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Guan L, Cao C, Liu X, Liu Q, Qiu Y, Wang X, Yang Z, Lai H, Sun Q, Ding C, Zhu D, Kuang C, Liu X. Light and matter co-confined multi-photon lithography. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2387. [PMID: 38493192 PMCID: PMC10944545 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46743-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Mask-free multi-photon lithography enables the fabrication of arbitrary nanostructures low cost and more accessible than conventional lithography. A major challenge for multi-photon lithography is to achieve ultra-high precision and desirable lateral resolution due to the inevitable optical diffraction barrier and proximity effect. Here, we show a strategy, light and matter co-confined multi-photon lithography, to overcome the issues via combining photo-inhibition and chemical quenchers. We deeply explore the quenching mechanism and photoinhibition mechanism for light and matter co-confined multiphoton lithography. Besides, mathematical modeling helps us better understand that the synergy of quencher and photo-inhibition can gain a narrowest distribution of free radicals. By using light and matter co-confined multiphoton lithography, we gain a 30 nm critical dimension and 100 nm lateral resolution, which further decrease the gap with conventional lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Guan
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 310018, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xi Liu
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiulan Liu
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiwei Qiu
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyao Yang
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiying Lai
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyuan Sun
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenliang Ding
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dazhao Zhu
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cuifang Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, 311200, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, 311200, Hangzhou, China.
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2
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Pingali R, Kim H, Saha SK. A Computational Evaluation of Minimum Feature Size in Projection Two-Photon Lithography for Rapid Sub-100 nm Additive Manufacturing. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:158. [PMID: 38276857 PMCID: PMC10820352 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Two-photon lithography (TPL) is a laser-based additive manufacturing technique that enables the printing of arbitrarily complex cm-scale polymeric 3D structures with sub-micron features. Although various approaches have been investigated to enable the printing of fine features in TPL, it is still challenging to achieve rapid sub-100 nm 3D printing. A key limitation is that the physical phenomena that govern the theoretical and practical limits of the minimum feature size are not well known. Here, we investigate these limits in the projection TPL (P-PTL) process, which is a high-throughput variant of TPL, wherein entire 2D layers are printed at once. We quantify the effects of the projected feature size, optical power, exposure time, and photoinitiator concentration on the printed feature size through finite element modeling of photopolymerization. Simulations are performed rapidly over a vast parameter set exceeding 10,000 combinations through a dynamic programming scheme, which is implemented on high-performance computing resources. We demonstrate that there is no physics-based limit to the minimum feature sizes achievable with a precise and well-calibrated P-TPL system, despite the discrete nature of illumination. However, the practically achievable minimum feature size is limited by the increased sensitivity of the degree of polymer conversion to the processing parameters in the sub-100 nm regime. The insights generated here can serve as a roadmap towards fast, precise, and predictable sub-100 nm 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sourabh K. Saha
- G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (R.P.); (H.K.)
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3
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Liu T, Tao P, Wang X, Wang H, He M, Wang Q, Cui H, Wang J, Tang Y, Tang J, Huang N, Kuang C, Xu H, He X. Ultrahigh-printing-speed photoresists for additive manufacturing. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023:10.1038/s41565-023-01517-w. [PMID: 37783856 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01517-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Printing technology for precise additive manufacturing at the nanoscale currently relies on two-photon lithography. Although this methodology can overcome the Rayleigh limit to achieve nanoscale structures, it still operates at too slow of a speed for large-scale practical applications. Here we show an extremely sensitive zirconium oxide hybrid-(2,4-bis(trichloromethyl)-6-(4-methoxystyryl)-1,3,5-triazine) (ZrO2-BTMST) photoresist system that can achieve a printing speed of 7.77 m s-1, which is between three and five orders of magnitude faster than conventional polymer-based photoresists. We build a polygon laser scanner-based two-photon lithography machine with a linear stepping speed approaching 10 m s-1. Using the ZrO2-BTMST photoresist, we fabricate a square raster with an area of 1 cm2 in ~33 min. Furthermore, the extremely small chemical components of the ZrO2-BTMST photoresist enable high-precision patterning, leading to a line width as small as 38 nm. Calculations assisted by characterizations reveal that the unusual sensitivity arises from an efficient light-induced polarity change of the ZrO2 hybrid. We envisage that the exceptional sensitivity of our organic-inorganic hybrid photoresist may lead to a viable large-scale additive manufacturing nanofabrication technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Liu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Peipei Tao
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hongqing Wang
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Minfei He
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hao Cui
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yaping Tang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jin Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ning Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Cuifang Kuang
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Hong Xu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Xiangming He
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China.
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4
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Dumur F. Recent advances on benzylidene cyclopentanones as visible light photoinitiators of polymerization. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Wloka T, Gottschaldt M, Schubert US. From Light to Structure: Photo Initiators for Radical Two-Photon Polymerization. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104191. [PMID: 35202499 PMCID: PMC9324900 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon polymerization (2PP) represents a powerful technique for the fabrication of precise three-dimensional structures on a micro- and nanometer scale for various applications. While many review articles are focusing on the used polymeric materials and their application in 2PP, in this review the class of two-photon photo initiators (2PI) used for radical polymerization is discussed in detail. Because the demand for highly efficient 2PI has increased in the last decades, different approaches in designing new efficient 2PIs occurred. This review summarizes the 2PIs known in literature and discusses their absorption behavior under one- and two-photon absorption (2PA) conditions, their two-photon cross sections (σTPA ) as well as their efficiency under 2PP conditions. Here, the photo initiators are grouped depending on their chromophore system (D-π-A-π-D, D-π-D, etc.). Their polymerization efficiencies are evaluated by fabrication windows (FW) depending on different laser intensities and writing speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wloka
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller Universität JenaHumboldtstraße 1007743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller Universität JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
| | - Michael Gottschaldt
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller Universität JenaHumboldtstraße 1007743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller Universität JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller Universität JenaHumboldtstraße 1007743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller Universität JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
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6
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Limberg DK, Kang JH, Hayward RC. Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Photopolymerization for High-Resolution 3D Printing. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5226-5232. [PMID: 35285620 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon polymerization (TPP) currently offers the highest resolution available in 3D printing (∼100 nm) but requires femtosecond laser pulses at very high peak intensity (∼1 TW/cm2). Here, we demonstrate 3D printing based on triplet-triplet-annihilation photopolymerization (TTAP), which achieves submicron resolution while using a continuous visible LED light source with comparatively low light intensity (∼10 W/cm2). TTAP enables submicrometer feature sizes with exposure times of ∼0.1 s/voxel without requiring a coherent or pulsed light source, opening the door to low-cost fabrication with submicron resolution. This approach enables 3D printing of a diverse array of designs with high resolution and is amenable to future parallelization efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Limberg
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ji-Hwan Kang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California 90804, United States
| | - Ryan C Hayward
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
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7
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Fabrication of Microfluidic Devices for Emulsion Formation by Microstereolithography. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092817. [PMID: 34068649 PMCID: PMC8126101 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Droplet microfluidics—the art and science of forming droplets—has been revolutionary for high-throughput screening, directed evolution, single-cell sequencing, and material design. However, traditional fabrication techniques for microfluidic devices suffer from several disadvantages, including multistep processing, expensive facilities, and limited three-dimensional (3D) design flexibility. High-resolution additive manufacturing—and in particular, projection micro-stereolithography (PµSL)—provides a promising path for overcoming these drawbacks. Similar to polydimethylsiloxane-based microfluidics 20 years ago, 3D printing methods, such as PµSL, have provided a path toward a new era of microfluidic device design. PµSL greatly simplifies the device fabrication process, especially the access to truly 3D geometries, is cost-effective, and it enables multimaterial processing. In this review, we discuss both the basics and recent innovations in PµSL; the material basis with emphasis on custom-made photopolymer formulations; multimaterial 3D printing; and, 3D-printed microfluidic devices for emulsion formation as our focus application. Our goal is to support researchers in setting up their own PµSL system to fabricate tailor-made microfluidics.
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8
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Abstract
3D printing (also called "additive manufacturing" or "rapid prototyping") is able to translate computer-aided and designed virtual 3D models into 3D tangible constructs/objects through a layer-by-layer deposition approach. Since its introduction, 3D printing has aroused enormous interest among researchers and engineers to understand the fabrication process and composition-structure-property correlation of printed 3D objects and unleash its great potential for application in a variety of industrial sectors. Because of its unique technological advantages, 3D printing can definitely benefit the field of microrobotics and advance the design and development of functional microrobots in a customized manner. This review aims to present a generic overview of 3D printing for functional microrobots. The most applicable 3D printing techniques, with a focus on laser-based printing, are introduced for the 3D microfabrication of microrobots. 3D-printable materials for fabricating microrobots are reviewed in detail, including photopolymers, photo-crosslinkable hydrogels, and cell-laden hydrogels. The representative applications of 3D-printed microrobots with rational designs heretofore give evidence of how these printed microrobots are being exploited in the medical, environmental, and other relevant fields. A future outlook on the 3D printing of microrobots is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Li
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 16628, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 16628, Czech Republic. and Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, Brno, CZ-61600, Czech Republic and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
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9
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Yee DW, Greer JR. Three‐dimensional
chemical reactors:
in situ
materials synthesis to advance vat photopolymerization. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daryl W. Yee
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA
| | - Julia R. Greer
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA
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10
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Saha SK, Wang D, Nguyen VH, Chang Y, Oakdale JS, Chen SC. Scalable submicrometer additive manufacturing. Science 2020; 366:105-109. [PMID: 31604310 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax8760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput fabrication techniques for generating arbitrarily complex three-dimensional structures with nanoscale features are desirable across a broad range of applications. Two-photon lithography (TPL)-based submicrometer additive manufacturing is a promising candidate to fill this gap. However, the serial point-by-point writing scheme of TPL is too slow for many applications. Attempts at parallelization either do not have submicrometer resolution or cannot pattern complex structures. We overcome these difficulties by spatially and temporally focusing an ultrafast laser to implement a projection-based layer-by-layer parallelization. This increases the throughput up to three orders of magnitude and expands the geometric design space. We demonstrate this by printing, within single-digit millisecond time scales, nanowires with widths smaller than 175 nanometers over an area one million times larger than the cross-sectional area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh K Saha
- Center for Engineered Materials and Manufacturing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.
| | - Dien Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Vu H Nguyen
- Center for Engineered Materials and Manufacturing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Yina Chang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - James S Oakdale
- Center for Engineered Materials and Manufacturing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Shih-Chi Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
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11
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You S, Li J, Zhu W, Yu C, Mei D, Chen S. Nanoscale 3D printing of hydrogels for cellular tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:2187-2197. [PMID: 30319779 PMCID: PMC6178227 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb00301g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogel scaffolds that mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM) environment is a crucial part of tissue engineering. It has been demonstrated that cell behaviors can be affected by not only the hydrogel's physical and chemical properties, but also its three dimensional (3D) geometrical structures. In order to study the influence of 3D geometrical cues on cell behaviors as well as the maturation and function of engineered tissues, it is imperative to develop 3D fabrication techniques to create micro and nanoscale hydrogel constructs. Among existing techniques that can effectively pattern hydrogels, two-photon polymerization (2PP)-based femtosecond laser 3D printing technology allows one to produce hydrogel structures with 100 nm resolution. This article reviews the basics of this technique as well as some of its applications in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangting You
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448, USA
| | - Jiawen Li
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448, USA
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448, USA
| | - Claire Yu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448, USA
| | - Deqing Mei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shaochen Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448, USA
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12
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Tasior M, Hassanein K, Mazur LM, Sakellari I, Gray D, Farsari M, Samoć M, Santoro F, Ventura B, Gryko DT. The role of intramolecular charge transfer and symmetry breaking in the photophysics of pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole-dione. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:22260-22271. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03755h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper reveals structurally unique π-expanded pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole and its non-typical photophysical behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Tasior
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | | | - Leszek M. Mazur
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
- 50-370 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Ioanna Sakellari
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL)
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH)
- Heraklion
- Greece
| | - David Gray
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL)
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH)
- Heraklion
- Greece
| | - Maria Farsari
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL)
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH)
- Heraklion
- Greece
| | - Marek Samoć
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
- 50-370 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Fabrizio Santoro
- CNR-Institute of Organometallic Compounds
- Area della Ricerca del CNR
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | | | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
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13
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Ho CMB, Mishra A, Hu K, An J, Kim YJ, Yoon YJ. Femtosecond-Laser-Based 3D Printing for Tissue Engineering and Cell Biology Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:2198-2214. [PMID: 33445279 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fabrication of 3D cell scaffolds has gained tremendous attention in recent years because of its applications in tissue engineering and cell biology applications. The success of tissue engineering or cell interactions mainly depends on the fabrication of well-defined microstructures, which ought to be biocompatible for cell proliferation. Femtosecond-laser-based 3D printing is one of the solution candidates that can be used to manufacture 3D tissue scaffolds through computer-aided design (CAD) which can be efficiently engineered to mimic the microenvironment of tissues. UV-based lithography has also been used for constructing the cellular scaffolds but the toxicity of UV light to the cells has prevented its application to the direct patterning of the cells in the scaffold. Although the mask-based lithography has provided a high resolution, it has only enabled 2D patterning not arbitrary 3D printing with design flexibility. Femtosecond-laser-based 3D printing is trending in the area of tissue engineering and cell biology applications due to the formation of well-defined micro- and submicrometer structures via visible and near-infrared (NIR) femtosecond laser pulses, followed by the fabrication of cell scaffold microstructures with a high precision. Laser direct writing and multiphoton polymerization are being used for fabricating the cell scaffolds, The implication of spatial light modulators in the interference lithography to generate the digital hologram will be the future prospective of mask-based lithography. Polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEG-DA), ormocomp, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (PETTA) have been fabricated through TPP to generate the cell scaffolds, whereas SU-8 was used to fabricate the microrobots for targeted drug delivery. Well-designed and precisely fabricated 3D cell scaffolds manufactured by femtosecond-laser-based 3D printing can be potentially used for studying cell migration, matrix invasion and nuclear stiffness to determine stage of cancer and will open broader horizons in the future in tissue engineering and biology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Meng Benjamin Ho
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering and §Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Abhinay Mishra
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering and Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Kan Hu
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering and Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Jianing An
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering and Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Young-Jin Kim
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering and Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Yong-Jin Yoon
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering and Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
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14
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Ligon SC, Liska R, Stampfl J, Gurr M, Mülhaupt R. Polymers for 3D Printing and Customized Additive Manufacturing. Chem Rev 2017; 117:10212-10290. [PMID: 28756658 PMCID: PMC5553103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1176] [Impact Index Per Article: 168.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) alias 3D printing translates computer-aided design (CAD) virtual 3D models into physical objects. By digital slicing of CAD, 3D scan, or tomography data, AM builds objects layer by layer without the need for molds or machining. AM enables decentralized fabrication of customized objects on demand by exploiting digital information storage and retrieval via the Internet. The ongoing transition from rapid prototyping to rapid manufacturing prompts new challenges for mechanical engineers and materials scientists alike. Because polymers are by far the most utilized class of materials for AM, this Review focuses on polymer processing and the development of polymers and advanced polymer systems specifically for AM. AM techniques covered include vat photopolymerization (stereolithography), powder bed fusion (SLS), material and binder jetting (inkjet and aerosol 3D printing), sheet lamination (LOM), extrusion (FDM, 3D dispensing, 3D fiber deposition, and 3D plotting), and 3D bioprinting. The range of polymers used in AM encompasses thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers, hydrogels, functional polymers, polymer blends, composites, and biological systems. Aspects of polymer design, additives, and processing parameters as they relate to enhancing build speed and improving accuracy, functionality, surface finish, stability, mechanical properties, and porosity are addressed. Selected applications demonstrate how polymer-based AM is being exploited in lightweight engineering, architecture, food processing, optics, energy technology, dentistry, drug delivery, and personalized medicine. Unparalleled by metals and ceramics, polymer-based AM plays a key role in the emerging AM of advanced multifunctional and multimaterial systems including living biological systems as well as life-like synthetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Clark Ligon
- Laboratory
for High Performance Ceramics, Empa, The
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
- Institute of Applied
Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Materials Science and
Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna A-1060, Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied
Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Materials Science and
Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna A-1060, Austria
| | - Jürgen Stampfl
- Institute of Applied
Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Materials Science and
Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna A-1060, Austria
| | - Matthias Gurr
- H.
B. Fuller Deutschland GmbH, An der Roten Bleiche 2-3, Lüneburg D-21335, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Freiburg
Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
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15
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Ligon SC, Liska R, Stampfl J, Gurr M, Mülhaupt R. Polymers for 3D Printing and Customized Additive Manufacturing. Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00074 impact factor 2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Clark Ligon
- Laboratory
for High Performance Ceramics, Empa, The Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Matthias Gurr
- H. B. Fuller Deutschland GmbH, An der Roten Bleiche 2-3, Lüneburg D-21335, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Freiburg
Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
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16
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Zhao B, Zhao W, Yu L, Li J, Zhao Y, Wang T. Carbazole- and/or triphenylamine-based D–π–D multiarylamino dyes: synthesis, characterization and photophysical properties. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj02657a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One-photon and two-photon fluorescence quenching by benzoyl peroxide of D–π–D multiarylamino dyes was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baodong Zhao
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- College of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Zhao
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- College of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- People's Republic of China
| | - Liujian Yu
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- College of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- College of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Department of Chemistry
- Memorial University
- St. John's
- Canada
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- College of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- People's Republic of China
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17
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Zhao B, Jia X, Liu J, Ma X, Zhang H, Wang X, Wang T. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel 1,4-Bis(carbazolyl)benzene Derivatives with Blue-Violet Two-Photon-Excited Fluorescence. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b04501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Baodong Zhao
- State Key
Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqin Jia
- State Key
Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiqiang Liu
- State Key
Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- State Key
Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiqing Zhang
- State Key
Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- College
of Material Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100019, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key
Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Xing JF, Zheng ML, Duan XM. Two-photon polymerization microfabrication of hydrogels: an advanced 3D printing technology for tissue engineering and drug delivery. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:5031-9. [PMID: 25992492 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00278h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
3D printing technology has attracted much attention due to its high potential in scientific and industrial applications. As an outstanding 3D printing technology, two-photon polymerization (TPP) microfabrication has been applied in the fields of micro/nanophotonics, micro-electromechanical systems, microfluidics, biomedical implants and microdevices. In particular, TPP microfabrication is very useful in tissue engineering and drug delivery due to its powerful fabrication capability for precise microstructures with high spatial resolution on both the microscopic and the nanometric scale. The design and fabrication of 3D hydrogels widely used in tissue engineering and drug delivery has been an important research area of TPP microfabrication. The resolution is a key parameter for 3D hydrogels to simulate the native 3D environment in which the cells reside and the drug is controlled to release with optimal temporal and spatial distribution in vitro and in vivo. The resolution of 3D hydrogels largely depends on the efficiency of TPP initiators. In this paper, we will review the widely used photoresists, the development of TPP photoinitiators, the strategies for improving the resolution and the microfabrication of 3D hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Feng Xing
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China.
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19
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Nazir R, Balčiu̅nas E, Buczyńska D, Bourquard F, Kowalska D, Gray D, Maćkowski S, Farsari M, Gryko DT. Donor–Acceptor Type Thioxanthones: Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Two-Photon Induced Polymerization. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Nazir
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Evaldas Balčiu̅nas
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), N. Plastira 100, 70013, Heraklion, Crete Greece
| | - Dorota Buczyńska
- Department
of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Florent Bourquard
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), N. Plastira 100, 70013, Heraklion, Crete Greece
| | - Dorota Kowalska
- Department
of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - David Gray
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), N. Plastira 100, 70013, Heraklion, Crete Greece
| | - Sebastian Maćkowski
- Department
of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Maria Farsari
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), N. Plastira 100, 70013, Heraklion, Crete Greece
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, Poland
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20
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Zheng YC, Zheng ML, Li K, Chen S, Zhao ZS, Wang XS, Duan XM. Novel carbazole-based two-photon photosensitizer for efficient DNA photocleavage in anaerobic condition using near-infrared light. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11133h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel carbazole derivatives are first reported as two-photon photosensitizers for DNA photodamage under near-infrared light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chao Zheng
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Mei-Ling Zheng
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Ke Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Shu Chen
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Sheng Zhao
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Xue-Song Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Xuan-Ming Duan
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
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21
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Nazir R, Bourquard F, Balčiūnas E, Smoleń S, Gray D, Tkachenko NV, Farsari M, Gryko DT. π-Expanded α,β-Unsaturated Ketones: Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Two-Photon-Induced Polymerization. Chemphyschem 2014; 16:682-90. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Thomas AM, Shea LD. Cryotemplation for the Rapid Fabrication of Porous, Patternable Photopolymerized Hydrogels. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:4521-4530. [PMID: 25083293 PMCID: PMC4112475 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00585f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aline M Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA ; Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine (IBNAM), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA ; Center for Reproductive Science (CRS), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA ; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA ; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute (CLP), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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23
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Xing J, Liu J, Zhang T, Zhang L, Zheng M, Duan X. A water soluble initiator prepared through host–guest chemical interaction for microfabrication of 3D hydrogels via two-photon polymerization. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:4318-4323. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00414k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient water soluble initiator was prepared through host–guest chemical interaction combining a hydrophobic TPP initiator and hydrophilic cyclodextrins. 3D hydrogels without the residue of organic solvents were successfully achieved via TPP using low laser power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Xing
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jinhao Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Tingbin Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Meiling Zheng
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xuanming Duan
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology
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24
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Zheng YC, Zheng ML, Chen S, Zhao ZS, Duan XM. Biscarbazolylmethane-based cyanine: a two-photon excited fluorescent probe for DNA and selective cell imaging. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:2301-2310. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21860k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel biscarbazole-based cyanine with a large Stokes shift and TPA cross-section as a light-up probe for DNA and selective TPEF cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chao Zheng
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Mei-Ling Zheng
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Shu Chen
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Zhen-Sheng Zhao
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xuan-Ming Duan
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology
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25
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Harke B, Dallari W, Grancini G, Fazzi D, Brandi F, Petrozza A, Diaspro A. Polymerization inhibition by triplet state absorption for nanoscale lithography. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:904-9. [PMID: 23303534 PMCID: PMC3594812 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201204141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Harke
- Department of Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- *E-mail:
| | - William Dallari
- Department of Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Dipatimento di Fisica, Universita' degli Studi di Genovavia Dodecaneso 13, 16153, Genova, Italy
| | - Giulia Grancini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)Via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)Via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fernando Brandi
- Department of Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Annamaria Petrozza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)Via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
- *E-mail:
| | - Alberto Diaspro
- Department of Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Dipatimento di Fisica, Universita' degli Studi di Genovavia Dodecaneso 13, 16153, Genova, Italy
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26
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Sakellari I, Kabouraki E, Gray D, Purlys V, Fotakis C, Pikulin A, Bityurin N, Vamvakaki M, Farsari M. Diffusion-assisted high-resolution direct femtosecond laser writing. ACS NANO 2012; 6:2302-2311. [PMID: 22324511 DOI: 10.1021/nn204454c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present a new method for increasing the resolution of direct femtosecond laser writing by multiphoton polymerization, based on quencher diffusion. This method relies on the combination of a mobile quenching molecule with a slow laser scanning speed, allowing the diffusion of the quencher in the scanned area and the depletion of the multiphoton-generated radicals. The material we use is an organic-inorganic hybrid, while the quencher is a photopolymerizable amine-based monomer which is bound on the polymer backbone upon fabrication of the structures. We use this method to fabricate woodpile structures with a 400 nm intralayer period. This is comparable to the results produced by direct laser writing based on stimulated-emission-depletion microscopy, the method considered today as state-of-the-art in 3D structure fabrication. We optically characterize these woodpiles to show that they exhibit well-ordered diffraction patterns and stopgaps down to near-infrared wavelengths. Finally, we model the quencher diffusion, and we show that radical inhibition is responsible for the increased resolution.
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27
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Xing JF, Zheng ML, Chen WQ, Dong XZ, Takeyasu N, Tanaka T, Zhao ZS, Duan XM, Kawata S. C2v symmetrical two-photon polymerization initiators with anthracene core: synthesis, optical and initiating properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:15785-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42512b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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