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Ren Z, Ding C, Ding R, Wang J, Li Z, Tan R, Wang X, Wang Z, Zhang Z. Enhancing Ultrasound-Assisted Iodine-Mediated Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerization by Piezoelectric Nanoparticles. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1159-1165. [PMID: 37523272 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of mechanochemical tools for regulating the polymerization process has received an increasing amount of attention in recent years. Herein, we report the example of the mechanically controlled iodine-mediated reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (mechano-RDRP) using piezoelectric tetragonal BaTiO3 nanoparticles (T-BTO) as mechanoredox catalyst and alkyl iodide as the initiator. We demonstrated a more efficient mechanochemical initiation and reversible deactivation process than sonochemical activation via a mechanoredox-mediated alkyl iodide cleavage reaction. The mechanochemical activation of the C-I bond was verified by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Theoretical calculations together with experimental results confirmed the more efficient initiation and polymerization than the traditional sonochemical approach. The influence of BaTiO3, initiator, and solvent was further examined to reveal the mechanism of the mechano-RDRP. The results showed good controllability over molecular weight and capacity for a one-pot chain extension. This work expands the scope of mechanically controlled polymerization and shows good potential in the construction of adaptive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziye Ren
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chengqiang Ding
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ran Ding
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Junce Wang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhengheng Li
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Rui Tan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhengbiao Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Abstract
:
Polymers have the property to convert the physical stress to covalent bond shuffling,
thereby acting as the healing agents. Polymeric coatings, paints, electronic devices, drug delivery,
and many other applications find self-healing materials as a smart technique to prolong the life cycle
of the end products. The idea behind these artificial materials is to make them behave like the human
body. It should sense the failure and repair it before it becomes worse or irreparable. Researchers
have explored several polymeric materials which can self-heal through intrinsic or extrinsic mechanisms.
This review specifically focuses on extrinsic routes governed by mechanical stress, temperature
change in a covalent bond, humidity, variation in pH, optical sensitivity, and electrochemical effects.
Each possible mechanism is further supported by the molecules or bonds which can undergo
the transformations under given conditions. On a broader scale, bonds that can self-repair by mechanical
force, thermal treatment, chemical modifications, UV irradiation, or electromagnetic phenomenon
are covered under this review. It brings into the notice the shortcomings or challenges in
adopting the technology to the commercial scale. The possible molecules or bonds which can undergo
self-healing under certain conditions have been distinctly presented in a well-segregated manner.
This review is envisaged to act as a guide for researchers working in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Agrawal
- Department of Applied Sciences, The NorthCap University, Sector 23A, Gurugram, India
| | - Bharti Arora
- Department of Applied Sciences, The NorthCap University, Sector 23A, Gurugram, India
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4
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Di Giannantonio M, Ayer MA, Verde-Sesto E, Lattuada M, Weder C, Fromm KM. Getriggerte Freisetzung und Oxidation von Metallionen: Ferrocen als neuer Mechanophor in Polymeren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathieu A. Ayer
- Adolphe Merkle Institute; University of Fribourg; Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Schweiz
| | - Ester Verde-Sesto
- Adolphe Merkle Institute; University of Fribourg; Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Schweiz
- Polymat; Joxe Mari Korta Center; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Acda Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian Spanien
| | - Marco Lattuada
- Department of Chemistry; University of Fribourg; Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Schweiz
- Adolphe Merkle Institute; University of Fribourg; Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Schweiz
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute; University of Fribourg; Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Schweiz
| | - Katharina M. Fromm
- Department of Chemistry; University of Fribourg; Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Schweiz
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5
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Di Giannantonio M, Ayer MA, Verde-Sesto E, Lattuada M, Weder C, Fromm KM. Triggered Metal Ion Release and Oxidation: Ferrocene as a Mechanophore in Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11445-11450. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Di Giannantonio
- Department of Chemistry; University of Fribourg; Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Mathieu A. Ayer
- Adolphe Merkle Institute; University of Fribourg; Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Ester Verde-Sesto
- Adolphe Merkle Institute; University of Fribourg; Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
- Polymat; Joxe Mari Korta Center; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Acda Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian Spain
| | - Marco Lattuada
- Department of Chemistry; University of Fribourg; Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
- Adolphe Merkle Institute; University of Fribourg; Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute; University of Fribourg; Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Katharina M. Fromm
- Department of Chemistry; University of Fribourg; Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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Haehnel AP, Sagara Y, Simon YC, Weder C. Mechanochemistry in Polymers with Supramolecular Mechanophores. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2015; 369:345-75. [PMID: 26054388 DOI: 10.1007/128_2015_640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry is a burgeoning field of materials science. Inspired by nature, many scientists have looked at different ways to introduce weak bonds into polymeric materials to impart them with function and in particular mechano-responsiveness. In the following sections, the incorporation of some of the weakest bonds, i.e. non-covalent bonds, into polymeric solids is being surveyed. This review covers sequentially π-π interactions, H-bonding and metal-ligand coordination bonds and tries to highlight some of the advantages and limitations of such systems, while providing some key perspective of what may come next in this tantalizing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Haehnel
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yoan C Simon
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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8
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Wang Z, Ma Z, Zhang Z, Wu F, Jiang H, Jia X. Mechanical activation of a dithioester derivative-based retro RAFT-HDA reaction. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00964a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Osorio-Planes L, Rodríguez-Escrich C, Pericàs MA. Photoswitchable Thioureas for the External Manipulation of Catalytic Activity. Org Lett 2014; 16:1704-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol500381c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Osorio-Planes
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans, 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química
Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, UB E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Rodríguez-Escrich
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans, 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química
Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, UB E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans, 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química
Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, UB E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Shiraki T, Diesendruck CE, Moore JS. The mechanochemical production of phenyl cations through heterolytic bond scission. Faraday Discuss 2014; 170:385-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00027g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High mechanical forces applied to polymeric materials typically induce unselective chain scission. For the last decade, mechanoresponsive molecules, mechanophores, have been designed to harness the mechanical energy applied to polymers and provide a productive chemical response. The selective homolysis of chemical bonds was achieved by incorporating peroxide and azo mechanophores into polymer backbones. However, selective heterolysis in polymer mechanochemistry is still mostly unachieved. We hypothesized that highly polarized bonds in ionic species are likely to undergo heterolytic bond scission. To test this, we examined a triarylsulfonium salt (TAS) as a mechanophore. Poly(methyl acrylate) possessing TAS at the center of the chain (PMA-TAS) is synthesized by a single electron transfer living radical polymerization (SET-LRP) method. Computational and experimental studies in solution reveal the mechanochemical production of phenyl cations from PMA-TAS. Interestingly, the generated phenyl cation reacts with its counter-anion (trifluoromethanesulfonate) to produce a terminal trifluoromethyl benzene structure that, to the best of our knowledge, is not observed in the photolysis of TAS. Moreover, the phenyl cation can be trapped by the addition of a nucleophile. These findings emphasize the interesting reaction pathways that become available by mechanical activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Shiraki
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
- Urbana, United States
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
| | - Charles E. Diesendruck
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
- Urbana, United States
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
- Urbana, United States
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
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11
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Use of an isotactic-propylene/hexene copolymer as a new, versatile, soluble support. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Kean ZS, Niu Z, Hewage GB, Rheingold AL, Craig SL. Stress-responsive polymers containing cyclobutane core mechanophores: reactivity and mechanistic insights. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13598-604. [PMID: 23941619 PMCID: PMC3806219 DOI: 10.1021/ja4075997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A primary goal of covalent mechanochemistry is to develop polymer bound mechanophores that undergo constructive transformations in response to otherwise destructive forces. The [2 + 2] cycloreversion of cyclobutane mechanophores has emerged as a versatile framework to develop a wide range of stress-activated functionality. Herein, we report the development of a class of cyclobutane bearing bicyclo[4.2.0]octane mechanophores. Using carbodiimide polyesterification, these stress-responsive units were incorporated into high molecular weight polymers containing up to 700 mechanophores per polymer chain. Under exposure to the otherwise destructive elongational forces of pulsed ultrasound, these mechanophores unravel by ∼7 Å per monomer unit to form α,β-unsaturated esters that react constructively via thiol-ene conjugate addition to form sulfide functionalized copolymers and cross-linked polymer networks. To probe the dynamics of the mechanochemical ring opening, a series of bicyclo[4.2.0]octane derivatives that varied in stereochemistry, substitution, and symmetry were synthesized and activated. Reactivity and product stereochemistry was analyzed by (1)H NMR, which allowed us to interrogate the mechanism of the mechanochemical [2 + 2] cycloreversion. These results support that the ring opening is not concerted but proceeds via a 1,4 diradical intermediate. The bicyclo[4.2.0]octanes hold promise as active functional groups in new classes of stress-responsive polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S. Kean
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Zhenbin Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Gihan B. Hewage
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany M. Neilson
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
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14
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Jakobs RTM, Ma S, Sijbesma RP. Mechanocatalytic Polymerization and Cross-Linking in a Polymeric Matrix. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:613-616. [PMID: 35581792 DOI: 10.1021/mz400201c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A latent olefin metathesis catalyst, bearing two polymeric NHC ligands, was embedded in a semicrystalline polymer matrix containing cyclic olefins. The catalyst was activated by straining the solid material under compression, resulting in polymerization and cross-linking reactions of the monomers in situ. Catalyst activation in the solid state may be employed in new self-healing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T. M. Jakobs
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry
and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven,
The Netherlands
| | - Shuang Ma
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry
and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven,
The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry
and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven,
The Netherlands
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15
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Larsen MB, Boydston AJ. "Flex-activated" mechanophores: using polymer mechanochemistry to direct bond bending activation. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:8189-92. [PMID: 23687904 DOI: 10.1021/ja403757p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe studies in mechanochemical transduction that probe the activation of bonds orthogonal to an elongated polymer main chain. Compression of mechanophore-cross-linked materials resulted in the release of small molecules via cleavage of covalent bonds that were not integral components of the elongated polymer segments. The reactivity is proposed to arise from the distribution of force through the cross-linking units of the polymer network and subsequent bond bending motions that are consistent with the geometric changes in the overall reaction. This departure from contemporary polymer mechanochemistry, in which activation is achieved primarily by force-induced bond elongation, is a first step toward mechanophores capable of releasing side-chain functionalities without inherently compromising the overall macromolecular architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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16
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Wiggins KM, Brantley JN, Bielawski CW. Methods for activating and characterizing mechanically responsive polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:7130-47. [PMID: 23389104 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35493h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically responsive polymers harness mechanical energy to facilitate unique chemical transformations and bestow materials with force sensing (e.g., mechanochromism) or self-healing capabilities. A variety of solution- and solid-state techniques, covering a spectrum of forces and strain rates, can be used to activate mechanically responsive polymers. Moreover, many of these methods have been combined with optical spectroscopy or chemical labeling techniques to characterize the products formed via mechanical activation of appropriate precursors in situ. In this tutorial review, we discuss the methods and techniques that have been used to supply mechanical force to macromolecular systems, and highlight the advantages and challenges associated with each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Wiggins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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17
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Brantley JN, Bailey CB, Wiggins KM, Keatinge-Clay AT, Bielawski CW. Mechanobiochemistry: harnessing biomacromolecules for force-responsive materials. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00001j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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18
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Groote R, Jakobs RTM, Sijbesma RP. Mechanocatalysis: forcing latent catalysts into action. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00071k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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19
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Brantley JN, Wiggins KM, Bielawski CW. Polymer mechanochemistry: the design and study of mechanophores. POLYM INT 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Ribas-Arino J, Marx D. Covalent mechanochemistry: theoretical concepts and computational tools with applications to molecular nanomechanics. Chem Rev 2012; 112:5412-87. [PMID: 22909336 DOI: 10.1021/cr200399q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Ribas-Arino
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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21
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Groote R, Jakobs RTM, Sijbesma RP. Performance of Mechanochemically Activated Catalysts Is Enhanced by Suppression of the Thermal Effects of Ultrasound. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:1012-1015. [PMID: 35607027 DOI: 10.1021/mz3002512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate that the performance of mechanochemically activated transesterification and alkene metathesis catalysts is significantly enhanced when the thermal effects of ultrasound are suppressed. Suppression of these effects is realized by performing the reaction under methane instead of argon. Not only do these results provide further confirmation of the true mechanochemical nature of the ultrasonic activation of the catalysts, but it also strongly recommends the use of methane as standard saturation gas when studying the mechanochemical effects of ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Groote
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic
Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Robert T. M. Jakobs
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic
Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic
Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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22
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Kean ZS, Black Ramirez AL, Yan Y, Craig SL. Bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane mechanophores for the non-scissile and photochemically reversible generation of reactive bis-enones. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:12939-42. [PMID: 22817476 PMCID: PMC3511912 DOI: 10.1021/ja3063666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Force-induced transformations of polymer-bound functionalities have the potential to produce a rich array of stress-responsive behavior. One area of particular interest is the activation of non-scissile mechanophores in which latent reactivity can be unveiled that, under the appropriate conditions, could lead to constructive bond formation in materials exposed to typically destructive stress. Here, the mechanical activation of a bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane (BCH) mechanophore is demonstrated via selective labeling of bis-enone products. BCH ring-opening produces large local elongation (>4 Å) and products that are reactive to conjugate additions under mild conditions. Subsequent photocyclization regenerates the initial BCH functionality, providing switchable structure and reactivity along the polymer backbone in response to stress and visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yufan Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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23
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Diesendruck CE, Steinberg BD, Sugai N, Silberstein MN, Sottos NR, White SR, Braun PV, Moore JS. Proton-Coupled Mechanochemical Transduction: A Mechanogenerated Acid. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:12446-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja305645x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles E. Diesendruck
- Beckman Institute
for Advanced Science and Technology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, and ∥Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois
at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Brian D. Steinberg
- Beckman Institute
for Advanced Science and Technology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, and ∥Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois
at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Naoto Sugai
- Beckman Institute
for Advanced Science and Technology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, and ∥Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois
at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Meredith N. Silberstein
- Beckman Institute
for Advanced Science and Technology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, and ∥Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois
at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nancy R. Sottos
- Beckman Institute
for Advanced Science and Technology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, and ∥Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois
at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Scott R. White
- Beckman Institute
for Advanced Science and Technology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, and ∥Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois
at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Paul V. Braun
- Beckman Institute
for Advanced Science and Technology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, and ∥Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois
at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Beckman Institute
for Advanced Science and Technology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, and ∥Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois
at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Brantley JN, Konda SSM, Makarov DE, Bielawski CW. Regiochemical Effects on Molecular Stability: A Mechanochemical Evaluation of 1,4- and 1,5-Disubstituted Triazoles. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9882-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja303147a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan N. Brantley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United
States
| | - Sai Sriharsha M. Konda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United
States
| | - Dmitrii E. Makarov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United
States
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United
States
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Wiggins KM, Brantley JN, Bielawski CW. Polymer Mechanochemistry: Force Enabled Transformations. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:623-626. [PMID: 35607074 DOI: 10.1021/mz300167y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this viewpoint, we highlight the ability of mechanical force to overcome the limitations associated with using thermal or photochemical stimuli to facilitate chemical transformations. Emphasis will be directed toward examples of new chemical reactions that are accessed through externally applied mechanical forces, as these are illustrative of the emerging concept of using polymer chemistry to drive the synthesis of small molecules. In parallel, we offer perspectives on the potential applications of polymer mechanochemistry in the development of novel synthetic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Wiggins
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University
Station A1590, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Johnathan N. Brantley
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University
Station A1590, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University
Station A1590, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Jakobs RTM, Sijbesma RP. Mechanical Activation of a Latent Olefin Metathesis Catalyst and Persistence of its Active Species in ROMP. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300161z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert T. M. Jakobs
- Laboratory for Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600
MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory for Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600
MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Black Ramirez AL, Ogle JW, Schmitt AL, Lenhardt JM, Cashion MP, Mahanthappa MK, Craig SL. Microstructure of Copolymers Formed by the Reagentless, Mechanochemical Remodeling of Homopolymers via Pulsed Ultrasound. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:23-27. [PMID: 35578474 DOI: 10.1021/mz200005u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The high shear forces generated during the pulsed ultrasound of dilute polymer solutions lead to large tensile forces that are focused near the center of the polymer chain, but quantitative experimental evidence regarding the force distribution is rare. Here, pulsed ultrasound of quantitatively geminal-dihalocyclopropanated (gDHC) polybutadiene provides insights into the distribution. Pulsed ultrasound leads to the mechanochemical ring-opening of the gDHC mechanophore to a 2,3-dihaloalkene. The alkene product is then degraded through ozonolysis to leave behind only those stretches of the polymer that have not experienced large enough forces to be activated. Microstructural and molecular weight analysis reveals that the activated and unactivated regions of the polymer are continuous, indicating a smooth and monotonic force distribution from the midchain peak toward the polymer ends. When coupled to chain scission, the net process constitutes the rapid, specific, and reagentless conversion of a single homopolymer into block copolymers. Despite their compositional polydispersity, the sonicated polymers assemble into ordered lamellar phases that are characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Black Ramirez
- Department
of Chemistry, French
Family Science Center, Duke University,
Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - James W. Ogle
- Department
of Chemistry, French
Family Science Center, Duke University,
Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Andrew L. Schmitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue,
Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jeremy M. Lenhardt
- Department
of Chemistry, French
Family Science Center, Duke University,
Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Matthew P. Cashion
- Department
of Chemistry, French
Family Science Center, Duke University,
Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Mahesh K. Mahanthappa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue,
Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department
of Chemistry, French
Family Science Center, Duke University,
Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
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29
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Ariga K, Mori T, Hill JP. Mechanical control of nanomaterials and nanosystems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:158-76. [PMID: 21953700 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201102617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In situations of power outage or shortage, such as periods just following a seismic disaster, the only reliable power source available is the most fundamental of forces i.e., manual mechanical stimuli. Although there are many macroscopic mechanical tools, mechanical control of nanomaterials and nanosystems has not been an easy subject to develop even by using advanced nanotechnological concepts. However, this challenge has now become a hot topic and many new ideas and strategies have been proposed recently. This report summarizes recent research examples of mechanical control of nanomaterials and nanosystems. Creation of macroscopic mechanical outputs by efficient accumulation of molecular-level phenomena is first briefly introduced. We will then introduce the main subject: control of molecular systems by macroscopic mechanical stimuli. The research described is categorized according to the respective areas of mechanical control of molecular structure, molecular orientation, molecular interaction including cleavage and healing, and biological and micron-level phenomena. Finally, we will introduce two more advanced approaches, namely, mechanical strategies for microdevice fabrication and mechanical control of molecular machines. As mechanical forces are much more reliable and widely applicable than other stimuli, we believe that development of mechanically responsive nanomaterials and nanosystems will make a significant contribution to fundamental improvements in our lifestyles and help to maintain and stabilize our society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Ariga
- World Premier International (WPI) Research, Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Tsukuba, Japan.
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31
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Cravotto G, Cintas P. Harnessing mechanochemical effects with ultrasound-induced reactions. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00740h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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32
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Klukovich HM, Kean ZS, Iacono ST, Craig SL. Mechanically induced scission and subsequent thermal remending of perfluorocyclobutane polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:17882-8. [PMID: 21967190 DOI: 10.1021/ja2074517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorocyclobutane (PFCB) polymer solutions were subjected to pulsed ultrasound, leading to mechanically induced chain scission and molecular weight degradation. (19)F NMR revealed that the new, mechanically generated end groups are trifluorovinyl ethers formed by cycloreversion of the PFCB groups, a process that differs from thermal degradation pathways. One consequence of the mechanochemical process is that the trifluorovinyl ether end groups can be remended simply by subjecting the polymer solution to the original polymerization conditions, that is, heating to >150 °C. Stereochemical changes in the PFCBs, in combination with radical trapping experiments, indicate that PFCB scission proceeds via a stepwise mechanism with a 1,4-diradical intermediate, offering a potential mechanism for localized functionalization and cross-linking in regions of high stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope M Klukovich
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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Wiggins KM, Syrett JA, Haddleton DM, Bielawski CW. Mechanically Facilitated Retro [4 + 2] Cycloadditions. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:7180-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja201135y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Wiggins
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jay A. Syrett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Haddleton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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