea de los Caballeros (Zaragoza), Spain [2]
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Carrizo D, Gullo G, Bosetti O, Nerín C. Development of an active food packaging system with antioxidant properties based on green tea extract. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:364-73. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.869361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
31
|
Vera P, Canellas E, Nerín C. Migration of odorous compounds from adhesives used in market samples of food packaging materials by chromatography olfactometry and mass spectrometry (GC–O–MS). Food Chem 2014; 145:237-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
32
|
Guazzotti V, Marti A, Piergiovanni L, Limbo S. Bio-based coatings as potential barriers to chemical contaminants from recycled paper and board for food packaging. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:402-13. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.869360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
33
|
Nerin C, Alfaro P, Aznar M, Domeño C. The challenge of identifying non-intentionally added substances from food packaging materials: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 775:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
34
|
Isella F, Canellas E, Bosetti O, Nerin C. Migration of non intentionally added substances from adhesives by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS and the role of EVOH to avoid migration in multilayer packaging materials. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:430-437. [PMID: 23584936 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane adhesives are commonly used to laminate multilayer packaging materials for food. Since these materials are in direct contact with the food, compounds could migrate from adhesive into it. For this reason, it is important to identify all the potential migrants and verify their migration. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry analyses and ChemSpider database are used to identify the potential migrants from polyurethane adhesives, and these techniques were demonstrated to be very powerful and useful tools for this purpose. Migration tests were carried out using Tenax® as food simulant. Nine out of fifteen non-volatile compounds, identified in the cured adhesives, migrated. Most of them were identified as cyclic compounds, adipic based, which is the most commonly used monomer to make the polyester/polyol resins for polyurethane bi-component adhesives. In this work, the use of EvOH layer in several multilayer materials to minimize or avoid migration was evaluated too.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Isella
- Goglio S.p.A., Packaging Division, R&D Chemical Laboratory, 21020, Daverio, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Identification of non-volatile compounds and their migration from hot melt adhesives used in food packaging materials characterized by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:4747-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6881-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
36
|
Félix JS, Domeño C, Nerín C. Characterization of wood plastic composites made from landfill-derived plastic and sawdust: volatile compounds and olfactometric analysis. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 33:645-655. [PMID: 23259974 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Application of wood plastic composites (WPCs) obtained from recycled materials initially intended for landfill is usually limited by their composition, mainly focused on release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which could affect quality or human safety. The study of the VOCs released by a material is a requirement for new composite materials. Characterization and quantification of VOCs of several WPC produced with low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polyethylene/ethylene vinyl acetate (PE/EVA) films and sawdust were carried out, in each stage of production, by solid phase microextraction in headspace mode (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). An odor profile was also obtained by HS-SPME and GC-MS coupled with olfactometry analysis. More than 140 compounds were observed in the raw materials and WPC samples. Some quantified compounds were considered WPC markers such as furfural, 2-methoxyphenol, N-methylphthalimide and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Hexanoic acid, acetic acid, 2-methoxyphenol, acetylfuran, diacetyl, and aldehydes were the most important odorants. None of the VOCs were found to affect human safety for use of the WPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana S Félix
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza (UNIZAR), Zaragoza 50018, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pezo D, Fedeli M, Bosetti O, Nerín C. Aromatic amines from polyurethane adhesives in food packaging: The challenge of identification and pattern recognition using Quadrupole-Time of Flight-Mass SpectrometryE. Anal Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
38
|
Identification and quantification of odorous compounds from adhesives used in food packaging materials by headspace solid phase extraction and headspace solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography–olfactometry–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 745:53-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
39
|
UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis of non-volatile migrants from new active packaging materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:1945-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
40
|
Multiple headspace-solid-phase microextraction as a powerful tool for the quantitative determination of volatile radiolysis products in a multilayer food packaging material sterilized with γ-radiation. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1244:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
41
|
Analytical tools for identification of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) coming from polyurethane adhesives in multilayer packaging materials and their migration into food simulants. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:2869-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5965-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
42
|
Guedez AA, Püttmann W. Occurrence and fate of TMDD in wastewater treatment plants in Germany. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:5313-5322. [PMID: 21855103 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and fate of 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol (TMDD) was investigated in four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Germany. The concentration of TMDD in influents and effluents in the WWTPs ranged from 134 ng/L to 5846 ng/L and from <LOQ to 3539 ng/L correspondingly. Loads determined in influents (10.1 g/d-1142 g/d) and effluents (<LOQ--425 g/d) indicate that TMDD is partially removed from the wastewater. The elimination rates varied between 33% and 68%. Based on the load analysis, the TMDD effluent discharge of WWTPs investigated varied from 8.29 kg/a to 52.6 kg/a. Day and week profiles were recorded and indicated that TMDD is introduced into the sewage through household and indirect dischargers with high fluctuations. Seasonal variations in the TMDD loads were also analyzed in three of the studied WWTPs. One of the WWTPs demonstrated statistically higher TMDD loads during the warm period (164 g/d) than during the cold period (91.3 g/d), for the others WWTPs any differences could not be established. The input of TMDD during weekends and working days was also studied. The results did not show any significant trend of TMDD discharge into the WWTPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arlen A Guedez
- Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Department of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Aznar M, Vera P, Canellas E, Nerín C, Mercea P, Störmer A. Composition of the adhesives used in food packaging multilayer materials and migration studies from packaging to food. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm04136j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
44
|
Vera P, Aznar M, Mercea P, Nerín C. Study of hotmelt adhesives used in food packaging multilayer laminates. Evaluation of the main factors affecting migration to food. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm02183k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|